Mental Health and Disorders PDF

**Mental Health: The WHO defines it as a state of complete physical, mental, and social wellness, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. People in a state of emotional, physical, and social well-being fulfill life responsibilities, function effectively in daily life, and are satisfied with...

**Mental Health: The WHO defines it as a state of complete physical, mental, and social wellness, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. People in a state of emotional, physical, and social well-being fulfill life responsibilities, function effectively in daily life, and are satisfied with their interpersonal relationships and themselves** **Mental Illness: The APA defines a mental disorder as: A clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and is associated with present distress. It includes disorders that affect mood, behavior, and thinking, such as depression, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, and addictive disorders.** **Psychiatry: is the branch of medicine that is concerned with the study, treatment, and prevention of mental illness, using both medical and psychological therapies.** **Psychopathology: is scientific study of the origins, symptoms, and development of psychological disorders** **Affect: is the objectively observed expression of emotion.** **Mood: is a pervasive and sustained emotion subjectively experienced and reported by the person.** **Delusion: Fixed false unshakable beliefs out of keeping with the person's cultural background.** - **Types of delusion** - **Persecutory/ paranoid delusion: involve the client\'s belief that \"others\" planning to harm him or are spying.** - **Grandiose delusion: the client claims to association with a famous people or celebrities.** - **Thought Broadcasting: Delusion that others can read or hear the person\'s thoughts, as they are broadcast over the air, radio or some other unusual way.** - **Somatic delusion: are generally vague and unrealistic belief about client\'s health & bodily function.** - **Referential delusion: Ideas of Reference: An in correct interpretation of external events as having direct reference to self (TV, newspaper.... etc)** - **Nihilistic delusion: the individual has a false idea that the self, a part of the self is none exist.** - **Obsessions: Repetitive ideas, images, feelings or urges insistently entering person's mind despite resistance. They are unwanted, distressful and recognized as senseless and irrational. They are frequently followed by compelling actions (compulsions). Common Obsessional Contents:** - **dirt/contamination/cleaning** - **orderliness/symmetry** - **doubts/checking/counting** - **aggressive impulses/inappropriate acts** - **religion (blasphemous thoughts)** - **ruminations: obsessional thoughts.** - **rituals: certain repeated compulsions.** **Disorders of the stream of thought** 1. **Tangentiality: the patient never gets from desired point to desired goal. So, he goes off the core of the topic.** 2. **Circumstantiality: the patient gives countless and unnecessary details but gets from desires point to desired goal.** 3. **Poverty of Thoughts: Few, slow, unvaried thoughts associated with poverty of speech.** 4. **Thought Block: Sudden cessation of thought flow with complete emptying of the mind, not caused by an external influence** 5. **Loosening of Associations: Lack of logic connection between thoughts.** 6. **Flight of Ideas: Successive rapidly shifting incomplete ideas but with an understandable link.** 7. **Thought Perseveration: Repeating the same sequence of thoughts persistently and inappropriately.** 8. **Incoherence: a mixture of phrases that have no meaning with no logical connection.** **Abnormalities of Speech** 1. **Echolalia: imitation of words or phrases made by others.** 2. **Pressure of Speech: rapid, uninterrupted speech that is increased in amount.** 3. **Mutism: inability to speak.** 4. **Elective Mutism: refusal to speak in certain circumstances.** 5. **Abnormalities of Speech** 6. **Poverty of Speech: restricted amount of speech.** 7. **Stuttering (Stammering): frequent repetition or prolongation of a sound or syllable, leading to markedly impaired speech fluency.** 8. **Clang Associations (Rhyming): association of word similar in sound but not in meaning (e.g. deep, keep, sleep)** 9. **Word Salad: incoherent mixture of words and phrases.** **Abnormalities of Perception** A. **Illusions: are misperceptions or misinterpretations of real external sensory stimuli: e.g. Shadows may be misperceived as frightening figures.** B. **Hallucinations: are false sensory perceptions not associated with real external stimuli, may involve any of the five senses.** **Hallucinations** 1. **Auditory: auditory hallucinations are false perceptions of sound. (voices, noises, music, and other noises.** 2. **Visual: These are false visual perceptions. They may consist of formed images, such as of people, or of unformed images, such as flashes of light.** 3. **Tactile: false perceptions of the sense of touch, under the skin, the sensation that something is crawling on or under the skin.** **Disorders of memory** - **Amnesia: partial or total inability to recall past experiences may be organic or emotional in origin.** 1. **Anterograde amnesia: inability to recall events occurring after a point in time.** 2. **Retrograde amnesia: inability to recall events prior to a point in time.** 3. **Total amnesia: inability to recall recent and remote events.** 4. **Circumscribed amnesia: inability to recall events for limited time.** **Orientation: The ability to relate the self correctly to time, place and person.** **Disorientation: impaired ability to identify time, place and person.** **Judgment: The ability to assess a situation correctly and to act appropriately with in that situation.** **Impaired judgment: diminished ability to understand a situation correctly and to act appropriately.** **Insight: the ability to understand the objective condition of one\'s mental illness.** **Impaired insight: diminished ability to understand the objective condition of one\'s mental illness.** **Attention: the ability to focus on the matters in hand.** **Concentration: the ability to maintain that focus** **Disorders of attention and concentration:** - **Distractibility: inability to concentrate attention, attention drawn to unimportant or irrelevant external stimuli.** - **Affect: the objectively observed expression of emotion.** - **Mood: a pervasive and sustained emotion subjectively experienced and reported by the person.** **Mood disturbance** 1. **Depressed mood: feeling of sadness, pessimism and a sense of loneliness.** 2. **Anhedonia: lack of pleasure in acts which are normally pleasurable.** 3. **Grief: sadness appropriate to a real loss (e.g. death of a relative)** 4. **Elevated Mood: a mood more cheerful than usual** 5. **Anxiety: feeling of apprehension accompanied by autonomic symptoms (such as muscles tension, perspiration and tachycardia), caused by anticipation of danger.** 6. **Panic: acute, self-limiting, episodic intense attack of anxiety associated with overwhelming dread and autonomic symptoms.** 7. **Phobia: irrational exaggerated fear and avoidance of a specific object, situation or activity.** 8. **Flat Affect: absence of emotional expression.** 9. **Apathy: lack of emotion, interest or concern, associated with detachment.** 10. **Labile Affect: rapid, abrupt changes in emotions in the same setting, unrelated to external stimuli.** **Abnormalities of Behavior And Movements** 1. **Psychomotor Retardation: Slowed mental and motor activities.** 2. **Stupor: A state in which a person does not react to the surroundings:(mute, immobile and unresponsive).** 3. **Psychomotor Agitation: Restlessness with psychological tension.** 4. **Dystonia: Painful severe muscle spasm.** 5. **Akathisia: Inability to keep sitting still, due to a compelling subjective feeling of restlessness.** 6. **Tics: Sudden repeated involuntary muscle twisting.e.g. repeated blinking, grimacing.** 7. **Compulsions: Compelling repeated irrational actions associated with obsessions. e.g. repeated hand washing.** 8. **Echopraxia: Imitative repetition of movement of somebody.** 9. **Stereotypies: Purposeless repetitive involuntary movements. e.g. foot tapping, thigh rocking.**