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Chapter 5: Western Discovery and Conquest The First Spanish Settlement: (image found) 1. Location: Cebu a. Form of a Triangle; Two sides facing the sea, third fronting the land. b. La Conception (SouthWest Side) c. Ignacio De Loyola (Southeast Side) d. San Miguel (Northeast) e. Other Details: i. Legazpi named the settlement the "City of the Most Holy Name of Jesus". ii. Cebu city is the oldest Spanish city in the Philippines. The Spanish Colonization: First Filipino-Spanish Treaty o On June 4, 1565, Legazpi and Tupas concluded a treaty with the condition that Raha Tupas and the other datus recognize Spanish sovereignty and friendship The Conquest of Panay o Owing to the shortage of food in Cebu, Legazpi moved to Panay in 1569. He founded the second Spanish settlement in the Philippines, now the town of Panay in Capiz Province. Conquest of Other Islands o In 1569 Captain de Guzman, accompanied by Fr. Jimenez, explored and pacified Masbate, Ticao and Burias. He went as Far as Ibalon(Albay). He was the first white man to see Mount Mayon. o In January 1570, Legazpi sent Juan de Salcedo to Mindoro to punish the Moro pirates who preyed upon Panay's villages. First Conquest of Manila o On May 8, 1570, a Spanish expedition to Manila left Panay under the command of Marshal Martin de Goiti. o On May 24, 1570, Goiti and his men captured Maynilad after a hard fight. Second Conquest of Manila o Legazpi decided to colonize Maynilad with a stronger expedition, left Panay and reached Manila Bay in the middle of May 1571. o On May 19, 1571, Legazpi took possession of Manila in the name of his monarch, King of Philip II of Spain Foundation of the City of Manila. o On June 24, 1571, the Feast Day of St. John the Baptist, Legazpi proclaimed Manila as capital of the Philippines and established its city government. Years later, King Philip II, by his Royal Decree of June 1, 1574, named Manila the Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad (Distinguished and Ever Loyal City). The Death of Legazpi o On august 20, 1572, Legazpi the first Spanish governor and adelantado of the Philippines, died of heart attack in Manila. Notable Persons and Dates: Miguel Lopez de Legazpi: o June 4, 1565: Signed treaty with Raha Tupas. o 1569: Founded second Spanish settlement in Panay. o May 19, 1571: Took possession of Manila. o June 24, 1571: Proclaimed Manila as the capital of the Philippines. o August 20, 1572: Died in Manila. Raha Tupas: o June 4, 1565: Signed treaty recognizing Spanish sovereignty. Captain de Guzman and Fr. Jimenez: o 1569: Explored and pacified Masbate, Ticao, and Burias islands. Juan de Salcedo: o January 1570: Sent to punish Moro pirates in Mindoro. Marshal Martin de Goiti: o May 8, 1570: Led the first conquest of Manila. o May 24, 1570: Captured Maynilad after battle. King Philip II of Spain: o June 1, 1574: Named Manila the "Distinguished and Ever Loyal City" Chapter 5: Mexican Relations 1. Manila-Acapulco Trade (1565-1815) a. Originally known as La Nao De China, and Galeón de Acapulco. b. Also known as Manila Galleon. c. Considered as the first trade route to occur in the Philippines. d. First global trade route in Pacific Ocean. e. Connected the Spanish colonies in the Philippines and Mexico across the Pacific Ocean. f. It was a significant economic and cultural exchange between Spain and its colonies in the Philippines and Mexico. g. Connected the Spanish colonies in the Philippines and Mexico across the Pacific Ocean. h. It was a significant economic and cultural exchange between Spain and its colonies in the Philippines and Mexico. 2. Fr. Andrés de Urdaneta (image found) a. Was a maritime explorer for the Spanish Empire of Basque heritage, who became an Augustinian friar. Survivor Navigator of Loaisa expedition. b. At the request of Philip II, he joined the Legazpi expedition for a return to the Philippines and the one who discovered the return route from the Philippines to Acapulco. c. He played an important role in establishing the Catholic faith in the Philippines and was considered a "protector of the Indians" for his treatment of the Philippine natives. 3. San Pedro (Ship) (image found) a. It was the flagship of the Legazpi expedition and the first galleon to make the round trip from Mexico to the Philippines and back to Mexico in 1564-1565. 