System Administrator - 1st Semester PDF
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Summary
This document provides an overview of the roles and responsibilities of a system administrator, including essential qualities, tasks, and specializations. It explores various aspects of maintenance, problem-solving, and common computer issues.
Full Transcript
System Administrator - a person responsible for maintaining and operating a computer system and/or network System administrators are NOT software engineers or developers Required Qualities/Skills [APUSKG] A blend of technical skills and responsibility Problem solving Understan...
System Administrator - a person responsible for maintaining and operating a computer system and/or network System administrators are NOT software engineers or developers Required Qualities/Skills [APUSKG] A blend of technical skills and responsibility Problem solving Understanding behavior of software Strong grasp of computer security Knowledge of programming languages for scripting and automation Good communication skills Basic Tasks [PIMMIBCT] Planning and Preparation Installation Maintaining Monitoring Installing/upgrading/removing software Backup and archives Configuring Troubleshooting Specializations/Related Fields [DNSWTC] Database Administrator (DBA) Network Administrator Security Administrator Web Administrator Technical Support Computer Operator Backup Bottomline: Skip your breakfast and payroll, not backup! Maintaining Software Software is not perfect, so it needs to be maintained Updating to new version/release Fixing bugs, if possible* Performing housekeeping (log cleanups; db vacuum; service restart, if necessary) Maintaining Software Realize you are not the only user on the system Don't install something you cannot maintain (do your research before installing) Always remove all unnecessary software: every piece of software you leave is a potential cause of crash or security breach Do not remove things you do not understand :- ) Never EVER play with production systems! Always test things on test environment Why Open Source Software? Ability to fix bugs before official release Ability to contribute to bug/security fixing Relative vendor independence No headache with licenses, their installation and management Problem Solving Examples “My Word is dead!” Renaming directory caused 10% drop in performance Restarting computer causes random fluctuations of benchmarks Hardware upgrade makes things slower Moving test system to another building causes a slowdown Monitoring Spend time monitoring, so you don't have to spend time restoring System Maintenance User Support = User Training, Help Desks - often called an information center (IC) Maintenance Tasks The systems operation, support and security phase is an important component of TCO (total cost of ownership) because ongoing maintenance expenses can determine the economic life of a system Operational costs Maintenance expenses Maintenance activities Four types of maintenance task can be identified [CAPP] Corrective maintenance – diagnoses and correct errors in an operational system Adaptive maintenance – Adds enhancements to an operational system and makes the system easier to use Perfective maintenance – Involves changing an operational system to make it more efficient, reliable and maintainable Preventative maintenance – Requires analysis of areas where trouble is likely to occur. Maintenance Management – requires effective management, quality assurance and cost control The Maintenance Team [SS] System administrator Systems analysts Programmers (ASDP) Applications programmer Systems programmer Database programmer Programmer/analyst ❖ Organizational issues ❖ Maintenance Releases ❖ Maintenance Requests ❖ Version Control ❖ Establishing Priorities ❖ Baselines ❖ Configuration Management What System Administration Jobs Are Available? (Roles and Responsibilities) System Administration Roles [SNDSW] System Administrator Network Administrator Database Administrator Security Administrator Web Administrator System Administration Responsibilities [ACSPAA] Applying Operating System Updates Performing Backup and Restores Configuring System and Software Analyzing and Troubleshooting Securing Access to Systems and Data Assisting Users and Team Members Devices and Technologies [FWDAPMV] File Servers Print Servers Web Servers Mail Servers Database Servers Virtualization Servers Application Servers 11 Common Computer Issues (and How to Fix Them) 1. PC Keeps Disconnecting From Wi-Fi (network drivers, faulty network card, security software) 2. Keyboard Issues (Enabled toggle or filter keys, uncheck toggle on Ease of Access Keyboard Option) 3. PC Isn’t Powering On (Full minute holding power button, battery, cable) 4. Search Field Missing From Start Menu (Check the box of windows search box in Windows Features) 5. File Doesn’t Open Up in Default Program (Right-click, Choose Another App or Other) 6. Slow Performance (Remove unnecessary program running in the background at Task Manager) 7. Loud Noises From Computer (rotary like fans and hard drive, power supply, graphics card) 8. Computer Constantly Freezes (reboot, insufficient system memory, registry error, corrupted files, spyware) 9. Internet Browsing Is Slow or Unresponsive (weak internet, ip address conflict, reboot modem/router, browser, history) 10. You’re Seeing a BSOD (Blue Screen of Death) (reboot, line code problems) 11. Screen Display Is Truncated or Has Low Resolution (update graphics card driver, replace graphics card) When Computer is in NOT Powering-ON & No Display State When Computer is in Power ON & BUT No Display State 1. Check Power Electric Source and System Units 1. Check if the outlet has electric power or does