Survy1 202 Week 1 Lessons PDF

“For I know the plans I have for you, declares the Lord, plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future.” Jeremiah 29:11  SURVY1 202 Fundamentals of Surveying 1- Lecture WEEK 1 LESSONS INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING  GENERAL OVERVIEW Surveyi...

“For I know the plans I have for you, declares the Lord, plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future.” Jeremiah 29:11  SURVY1 202 Fundamentals of Surveying 1- Lecture WEEK 1 LESSONS INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING  GENERAL OVERVIEW Surveying is one of the oldest arts practiced by man. From the earliest times, it has always been necessary to mark boundaries and divide tracts of land. Its use has expanded through the years that today it is impossible to undertake any type of engineering project without involving surveying.  DEFINITION Surveying is the art and science of determining angular and linear measurements to establish the form, extent, and relative position of points, lines, and areas on or near the surface of the earth or on other extraterrestrial bodies through applied mathematics and the use of specialized equipment and techniques. TWO GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONS 1. PLANE SURVEYING - Surveying that considers the earth as a flat surface, and where distances and areas involved are of limited extent that the exact shape of the earth is disregarded. 2. GEODETIC SURVEYING - Are surveys of wide extent which takes into account the spheroidal shape of the earth.  TYPES OF SURVEYS 1. CADASTRAL SURVEYS - Are closed surveys which are undertaken in urban and rural locations for the purpose of determining and defining property lines and boundaries, corners, and areas. These surveys are also made to fix the boundaries of municipalities, towns, and provincial jurisdictions. 2. CITY SURVEYS - Are surveys of areas in and near a city for the purpose of planning expansions or improvements, locating property lines, fixing reference monuments, determining the physical features and configuration of the land, and preparing maps. 3. CONSTRUCTION SURVEYS - These are surveys which are undertaken at a construction site to provide data regarding grades, reference lines, dimen- sions, ground configuration, and the location and elevation of structures which are of concern to engineers, architects and builders. 4. FORESTRY SURVEYS - Type of surveys executed in connection with forest management and mensuration, and the production and conservation of forest lands. 5. HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYS - Refer to surveying streams, lakes, reservoirs, harbors, oceans, and other bodies of water. These surveys are made to map shore lines, chart the shape of areas underlying water surfaces, and measure the flow of streams. They are needed for navigation, development of water supply and resources, flood control, irrigation, production of hydro-electric power, subaqueous const. and recreation. 6. INDUSTRIAL SURVEYS - Use of surveying techniques in ship building, construction and assembly of aircraft, lay-out and installation of heavy and complex machinery and other industries requiring accurate dimensional lay-outs. 7. MINE SURVEYS - Surveys performed to determine the position of all underground excavations and surface mine structures, to fix surface boundaries of mining claims, determine geological formations to calculate excavated volumes, and establish lines and grades for related mining works. 8. PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEYS - Type of survey which makes use of photographs taken with specially designed cameras either from airplanes or ground stations. 9. ROUTE SURVEYS - Involves the determination of alignment, grades, earthwork quantities, location of natural and artificial objects in connection with the planning, design, and construction of highways, railroads, pipelines, canals, transmission lines, and other linear projects. 10. TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYS - Surveys made for determining the shape of the ground, and the location and elevation of natural and artificial features upon it. COMMON SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS 1. TRANSIT - Universal survey instrument. - Used by the surveyor to measure both horizontal and vertical angle. TRANSIT USED FOR LAND SURVEYS COMMON SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS 2. STADIA/LEVEL ROD - A graduated rod used for measuring the vertical distance between the line of sight through an instrument and the point whose elevation is required or known. 2. STADIA/LEVEL ROD RR COMMON SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS 3. LEVEL - An instrument used in leveling work. 3. LEVEL - SETTING UP AND LEVELING https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j8poe2vvD2Q - TAKING A ROD READING https://youtu.be/YnDA-nAUyl8 COMMON SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS 4. DIGITAL THEODOLITE - Digital theodolites consist of a telescope that is mounted on a base, as well as an electronic readout screen that is used to display horizontal and vertical angles. 4. DIGITAL THEODOLITE - SETTING UP, CENTERING AND LEVELING https://youtu.be/QUX9_1fRnlo?t=238 - READING HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL ANGLE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ckR-wBUTUjA COMMON SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS 5. EDM - An instrument used for rapid and accurate measurement of linear distances, horizontal and Vertical angles. 5. EDM 6. TOTAL STATION - A total station is an electronic/optical instrument used in modern surveying and building construction that uses electronic transit theodolite in conjunction with electronic distance meter (EDM).It is also integrated with microprocessor, electronic data collector and storage system. - Newer models of EDM that can store field data. 6. TOTAL STATION AND PRISM TOTAL STATION AND PRISM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K8SEfTzpskg COMMON SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS 7. BRUNTON COMPASS - An instrument used in measuring magnetic direction. Also used in measuring vertical and horizontal angles. 7. BRUNTON COMPASS COMMON SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS 8. STEEL TAPE - A graduated measuring device used for measuring linear distances. COMMON SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS 9. SEXTANT - A portable and hand-held instru- ment used for measuring hori- zontal and vertical angles. COMMON SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS 10. HAND LEVEL - Is a hand-held instrument used on surveys involving short sights, in measuring inclination. COMMON SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS 11. GPS INSTRUMENT - An instrument used in determining the exact position of field stations/ points. COMMON SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS 12. PLANIMETER - A mechanical device used for determining the area of any shape of figure plotted to a known scale. COMMON SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS 13. SUBTENSE BAR - A convenient and practical device used for quick and accurate measure- ment of horizontal distances. Consist of a 2-meter bar on a tripod.