4. San Fernando (image not found) a. The Last ship that sailed to Manila galleon was San Fernando in 1815 5. Mexican Trades (image found) a. Traditions & Sculpture i. The Image of the Black Nazarene (Quiapo) ii. Virgin of Antipolo: Nuestra senora De La Paz iii. Mariones Festival b. Food i. Tomato ii. Pineapple iii. Avocado iv. Peanuts c. Animals i. Horse ii. Cows 6. Restriction of Manila-Acapulco Trade a. The king of Spain restricted the Manila-Acapulco trade in the beginning of year 1593 because many merchants from Seville, Cadiz, and other cities in Spain complained to the king that the cheaper goods from Asia were driving away Spanish product from the markets of America. Notable Persons and Dates: Fr. Andrés de Urdaneta: o 1565: Discovered the return route from the Philippines to Acapulco. o Played a key role in establishing Catholicism and protecting native Filipinos. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi: o 1564-1565: Led the expedition with the San Pedro galleon. Notable Objects: San Pedro (Galleon Ship): o First galleon to complete the round trip from Mexico to the Philippines and back (1564-1565). Black Nazarene (Quiapo): Religious statue. Virgin of Antipolo (Nuestra Señora de La Paz): Religious image. Tomato, Pineapple, Avocado, Peanuts: Mexican-origin foods introduced to the Philippines. Horses, Cows: Animals brought from Mexico to the Philippines. Chapter 7: Spanish Colonial System - Spain was the first European country to rise as a major colonizing power in modern history. Spain reached its peak of power and influence during the 16th century, known as the Siglo de Oro (Golden Century). - Spain had far-flung colonies in Africa, the New World (Latin America and Asia) - the first global colonial empire in history-so that King Philip II was the first monarch to justly boast that the sun never set on his realm. - To rule such extensive possessions, Spain compiled the first code of colonial laws, called Leyes de Indias (Laws of the Indies), which modern authorities on colonialism acclaim as "one of the most humane and one of the most comprehensive codes published for any colonial empire" - However, because of the distance of the Philippines from Spain and the corruption and decadence of Spanish officials and friars, especially in the 19th century, these colonial laws were unevenly applied or failed to benefit the colonies. Aims of Spanish colonization 1. Spain's aims in colonizing overseas lands may be keynoted by three G's a. God (image found) i. A German authority on Spanish colonization. ii. He affirmed that "The principal aim of Spanish colonization was the conversion of the heathen peoples to Christianity". iii. Dr. Wilhelm Roscher A. A German authority on Spanish colonization. B. He affirmed that "The principal aim of Spanish colonization was the conversion of the heathen peoples to Christianity". b. Gold (image found) i. Desire for economic wealth, sprung from the struggle among European powers to monopolize the spice trade c. Glory (image found) i. Arose out of Spain’s ambition to be the greatest empire in the world. Acquiring many colonies Conclusion: The propagation of Christianity was the most successful. All colonies under Spain became Christian nations. Spain had failed to become rich through colonization. In the 19th century Spain’s glory vanished and declined as a world power. Christian population: o Mexico: 77% o Philippines: 79-80% o Columbia: 70-75% o Peru: 75-80% o Argentina: 62-67% o Ecuador: 74-79% o Cuba: 50-60% 1) The Council of the Indies (image found) a. Royal Supreme Council of the Indies (Real y Supremo Consejo de Indias). b. Created by King Charles I (August 1, 1524). (image found) c. It consisted of; president, 4 councilors (either lawyers or clergymen) a secretary, a fiscal, (crown attorney), a treasurer, a historian, a cosmographer, a professor of mathematics and an usher. d. Garcia Jofre de Loaisa (image found) i. first president of the Council of the Indies e. Legeslative i. ay tumutukoy sa sangay ng pamahalaan na may tungkulin sa paggawa, pagbabago, at pag- apruba ng mga batas. f. Executive i. ay tumutukoy sa sangay ng pamahalaan na may tungkuling ipatupad at pamahalaan ang mga batas na ipinasa ng lehislatibo. g. Judicial i. ay tumutukoy sa sangay ng pamahalaan na may tungkuling bigyang-kahulugan ang mga batas at maghatol sa mga kaso alinsunod dito. h. Spanish Empire (2 viceroyalty). 1544 i. Viceroyalty of New Spain (Mexico) ii. Viceroyalty of Peru i. Queen Isabelle II (image found) i. Dismantled the Council of the Indies (May 20,1863) and replacing it ministry of Colonies (Ministerio de Ultramar). (image found) ii. Its purpose is to manage Spain's colonies including the Philippines j. The Laws of the Indies (image found) i. The numerous laws governing the colonies of Spain were compiled and published into a convenient colonial code entitled Recopilacion de Leyes de las Indias, popularly known as simply Laws of the Indies (Leyes de Indias). 