supply Peripherals electric current properly 2. Check if the outlet has electric power or does supply 2. Check if the PSU/Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) / electric current properly Power Surge Extension Wire ( if any ) 3. Check if the UPS/Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) / 3. Check if the power chord is working or doesn’t have any Power Surge Extension Wire (if any) damage ( if any ) 4. Check if the power chord is working or doesn’t have any 4. Check if the Monitor/Screen/LCD is working properly damage 5. Check if the motherboard is working properly 5. Check if the Power Supply is working properly 6. Check if processor/CPU or processor/CPU slot is working 6. Check if the motherboard is working properly properly 7. Check if the power button/switch is working properly 7. Check if the memory card/RAM or each RAM slot is working properly 8. Check if the Graphics/Video Card or AGP Slot or related slot is working properly (if any) When Computer is in Powering-ON & with Display State BUT Display No Bootable Device Found / Select Bootable Device 1. Check if HDD/SSD Device or CMOS/BIOS Setup Settings is properly setup or there are any extended device connected 2. Remove flash-drive/thumb-drive or any external HDD/SSD or any partition device in System Unit 3. Check the BIOS/CMOS Setup if the HDD/SSD is readable or enabled in the settings (F2 / Del / Esc / F1 / F2 / F10) 4. Check if the boot priority and first boot device settings is the HDD/SDD or is in properly set-up When Computer is in Powering-ON & with Display State But NOT Loading Windows / Operating System Properly OPTION 1: Troubleshoot / Repair 1. Remove flash-drive/thumb-drive or any external HDD/SSD or any partition device in System Unit 2. Check the BIOS/CMOS Setup if the HDD/SSD is readable or enabled in the settings ( F2 / Del/ Esc / F1 / F2 / F10 ) 3. Check if the boot priority and first boot device settings is the HDD/SDD or is in properly set-up 4. Press F10 or F2 of keyboard key to select diagnose or repair device 5. Select Troubleshoot and select system restore 6. Select Troubleshoot and Select Reset Windows/OS selecting either deleting all files of selecting without affecting any files or directories ROM (Read Only Memory) - It permanently stores data on computers even if the power is turned off (Non-volatile). It contains BIOS. BIOS – Basic Input Output System Firmware – Permanent Software programmed into ROM (upgrade) POST (Power On Self Test) – hardware testing sequence to determine if the computer hardware are working correctly. * Before looking for Operating System ( W10 ) Speaker – Single Beep (OK). Multiple Beep or Long Beep (FAIL). *Refer to motherboard manual Read Only Memory (ROM) VS Complimentary Metal-OxideSemiconductor (CMOS) Microchip Microchip Integrated into larger Chip Non-Volatile Volatile Connot write data or upgrade Can change the setting Change BIOS setting CMOS (Complimentary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) – when you change the configuration of the BIOS, example the date, time, boot priority and system configuration. All of this setting will be save in CMOS chip. ROM – you cannot save data Where is CMOS Microchip? The CMOS RAM and the real-time clock have been integrated as part of the south bridge chipset and it may not be standalone chip in the modern motherboards CMOS RAM (Volatile) – CMOS Battery give back-up power need by CMOS RAM. The CMOS is usually powered by a 3 coin size CR2032 cell battery (3V) 5-10 years life span How Computer Boot-up? LEGACY BIOS & UEFI BIOS Additional Information 1. First use by IBM (1975) 2. Need to upgrade BIOS (New GPU, LAN Card), use UPS if planning to upgrade BIOS 3. ROOTKITS Malware – remain hidden on your computer (OS, CMOS), but while you may not notice them, they are active. * Rootkits give hackers the ability to remotely control your computer. GIGABYTE Dual BIOS Main BIOS – system primarily uses during boot up. Backup BIOS – has the factory default BIOS version on it. If your Main BIOS happened to fail or stop functioning, the Backup BIOS will automatically take over on your next system boot w/ little or no down time. Legacy BIOS UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) * An upgraded software (Firmware) programs that connects a Computer Hardware + goes to its Operating System can handle not more than 2.2TB of storage capacity can handle more than 2.2TB of storage capacity (9.4 ZB = 21 zero’s) Slow in booting OS Fast in booting OS MBR – Master Boot Record GPT – GUID Partition Table Corrupt BIOS – Dead Motherboard GPT – stores multiple copies of this data across the disk, so it can recover if the data is corrupted Vulnerable in latest Virus and Malware More Security Features Outdated Latest Windows Operating tools use in Computer System Management Group Policy Editor – is used (obviously) to edit group policies associated with a domain, site, or other object. An important part of system administrator’s toolkit. Allows users to configure many important settings on their computers or networks. Administrators can configure password requirements, startup programs, and define what applications or settings users can change. Group Policy (GP) Management – is a Windows management feature that allow you to control multiple users’ and computers’ configurations within an Active Directory environment. All Organizational Units, sites, or domains can be configured from a single and central place. How To Access Group Policy Editor Windows 10: 5 Options What Can You Do With Group Policy Editor 1. Gpedit.msc in Run 1. Limit the applications users can install or access on their 2. Gpedit in search and click edit group policy managed corporate devices. 