Systematic Analysis of Inorganic Simple Salt-Scheme.pdf

Systematic Analysis of Inorganic Simple Salt-Scheme A.Preliminary Examination Sl.No Experiment Observation Inference 1 Colour is noted May be presence of...

Systematic Analysis of Inorganic Simple Salt-Scheme A.Preliminary Examination Sl.No Experiment Observation Inference 1 Colour is noted May be presence of Cu2+ a)Blue Mn2+ b) Pink Absence of Cu2+,Mn2+ c)Colourless 2 Smell is noted a)Vinegar smell Maybe presence of CH3COO- Maybe presence of NH4+ b) Smell of ammonia 3. To a little of salt Clear solution Presence of NH4+. solution, sodium carbonate is added. 4. Action of heat a) Colourless gas with a)Presence of NH4+ smell of NH3 A little of the salt is heated strongly in a b)Yellow when hot and b) Presence of Zn2+ dry test tube white when cold c)Vapours with vinegar smell d)Colourless gas c) Presence of CH3COO- which turns lime water d) Presence of CO32- milky e) Presence of NO3- e)Reddish Brown vapours  f)No Characteristic f) Absence of NH4+,Zn2+, Change CH3COO-,CO32-and NO3- 5. Flame Test a) Pale green flame a)Presence of Ba2+ A little of the solid b) Crimson red flame b) Presence of Sr2+ salt is made into a c) Brick red flame c)Presence of Ca2+ paste with very few drops of Conc. HCl in d) No characteristic flame d) Absence of Ba2+,Sr2+,Ca2+ a watch glass. The colouration mixture is introduced into flame with a glass rod. 6. Ash Test a) Blue tinted ash a)Presence of Al3+ b) Green tinted ash A little of the salt is c) Pink tinted ash b)Presence of Zn2+ boiled with about 3 d) No characteristic c)Presence of Mg2+ drops of Conc. HNO3, colour and a about 1 mL of d) Absence of Al3+,Zn2+,Mg2+ cobalt nitrate solution very strongly. A folded filter paper is dipped in the solution and burnt to ashes. Systematic analysis of Acid Radicals (Anions) 1 With dil. HCl Brisk effervescence with Presence of CO32- the evolution of colourless To a little of the salt, odourless gas 1ml. of dil. HCl is added. CO32-+2HCl 2 Cl-+H2O+CO2 (Brisk effervescence) 2 With dil. H2SO4 Vinegar smell Presence of CH3COO- A little of the salt is rubbed with dil.H2SO4  in a watch glass and smell is noted. CH3COO- +H2SO4 HSO4- + CH3COOH (Vinegar smell) 3 With Conc. H2SO4 A colourless fuming gas is Presence of Cl- evolved which produces A little of the solid dense white fumes when a salt is heated with glass rod dipped in about 1ml of Conc. NH4OH is shown into the H2SO4in a dry test gas. tube. Cl- +H2SO4 HSO4-+HCl (fuming gas) NH4OH + HCl NH4Cl + H2O (dense white fumes) 4 With Conc.H2SO4 Reddish brown vapours Presence of NO3- and Cu turnings and the solution turns blue A little of the solid salt is heated with 1ml of Conc.H2SO4.Add few copper turnings to it. NO3- + H2SO4 HNO3 + HSO4- Cu + 4HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 +2NO2+H2O (blue) (Reddish brown vapours) 5 With BaCl2 A thick white precipitate Presence of SO42- insoluble in dil. HCl To a little of the salt solution a little of BaCl2 is added and shaken well. SO42- + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2 Cl-  (white precipitate) Confirmatory tests for Acid Radicals 1 Carbonate Lime water turns milky CO32- confirmed. a)The gas obtained is passed through freshly prepared lime water. Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3+H2O (milky) b)To a little of the White Precipitate CO32- confirmed. salt solution a little of BaCl2 is added and shaken well. CO32- + BaCl2 BaCO3 + CaCl2 (White Precipitate) 2 Acetate A deep red coloration is CH3COO-confirmed. obtained. a)To one spatula of the solid salt 1ml. neutral FeCl3 solution is added. 