2) Governador Heneral a. The Governor and Captain-General, often called the Governor General, was the chief executive of the Philippines during Spanish rule. b. Responsibilities included enforcing royal decrees, leading the colonial armed forces, and appointing most officials. c. Until 1861, the Governor General also served as the chief justice of the Royal Audiencia. d. As the king's representative in the colony, he acted as the vice-royal patron. e. Had the power to intervene in disputes between religious authorities. f. The governor general could veto any royal decree or law from Spain. This veto power was called cumplase. g. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (image found) i. First Gobernador Heneral of the Philippines h. Diego de Los Rios (image found) i. Last Gobernador Heneral of the Philippines 3) Checks on Gubernatorial Powers a. Checks on Gubernatorial Powers: The Governor General's authority was balanced by several institutions and practices, including: i. The Royal Audiencia, serving as the Supreme Court during the Spanish period. ii. The Archbishop and clergy, who held significant influence in the king's court. iii. The ability of subordinate public officials and private citizens to send complaints directly to the king. iv. The practice of residencia, a trial for outgoing officials to account for their actions while in office. v. The Visitador, an investigator dispatched by the king or Mexican viceroy to assess conditions in the Philippines. 4) The Royal Audiencia a. Supreme Court in Spanish times. b. Created by the Royal Decree of Queen Isabelle II in May 20, 1583 (image found) c. Held its first session in Manila June, 1584. d. Abolished in 1589 - only to reestablish in 1595. e. Until 1719, Royal Audiencia acted Governor general for six times; i. 1606-1608 ii. 1616-1618 iii. 1632-1633 iv. 1677-1679 v. 1689-1690 vi. 1715-1717 f. Governador Santiago de Vera (image found) i. First president of the Royal Audiencia g. The Royal Audiencia also promulgated certain laws for the colony. These laws were called autos acordados (acts agreed upon) because they were enacted upon agreement between the governor general and the members of the Royal Audiencia. h. Example of Laws passed by Royal Audiencia: i. Chinese immigration ii. fixing the prices of prime commodities iii. Ordering the people to comply with their religious duties. 5) The Residencia a. The residencia was a judicial institution introduced by Spain in the Philippines. b. It involved a trial for outgoing governors general and other Spanish officials. c. These officials were required to account for their actions during their term of office. d. Conducted by their successors or by special judge appointed for this purpose. e. The residencia aimed to ensure that officials were held accountable and did not abuse their power while in office. f. Residenciado i. Governor de Laveszaris (1572-75) (image found) a) 1st Spanish governor general who was subjected to a residencia - He was found guilty by his successor, Governor Francisco de sande ii. Governor Francisco de Sande (1575-80) (image found) a) He was found guilty for enriching himself while in office. g. Other Spanish Governors who were convicted at their residencia for enriching themselves; i. Hurtado de Corcuera (1635 - 44) (image found) a) Sentenced 5yrs imprisonment and a fine of ₱25,000 ii. Juan de Vargas (1678 -84) (image found) a) He was found guilty for enriching himself while in office. iii. Berenguer de Marquina (1788-1793) (image found) a) Who was fined ₱40,000. 6) The Visitador a. A royal inspector or overseer on behalf of the Spanish Crown. They ensure colonial administrators adhered to the laws and policies set by Spain. b. Key roles of a visitador: i. Ensure Compliance ii. Audit Finances iii. Combat Corruption iv. Oversee Governance v. Recommend Reforms vi. Exercise Independent Authority c. Visitadors in the Philippines: i. Francisco Rojas (image found) a) Sent By: King Philip IV b) Event: Quarrel between governor Tabora and the Royal Audienca of manila because of permitting a Chinese merchant to bring arms and ammunition to manila for the use of colonial troops ii. Jose Ignacio Arzadun (image found) a) Sent By: Viceroy of Mexico (1738) b) Event: Extortion from the helpless natives by the mayor 7) The Encomienda System a. A grant by the Spanish Crown to a