Super Tic Tac Toe Final Exam Review Questions PDF

# Final Exam Review Practice Questions 1. What is the structure of DNA? - Double-stranded helix - Strands are antiparallel - Two strands held together with hydrogen bonds via complementary base pairing rules A=T AND G=C - Bases are inside, phosphates outside - Uniform width - 3...

# Final Exam Review Practice Questions 1. What is the structure of DNA? - Double-stranded helix - Strands are antiparallel - Two strands held together with hydrogen bonds via complementary base pairing rules A=T AND G=C - Bases are inside, phosphates outside - Uniform width - 3 rings wide 2. What does helicase do? - Unwind DNA 3. What does DNA Polymerase do? - Makes DNA 5' to 3' 4. What do SSBP's do? - Keeps the DNA single-stranded 5. What enzyme covalently links Okazaki fragments? - DNA Ligase 6. What enzyme relives stress on DNA that occurs during DNA replication? - Topoisomerase (Gyrase) 7. What enzyme primes the system and adds a small piece of RNA? - Primase 8. What does endonuclease do? - Cuts out damaged parts of DNA and adds DNA polymerase and DNA ligase in the gap 9. What does telomerase do? - Replaces telomeres (the ends of the chromosomes) 10. What are plasmids? - Plasmids are small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules found in bacteria 11. What do you need to make ribosomes? - rRNA's - r proteins - small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA - mRNA 12. What RNA codes for proteins? - mRNA 13. Explain the difference between exons and introns. - Exons: expressed, keep; Introns: intervening, throw out 14. What is the correct order of translation? - Initiation - small subunit, mRNA, and initiator tRNA come together, large subunit of ribosome binds - Elongation - translation begins at AUG start codon - Termination - Elongation continues until the stop codon is reached 15. Why do we need a 5 G cap and 3 polyAtails? - It tells us transcription is over - For transportation out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm - Provides stability to the message 16. Define what a promoter is. - Tells us where transcription occurs. Promoters are bound by RNA polymerase. 17. What happens when DNA is tightly packaged? - No transcription occurs. In order for transcription to occur, you want histones and DNA to unwind. 18. Is CH4 a polar covalent bond or nonpolar covalent bond? - Nonpolar covalent bond. 19. What is the purpose of gel electrophoresis? - It separates DNA, RNA, or proteins based on size using an electric field. 20. What is the purpose of ubiquitin? - Ubiquitin tags proteins for degradation by the proteasome, regulating protein levels and removing damaged or unnecessary proteins. 21. What type of mutation causes sickle cell? - Missense mutation. 22. What mutation adds or subtracts a base causing a completely different protein? - Frameshift mutation 23. What mutation changes the base resulting in a stop codon? - Nonsense mutation 24. What mutation is described as the worst? - Frameshift mutation 25. What mutation changes a codon but does not alter the amino acid? - Silent mutation 26. What are the Southerns, Northerns, and Westerns blots? - **Southern Blot**: Transfers DNA - **Northern Blot**: Transfer RNA - **Western Blot**: Transfer proteins 27. What are the five traits of a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? - No mutations. - Random mating. - No selection. - Large population size. - Isolation 28. What is the order that life started? - RNA --→ Proteins ----→ DNA 29. How many extinction events occurred on Earth? - 5 30. What is described as a change in lines of descent over time? - Evolution 31. What term is described as a heritable change in DNA? - Mutation 32. Describe gene flow. - Refers to the migration of individuals between different populations followed by breeding 33. Describe genetic drift. - Refers to the production of random evolutionary changes in small breeding population 34. What type of selection results in no environmental change? - Stabilizing selection 35. What are the differences between DNA and RNA? - DNA is double-stranded; RNA is single-stranded - DNA used deoxyribose; RNA used ribose - DNA utilizes bases A, C, T, G; RNA utilizes bases A, C, T, U 36. What direction does transcription occur? - 5' to 3' 37. What is the most abundant RNA? - rRNA 38. What is an operator? - The on/off switch bound by a repressor 39. The proteins utilized to package DNA are... - Histones 40. What is Histone-Acetylation? - Adding an acetyl group to the histones to neutralize the charge, loosening the grip on DNA and allowing it to unpackage so transcription can occur. 41. What is an enhancer? - Occurs anywhere in the DNA sequence and is bound by activators and inhibitors. 42. What is RNA processing? - The series of events that turn a gene's primary transcript into its mature form 43. Of all the ways to control gene expression in eukaryotes, what is the most efficient and important way? - Transcriptional Control 44. What is the purpose of a restriction enzyme? - Used to cut DNA. 45. How do you separate the fragments you cut from the restriction enzyme? - Gel electrophoresis – separates DNA according to size 46. Why are plasmids important? - Allows us to move DNA from one species into another species 47. What enzyme do viruses have and what does it do? - Reverse transcriptase – allows you to make DNA from RNA 48. Describe the difference between anticodon and codon. - A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid. An anticodon is a complementary three-nucleotide sequence on tRNA that pairs with the codon during translation. 49. What are the two examples of genetic drift? - Bottleneck and founder effect. 50. This term is described as when a population is severely reduced in numbers due to fluctuations in the environment - Bottleneck 51. When you have traits that give you an advantage at mating that is described as... - Sexual selection 52. What type of isolation is when species reproduce at different times or different seasons? - Temporal Isolation 53. Did we all come from a single ancestral cell or a pool of cells? - Pool of cells Be able to tell what type of selection based on a given scenario Be able to answer any equilibrium equations Know the reproductive isolation mechanisms - Prezygotic - Postzygotic Be able to complete dihybrid and monohybrid crosses.