3CH3COO-+FeCl3 (CH3COO)3 Fe +3Cl- (deep red) b) A little of the Pleasant Fruity smell CH3COO-confirmed. given salt solution is heated with 1ml of Conc.H2SO4 and 1ml of ethyl alcohol in a dry test tube and contents are poured  into beaker containing Na2CO3 solution. CH3COO- + H2SO4 + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5+H2O + HSO4- (fruity smell) 3 Chloride Curdy white precipitate Cl- confirmed. completely soluble in a)To a little of the NH4OH salt solution, dil HNO3 and AgNO3 solution are added. Cl- + AgNO3 AgCl + NO3- (curdy precipitate) AgCl+2NH4OH [Ag(NH3)2]Cl + H2O (soluble complex) b) One spatula of the A greenish yellow gas Cl- confirmed. solid salt is heated with a pungent smell. with a pinch of MnO2 and 3 drops of Conc. H2SO4 Cl- + MnO2 + H2SO4 HSO4- + MnSO4 + Cl2 (greenish yellow gas) 4 Nitrate A brown ring is obtained NO3- confirmed. at the junction of two a)Brown Ring lest- liquids. To a little of the salt solution equal amount of freshly- prepared FeSO4 solution is added and shaken well. Conc. H2SO4 is added to this carefully along  the sides of the test tube. NO3- + Fe2++ 4H+ NO + Fe3+ + 2H2O [Fe(H2O)6]SO4 + NO [Fe(H2O)5NO]SO4 + H2O (Brown ring) b) A solution of Deep blue colouration NO3- confirmed. diphenylamine and sulphuric acid is added to salt solution. 2(C6H5)2NH + 2NO3 -+ H2SO4 SO4 2-+ 2H2O + 4(C6H5)NO (Deep blue) 5 Sulphate A thick white precipitate SO42- confirmed. a) a little of the salt solution 1ml of lead acetate solution is added. SO42-+(CH3COO)2Pb PbSO4 + 2CH3COO- (white precipitate) b) The above Soluble SO42- confirmed. precipitate is separated and to very less amount of precipitate ammonium acetate solution is added. PbSO4 + CH3COONH4 (CH3COO)2Pb + (NH4)2 SO4 (Soluble) Report :- Anion present in the given salt is -------------------- Systematic analysis of Basic radicals( Cations) 1 Group 0 (NH4+) Colourless gas with Presence of NH4+ pungent smell which gives Group reagent - dense white fumes when a NaOH glass rod dipped in dil. A little of the salt HCl is shown solution is heated with NaOH NH4+ + NaOH Na+ + H2O +NH3 (pungent smell) NH3 + HCl NH4Cl (dense fumes) 2 Group I (Pb2+) A heavy white precipitate Presence of Pb2+ is formed. Group reagent – dil.HCl To a little of the salt solution,1ml of dil. HCI is added Pb2+ + 2 Cl- PbCl2 (heavy white precipitate) 3. Group II (Cu2+) Black precipitate Presence of Cu2+ Group reagent – dil.HCl and H2S H2S is passed through the above solution Cu2+ + S2- CuS (black precipitate) 4. Group III (Al3+) A white gelatinous Presence of Al3+ precipitate is formed  Group reagent – saturated NH4Cl and excess NH4OH The salt solution is mixed with saturated NH4CI solution and excess NH4OH solution is added in drops. Al3+ + 3OH- Al(OH)3 (gelatinous white precipitate) 5 Group IV (Zn2+/ Mn2+ ) Group reagent – saturated NH4Cl excess NH4OH and H2S The solution obtained in group III is divided into 3 a)A dirty white precipitate Presence of Zn2+ parts is formed a)To the first portion Zn2+ + S2- ZnS of the solution (dirty white obtained in group III, precipitate) H2S is passed. Presence of Mn2+ b) Flesh coloured precipitate is formed Mn2+ + S2- MnS (flesh coloured precipitate) 6 Group V (Ba2+/ Sr2+/ Ca2+) Group reagent – saturated NH4Cl excess NH4OH and (NH4)2CO3 b) To the second White Precipitate Presence of portion of the Ba2+/ Sr2+/ Ca2+ solution from group III, 1ml of Ba2+ + CO32- (NH4)2CO3 is added BaCO3 and shaken. (White Precipitate) Sr2++ CO32- SrCO3 (White Precipitate) Ca2++ CO32- CaCO3 (White Precipitate) 7 Group VI (Mg2+) Group reagent – saturated NH4Cl excess NH4OH and Na2HPO4 c) To the third portion of the Presence of solution from group  III, 1ml of Na2HPO4 White precipitate Mg2+ is added and shaken. Mg2++Na2HPO4 +NH4OH→Mg(NH4)PO4+Na++H2O (White Precipitate) Confirmatory Tests for Basic Radicals 1 NH4+ a)Little of the salt Clear Solution Presence of NH4+ solution is treated with Na2CO3 solution. Na2CO3 + NH4+ → Na++ (NH4)2CO3 (White Precipitate) b) To about 1 ml of A brown precipitate is NH4+ confirmed. salt solution Nessler’s formed reagent is added NH4+ +KOH NH3+K++ H2O 2K2HgI4 + NH3 + 3KOH → NH2.HgO.HgI + 7KI + 2H2O (Brown precipitate) 2 Pb2+ Pb2+ confirmed. The precipitate of group I is separated boiled with water and cooled and divided into 2 