colonist bestowing the right to demand tribute from the inhabitants of the conquered territory. b. The first encomienda in the Philippines were given to early colonizers in Cebu on January 1, 1571 by Adelentado Legazpi (image not found) upon the orders of king Philip II c. In 1591 there where 257 encomiendas in the Philippines (31 royal and 236 private) with a population of over 600,000. d. The encomienda system ended in Mexico, Peru, and other Spanish colonies in Latin America at the end of 18th century. The encomienda in the Philippines ended in the first decade of 19th century e. Two types of encomiendas: i. Royal Encomiendas a) Owned by the king and they consisted of cities, seaports and inhabitants of regions rich in natural resources. ii. Private Encomiendas a) Owned by private persons or charitable institutions, such as college of Santa Potencian and the hospital of San Juan de Dios. f. Key roles of an Encomendero: i. Protect inhabitants from enemies. ii. Assists missionaries from Christianizing the inhabitants. iii. Promote education of the people. 8) The Tribute a. A tax system imposed by the Spanish authorities on the native Filipino population b. Symbol of vassalage to Spain. c. One tribute corresponded to one family consisting of husband, wife and minor children. d. An unmarried man or woman pays a half tribute. e. At the beginning, a tribute amounted to eight reales (one peso), payable in money or kind. Later, in 1851, it was increased to twelve reales (one peso and half). f. The Filipinos hated the tribute because (1) it reminded them of their bondage to Spain and (2) it spawned Spanish abuses. They had no objection to the amount, for it was not high and they could afford to pay it, but what angered them were the abuses committed by the tribute collectors. g. In 1859 the people of the Ilocos and Cagayan Valley rose in revolt against the tribute. The tribute was finally abolished in 1884 and was replaced by the cedula tax. 9) The Polo: a. A performing of forced labor for all Filipino male of 16 to 60 years of age. Originally, the period of labor was 40 days but was later reduced to 15 days in 1884. b. The nature of the labor varied and included the following: i. Construction of roads, bridges, public buildings, and churches. ii. Cutting timber in the forests. iii. Working in shipyards. iv. Serving as sailors or soldiers in Spanish military expeditions. c. A person who rendered the forced labor was called POLISTA. He could be exempted by paying the FALLA, which was a sum of money. d. The Filipinos hated the POLO system, as the native population was forced into labor while white Spaniards, mestizos, and Chinese were exempted and the abuses connected with it. e. Polistas were supposed to receive daily wages and food rations during their work. But they never received these. They were forced into physically demanding tasks such as cutting down trees and hauling them to the shipyards, where the timber was used to build ships for the Spanish. The harsh conditions led to widespread suffering, with many polistas dying from the labor. 10) Abolition of Slavery: a. One of the good things which Spain had done for the people was the abolition of slavery. The early Spanish missionaries urged the king to abolish slavery in the Philippines. b. Bishop Domingo Salazar (image found) i. On October 17, 1581, Bishop Domingo Salazar and the heads of different religious orders met at the Augustinian convent in Tondo, Manila. They crafted a formal complaint addressed to King Philip II of Spain, arguing that slavery was against God's laws and violated the Laws of the Indies, condemning Spanish colonists who continued the practice of slavery. c. King Philip II (image found) i. In response to the complaint of Bishop Salazar and the religious fathers, King Philip II issued the Royal Decree on August 9, 1589. This decree mandated the emancipation of all native slaves in the Philippines. d. Pope Gregory XIV (image found) i. Pope Gregory XIV reinforced the king’s decree by promulgating the Papal Bull on April 18, 1591. Threatening to excommunicate those who would not liberate their slaves. 