3. Gpedit.msc in Command Prompt 2. Disable removable devices like USB drives or DVD drives. 4. Gpedit in PowerShell 3. Disable network protocols like TLS 1.0 to enforce usage 5. Gpedit in Control Panel’s toolbar of more secure protocols. 4. Limit the settings a user can change with the Control Panel. 5. Specify an excellent company-sanctioned wallpaper, and turn off the user’s ability to change it. 6. Keep users from accessing gpedit to change any of the above settings. Components of the Group Policy Editor 1. Computer Configuration – these policies apply to the local computer, and do not change per user. 2. User Configuration – these policies apply to users on the local machine, and will apply to any new users in the future, on this local computer. Sub-categories 1. Software Settings – contain software specific group policies: this setting is empty by default. 2. Window Settings – are the basic Windows security settings (including password policy and account lockout settings, audit policy, user rights assignments) 3. Administrative Templates – settings of various Windows components, roles, and features. Both built-in Windows Administrative Templates and third-party ADMX templates are available here Msconfig (System Configuration) – a tool that allows you to manage the startup and system settings of your windows computer. You can control which programs and services launch when you start your computer, troubleshoot startup problems, and make changes to the system configuration. Option Tabs [GBSSTSWB] 1. General 5. SYSTEM.INI 2. Services 6. WIN.INI 3. Startup 7. BOOT.INI 4. Tools Command Prompt – is the input field in a text-based user interface screen for an operating system (OS) or program. Task Manager – A utility program that reports the status of running programs. Are used to review which applications and background processes are running, as well as to stop an app that is not responding. Remote Desktop Software Remote PC – a technology that allows you to access and control your computer from a different location using another device. This capability enables you to manage files, run applications, and perform tasks on your primary PC remotely, providing flexibility and convenience for both personal and professional use. Remote desktop software – captures a device's screen and mouse and keyboard inputs and transmits them to another device, where a user can view or control it remotely. Tech support professionals often use remote desktop connectivity to troubleshoot live fixes on a client's computer. What is the importance of remote desktop connection? Remote Desktop Services provide multiple advantages to businesses like increased productivity and efficiency, reduced travel costs, fast resolution to technical problems, etc. The significant benefit of RDS is that there's only one machine to manage for multiple users to access locally or remotely. Benefits of remote control software[MSEB] 1. More efficient troubleshooting. Troubleshooting IT 2. Streamlined remote working.... issues is much more efficient when tech support can 3. Easier collaboration.... use remote control software.... 4. Better network security. Software: TeamViewer, Splashtop, Quick Assist, GoToMyPC, RemotePC, Remote Desktop Protocol, Chrome Remote Desktop, Microsoft Remote Desktop, AnyViewer Remote Desktop, AnyDesk, DesktopNow Advantages of Remote Access [FFFCS] Disadvantages of Remote Access [SVHFC] 1. Flexible Access 1. Security Issues 2. Flexible Set-Up and Costs 2. Version Problems and Data Liabilities 3. Full Control on Authorization and Access 3. Hardware Issues Still Need On-Site Work 4. Centralized Storage and Backups 4. Difficulties with Work Culture 5. Shared Resources; Greater Efficiency and 5. Complex Software and Hardware Collaboration Disk Management (diskmgmt.msc) - is a tool in an operating system that helps users to manage and organize the hard disk and other storage devices. It allows users to create, delete, format, and resize partitions, as well as view and modify the attributes of disks, volumes, and partitions. Windows Computer Management Tool [TESPDDS] Windows Computer Management (compmgmt.msc) – a pack of Windows administrative tools Microsoft provides for users. You can use it to access to a series of administrative tools like Event Viewer, Task Scheduler, Device Manager, Disk Management, Services Manager, etc. [TESPDDS] 1. Task Scheduler 4. Performance 7. Services Manager 2. Event Viewer 5. Device Manager 3. Shared Folders 6. Disk Management Windows Registry Editor (regedit) – enables administrators and advanced users to keep the registry operational and make root- level and administrative-level changes, such as setting up access permissions or changing the hardware or software-level configurations. Is a database of configurations used by applications, services, and all other aspects of Windows. Always back up the Registry before editing it. control userpasswords2 – is used to access the user accounts user settings with advanced settings. You can use the list in user accounts to grant or deny users access to your computer and change passwords and other settings. Local Users and Groups ( lusrmgr.msc ) – regardless of how you choose to open Local Users and Groups (lusrmgr. msc), this is where you find all the user accounts and groups that are configured on your Windows computer or device, split into two folders: Users and Groups. Ways: Run, Cmd, Task Manager, Start Menu, Search box, Windows + X/Right-click on Start Best Data Recovery Software [DETRRSDD] 1. Disk Drill Data Recovery 5. R-Studio 2. EaseUS Data Recovery Wizard 6. Stellar Data Recovery Professional 3. TestDisk Data Recovery 7. DM Disk Editor and Data Recovery Software 4. Recuva 8. DiskInternals Uneraser