parts a) To the first portion of the above solution  potassium chromate yellow precipitate is solution is added formed Pb2++ K2CrO4 PbCrO4 + 2K+ (yellow precipitate) b) To the second A yellow precipitate Pb2+ confirmed. portion Potassium soluble in hot water and iodide solution is reappears as golden added yellow spangles on cooling. Pb2+ +2KI PbI2 + 2K+ (yellow precipitate) 3 Al3+ Al3+ confirmed. a)To the salt solution white precipitate is NaOH solution is formed which dissolves in added drop by drop in excess of NaOH solution excess AI3++3NaOH AI(OH)3+3Na+ (white precipitate) AI(OH)3+3NaOH NaAIO2+3H2O (soluble sodium aluminate) b)Ash Test Al3+ confirmed. A little of the salt is Blue tinted ash boiled with about I ml of Conc. HNO3, and a few drops of cobalt nitrate solution very strongly. A folded filter paper is  dipped in the solution and burnt to ashes. 2 AI3+ HNO3 Al2O3 [O] 2 Al2O3 + Co(NO3)2 2 CoO. Al2O3 + 4NO2 + O2 (Blue tinted ash) (double oxide of cobalt and aluminium) 4 Zn2+ white precipitate is Zn2+ confirmed. formed which dissolves in a)To the salt solution excess of NaOH solution NaOH solution is added drop by drop in excess Zn2++2NaOH Zn(OH)2+2Na+ (white precipitate) Zn(OH)2+2NaOH Na2ZnO2+2H2O (soluble sodium zincate) b)Ash Test Green tinted ash Zn2+ confirmed. A little of the salt is boiled with about 1ml of Conc. HNO3, and a few drops of cobalt nitrate solution very strongly. A folded filter paper is dipped in the solution and burnt to ashes. Zn2+ HNO3 ZnO [O] 2 ZnO + Co(NO3)2 2 CoO. ZnO + 4NO2 + O2 (Green tinted ash)  (double oxide of cobalt and zinc) 5 Mn2+ a)To a little of the A white precipitate turns Mn2+ confirmed salt solution NaOH brown on standing solution is added drop by drop in excess Mn2+ +2NaOH Mn(OH)2+2Na+ Mn(OH)2 + O2 2MnO(OH)2 (brown precipitate) b) Little of salt Supernatant liquid is solution is boiled coloured purple. Mn2+ confirmed with about 1ml of Conc. HNO3 and two spatula of lead dioxide. The mixture is heated strongly, cooled, diluted with water and allowed to stand. Mn2+ + PbO2 + 6HNO3 5 Pb2+ + 2HMnO4 + 2H2O (purple) 6 Ba2+ The group V precipitate is dissolved in minimum amount of acetic acid and CO2 is boiled off. The solution is divided into 3 portions  a) To the first part of Yellow precipitate Ba2+ confirmed. solution, 1 ml of potassium chromate is added Ba2++ K2CrO4 BaCrO4 + 2K+ (yellow precipitate) b)Flame Test A pale green flame Ba2+ confirmed. A little of the solid salt is made into a paste with very few drops of Conc. HCl in a watch glass. The mixture is introduced into flame with a glass rod. 7 Sr2+ White precipitate Sr2+ confirmed. a)To the second part of the solution,(NH4)2SO4 solution is added and warmed. Sr2+ + (NH4)2SO4 SrSO4 + 2NH4+ (White precipitate ) b)Flame Test Crimson red flame Sr2+ confirmed. A little of the solid salt is made into a paste with very few drops of Conc. HCl in a watch glass. The mixture is introduced into flame with a glass rod. 8 Ca2+ White precipitate Ca2+ confirmed.  To the third part of the solution,(NH4)2C2O4 is added. Ca2+ + (NH4)2C2O4 CaC2O4 + 2NH4+ (White precipitate) b)Flame Test Brick red flame Ca2+ confirmed. A little of the solid salt is made into a paste with very few drops of Conc. HCl in a watch glass. The mixture is introduced into flame with a glass rod. 9 Mg2+ Pink tinted ash Mg2+ confirmed. a)Ash Test A little of the salt is boiled with about 1ml of Conc. HNO3, and a few drops of cobalt nitrate solution very strongly. A folded filter paper is dipped in the solution and burnt to ashes. Mg2+ HNO3 MgO [O] 2 MgO + Co(NO3)2 2 CoO. MgO + 4NO2 + O2 (pink tinted ash) (double oxide of cobalt and magnesium) b)To a little of the Blue colouration Mg2+ confirmed. salt solution a few drops of NaOH solution and a few drops of Magneson reagent is added Result:- Basic radical present in the given salt is -------------------- Overall Report The given inorganic simple salt is --------------------------------