11) Provincial Government a. Provinces i. Also Known as Alcaldías ii. Governed by Alcalde Mayor a) Held both executive and judicial powers. b) Low salary but had the privilege to engage in trade, which led to abuses. c) In 1844, Their privilege was abolished by law due to these abuses. d) In 1886, Their role was reduced to that of a judge, and a civil governor was appointed as the chief executive of the province. b. Special District i. Also Known as Corregimientos ii. Govern by Corregidor, usually an army officer. iii. These districts represent unpacified regions. c. Municipal Government i. The province is divided into towns called pueblos. ii. Each pueblos are administered a gobernadorcillo (Petty governor). iii. Other town officials: a) Teniente Mayor (chief lieutenant) b) Juez de Sementeraz (justice of the fields) c) Juez de Ganados (justice of cattle) d) Juez de Policia (justice of police) e) Directorcillo (municipal secretary) d. Gobernadorcillo i. They call the Gobernadorcillos as capitan and capitana (for his wife) ii. At first, he was elected annually by all married males of the town but soon later in the 19th century they change it where he was elected by 13 electors headed by the outgoing Gobernadorcillo e. Cabeza de Barangay i. Every pueblo is divided into barangays (barrios) headed by a cabeza de barangay. ii. The cabeza de barangay served annually, without salary f. The Cities i. Ayuntamiento (City Government) ii. Cities includes: Manila, Lipa, Jaro, Cebu, Albay, Arevalo, Naga and Vigan. iii. City Council (Cabildo) composition: a) Alcalde (Mayor) b) Regidores (Councilors) c) Alguacil Mayor (Chief Constable) d) Escribano (Secretary) 12) Missionaries and Spanish Colonization a. Missionaries play a significant role in the colonization of the Philippines. b. Came with the conquistadores. c. Bravely penetrated the uncharted mountains and unexplored jungles. d. Only arms were the crucifix, the rosary and their virtues. e. By the sign of the Cross, they conquered, winning the Filipinos to accept Christianity and Spanish rule. f. First missionaries to reach the Philippines were the Augustinians under Father Urdaneta. g. They came with Legazpi in 1565, and then more missionaries arrived such as the Franciscans in 1577, the Jesuits in 1581, the Dominicans in 1587, the Recollects in 1606 and the Benedictines in 1895. rule. h. Ecclesiastical Organization i. The Ecclesiastical Organization (Government of the Church) was Parallel to and intimately associated with the civil government. At the top of this organization was the Archbishop of Manila, who was appointed by the Pope upon recommendation of the king. Bishops were under the pope, who were heads of dioceses (bishoprics) and under them were the parish priests, who administered the parishes. The Church has its own court called the Archbishop’s Court which tried cases such as Canon Law and cases about clergy. i. Pope Gregory XII (image found) i. He established the Bishopric of Manila in 1578 j. Rev. Domingo de Salazar (image found) i. The First Bishop of Manila ii. Was named archbishop, but he died before he could assume his new office. k. Pope Clement VIII (image found) i. He elevated Manila into an Archbishopric in Cebu in 1595. l. Rev. Ignacio de Santibañez (image found) i. A Franciscan prelate of Mexico, was named by the Vatican as the first Archbishop of Manila. m. Union of Church and State i. Political union of Church and State in the Philippines. Catholic Christianity was the state religion. Civil and ecclesiastical authorities served God and the king. ii. In the town, the parish priest was the real power, presented the majesty of Spain, supervised local elections, education, charities, morals and taxation. In 1762, bishops and archbishops acted as governors general in cases of vacancy in the gubernatorial office. They were: Archbishop Francisco de la Cuesta (image found) (1719-21), Bishop Juan de Arrechederra (image found) (1745-50), Bishop Lino de Espeleta (image found) (1759- 61), and Archbishop Manuel Antonio Rojo (1761-62). Notable People: 1. King Charles I o Created the “The Council of the Indies” on August 1, 1524. 2. Bishop Domingo Salazar o The heads of different religious orders met at the Augustinian convent in Tondo, Manila. They crafted a formal complaint addressed to King Philip II of Spain, arguing that slavery was against God's laws and violated the Laws of the Indies, condemning Spanish colonists who continued the practice of slavery. 3. King Philip II o First monarch to boast that the sun never set on his realm. o Issued the Royal Decree in response to Bishop Salazar's complaint in 1589. 4. Dr. Wilhelm Roscher o German authority on Spanish colonization who affirmed that the principal aim was the conversion of heathen peoples to Christianity. 5. Garcia Jofre de Loaisa o First president of the Council of the Indies. 6. Queen Isabelle II o Dismantled the Council of the Indies on May 20, 1863, replacing it with the Ministry of Colonies. o Created the Royal Audiencia in 1583. 7. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi o First Gobernador Heneral of the Philippines. 8. Diego de Los Rios o Last Gobernador Heneral of the Philippines. 9. Santiago de Vera o First president of the Royal Audiencia. 10. Francisco de Sande o Successor of Governor de Laveszaris, found de Laveszaris guilty during his residencia. o Found guilty for enriching himself during his own residencia. 11. Governor de Laveszaris o First Spanish governor general subjected to a residencia. 12. Hurtado de Corcuera o Governor sentenced to five years imprisonment and fined ₱25,000 during his residencia. 13. Juan de Vargas o Governor found guilty for enriching himself during his residencia. 14. Berenguer de Marquina o Governor fined ₱40,000 during his residencia. 15. Francisco Rojas o Visitador sent by King Philip IV, involved in resolving the quarrel between Governor Tabora and the Royal Audiencia of Manila. 16. Jose Ignacio Arzadun o Visitador sent by the Viceroy of Mexico in 1738 to address extortion from natives by the mayor. 17. Rev. Domingo de Salazar o First Bishop of Manila, advocated for the abolition of slavery. 18. Pope Gregory XIV o Promulgated a Papal Bull in 1591 reinforcing King Philip II's decree on abolishing slavery. 19. Pope Gregory XIII o Established the Bishopric of Manila in 1578. 20. Pope Clement VIII o Elevated Manila to an Archbishopric in 1595. 21. Rev. Ignacio de Santibañez o First Archbishop of Manila. 22. Adelentado Legazpi o Gave the first encomienda in the Philippines in Cebu on January 1, 1571, by order of King Philip II. 23. Archbishop Francisco de la Cuesta o Acted as governor general (1719-21) during a vacancy in the gubernatorial office. 24. Bishop Juan de Arrechederra o Acted as governor general (1745-50) during a vacancy in the gubernatorial office. 25. Bishop Lino de Espeleta o Acted as governor general (1759-61) during a vacancy in the gubernatorial office. 26. Archbishop Manuel Antonio Rojo o Acted as governor general (1761-62) during a vacancy in the gubernatorial office. Dates Mentioned 1. 16th century o Spain reached its peak of power and influence, known as the Siglo de Oro (Golden Century). 2. August 1, 1524 o King Charles, I created the Royal Supreme Council of the Indies. 3. 1544 o Establishment of the Viceroyalties of New Spain and Peru. 4. May 20, 1863 o Queen Isabelle II dismantled the Council of the Indies and replaced it with the Ministry of Colonies. 5. January 1, 1571 o First encomienda in the Philippines granted by Adelentado Legazpi in Cebu. 6. 1591 o End of the encomienda system in the Philippines. 7. 1851 o Tribute increased to twelve reales. 8. 1859 o Revolts in Ilocos and Cagayan Valley against the tribute. 9. 1884 o Abolition of the tribute, replaced by the cedula tax. Reduction of the Polo labor period to 15 days. 10. 1581 o Bishop Domingo Salazar and religious heads met to abolish slavery. 11. October 17, 1581 o Bishop Domingo Salazar held a formal complaint meeting for the abolition of slavery. 12. August 9, 1589 o King Philip II issued the Royal Decree to abolish slavery. 13. April 18, 1591 o Pope Gregory XIV promulgated a Papal Bull threatening excommunication for not liberating slaves. 14. 1844 o Alcalde Mayor's privilege to trade abolished due to abuses. 15. 1886 o Role of Alcalde Mayor reduced to judge; civil governors appointed as chief executives of provinces. 16. 1583 o Royal Audiencia created by Queen Isabelle II. 17. June 1584 o First session of the Royal Audiencia in Manila. 18. 1589 o Royal Audiencia abolished. 19. 1595 o Royal Audiencia reestablished. 20. 1762 o Bishops and archbishops started acting as governors general during vacancies. 21. 1719-21 o Archbishop Francisco de la Cuesta acted as governor general. 22. 1745-50 o Bishop Juan de Arrechederra acted as governor general. 23. 1759-61 o Bishop Lino de Espeleta acted as governor general. 24. 1761-62 o Archbishop Manuel Antonio Rojo acted as governor general. Chapter 10: Filipino Service to Spain Filipinos and Moro Wars - The word "Moro" in Spanish means a Muslim. - The Filipino Moros in Mindanao and Sulu were not conquered by Spain. - Many times, the Moros were defeated on battles, but they won the war in the end. Christian Filipino heroes that fought Against the Moros: - Juan Aquino (image not found) - Nicolas Martinez (image not found) - Cirilo Maypit (image not found) - Gerenimo Sundulin (image not found) Filipinos and Moro Wars - Out of loyalty to Spain and the Cross, the Christian Filipinos in Luzon and Visayas fought against the Filipino Moros in these wars. Thousands of Christian Filipinos died in battles. They served as soldiers or sailors/seamen in all the Spanish expeditions against the Moros. - In retaliation to these Spanish attacks, the Filipino Moros raided the coastal town of the other islands as far as north as Ilocos. They burned the churches, killed the Christians, and took slaves whom they sold in the slave market of celebs, Malacca, and Djakarta. People and Their Actions: Juan Aquino – Fought against the Moros. Nicolas Martinez – Fought against the Moros. Cirilo Maypit – Fought against the Moros. Gerenimo Sundulin – Fought against the Moros. Dates and Events: No specific dates mentioned. Objects and Their Meanings: Moro – Refers to a Muslim (in Spanish). The Cross – Represents Christianity, which Christian Filipinos were loyal to. Slave Market – Places where captured slaves were sold, including Celebes, Malacca, and Djakarta. Chapter 11: Islam in the Philippines - The Moro Wars also called Muslim wars were a sequel in a minor scale of the Crusades which were fought by Christian Knights and Muslim warriors in the Holy Land (Palestine) during the Middle Ages. For three centuries (1578-1898) the Spaniards alongside with Christian Filipinos as champions of the Cross, tried to conquer Moroland (Mindanao and Sulu). The Moros as paladins of the Cresent valiantly resisted and succeeded in preserving their Islamic faith and ancestral heritage. The Moros - The term Moro is a Spanish term for Moor or Muslim. - Vic Hurley (image not found), an American writer who lived among them, said that every one of them is valiant. There never was a Moro who is afraid to die in battle. For them, it’s a privilege. - Racially, Muslim Filipinos and Christian Filipinos are brothers, belonging to Malay race. Although they differ in culture, they are one people. Asian in geography and traditions and Malayan in blood and race. 3 Causes of Muslim Wars - Spanish Invasion of Mindanao and Sulu - Muslim Filipinos defending their Islamic faith - Muslim Filipinos Love for adventure Main Groups of Filipino Muslims - Maranaos of Lanao - Maguindanaons of Cotabato - Samals of Zamboanga - Sangils of Davao - Yakans of Basilan - Taosugs of Sulu People and Their Actions: Vic Hurley – American writer who lived among the Moros; stated that all Moros are valiant and see dying in battle as a privilege. Dates and Events: 1578-1898 – Spaniards, along with Christian Filipinos, tried to conquer Mindanao and Sulu (Moroland) but failed to suppress the Moros, who defended their Islamic faith and heritage. Objects and Their Meanings: Moro – A Spanish term for Muslim or Moor. The Cross – Represents Christianity. The Crescent – Represents Islam. Chapter 15: The Twilight of Spain’s Rule - Corruption of her officialdom in the colonies and in the disenchantment of her subject. Political Chaos in Spain - The 19th century was a turbulent century of Spanish politics. - Periodic rise and fall of ministries and the frequent change of constitutions - The Philippines was governed by fifty governors general, each serving an average sum of one year and three months. - From December 1853 to November 1854, four governors general, two regularly appointed and two acting temporarily governed the colony. The Philippine Representation in the Spanish Cortes. - The granting of Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes (Parliament). These happened during three brief periods: 1810-1813, 1820-1823, and 1834-1837 - The first Philippine delegate to the Cortes was Ventura De Los Reyes (image found). As a delegate to the Cortes he had two achievement o (1) signed the Spanish Constitution of 1812, being the only Filipino to be a signatory of a Spanish constitution and; o (2) he succeeded in having the Manila-Acapulco trade abolished. - Unfortunately, Spain abolished Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes on June 16, 1837 and provided that henceforth the islands would be governed by special laws. Creation of Two Advisory Bodies to the Governor General - The Board of Authorities (Junta de Autoridades) - The Council of Administrator (Consejo de Administracion) Changes in the Judicial System - Since the establishment of the Royal Audiencia (Supreme Court) in 1584, the governor general has served as its president (chief justice). In 1861 the composition of the Royal Audiencia was changed and the governor general was removed from this highest court. As finally reorganized, the Royal Audiencia was composed of a chief justice and eight associate justices (oidores). - Below the Royal Audiencia of Manila were established in 1893 two territorial audiencias, namely, the Territorial Audiencia of Cebu and the Territorial Audiencia of Vigan. These two superior courts were given jurisdiction over appellate criminal cases. Each was composed of a chief justice and two associate justices. - By the Royal Decree of March 5, 1886, the courts of first instance were created in the provinces. At the bottom of the judicial system were the justice of the peace courts, which were created by the Royal Decree of May 19, 1885. The justice of the peace, as well as the judge of the court of first instance, was appointed by the governor general, upon recommendation of the Royal Audiencia. Spanish Laws Extended to the Philippines - Siete Partidas (1348) o Royal decree issued by (ALFONSO) - Leyes de Toro (1502) o Oldest inherits the fortune - Novísima Recopilación (1802) - Spanish Penal Code (1886) o Laws about criminal cases with imprisonment o Penal – with penalty, imprisonment - Code of Civil Procedure (1888) o Case without imprisonment (payment of penalty) - Civil Code (1889) o Land property o Bayad only - Code of Commerce (1888) - Mortgage Law (1889) o Obligation and contract The Tax Reform of 1884 - This tax reform contained two important provisions: o Abolition of the hated tribute and its replacement by the cedula tax o Reduction of the 40-day annual forced labor (polo) to 15 days. - The lowest cedula personal was gratis for the poor, and the highest cost P37.50 for the rich. Reforms in Provincial Government - On September 23, 1844, Queen Isabela II (image found) promulgated a royal decree which ordered that only qualified lawyers must be appointed as alcaldes mayores. It also provided that the alcaldias be classified into three classes o Alcaldia Entrada (first – lowest) o Alcaldia Ascenso (second – middle) o Alcaldia Termino. (last – highest) - The Royal Decree of October 3, 1844 abolishing the special privilege to trade. Reforms in Municipal Government - The Royal Decree of October 5, 1847, otherwise called the Municipal Election Law of 1847, changed the method of electing the town officials. - Town officials shall be elected annually by an electoral board consisting of: o Outgoing gobernadorcillo o Twelve senior Cabezas de barangay. - And the method of election shall be by secret ballot, with the alcalde-mayor and parish priest present. The Maura Law of 1893 - The Maura Law changed the designation of the municipal corporation from "Tribunal of the Town" to "Municipal Tribunal", and the title of the town executive from gobernadorcillo to "municipal captain". - All these municipal officials were elected by means of secret ballot by twelve town electors, six former cabezas de barangay, three former town executives, and three prominent town tax-payers. - Aside from the election of the municipal captain and four lieutenants, the principalia (town aristocracy) elected from among its members twelve delegates. These twelve delegates attended the sessions of the municipal tribunal representing the principalia. The election of the municipal officials and the twelve delegates of the principalia was approved by the provincial governor. Their term of office was four years, without any salary, for their positions were honorary. Colonial Army and Navy - The first regular military organization in the Spanish Philippines was established in 1754 by Governor General Pedro Manuel de Arandia (image not found) (1754-1759). - The colonial military organization appeared splendid on paper. Actually, it was highly deficient and ineffective. - Certain military reforms are recommended: o Importation of veteran officers and soldiers from Spain. o Increasing the salaries of the troops to attract better men to join the army. o Instill greater discipline in the armed forces. o Adoption of the merit system for army promotion. o Establishment of Tagalog academies so that the Spanish commissioned and non-commissioned officers may learn the local dialect. Guardia Civil, Symbol of Spanish Misrule. - One of the symbols of Spanish rule in the Philippines. - Its duty was to suppress banditry and uprising in the provinces. - Both officers and men of the Guardia Civil use the rayadillo uniforms. - By 1896, the Guardia Civil had a total strength of 3,561 officers and men, divided into three regiments, two Luzon and one in Mindanao. - The Guardia Civil committed atrocities and abuses on the innocent and helpless civilian population eventually, acquiring a tarnished name and a sinister reputation. The Frailocracy - The union of the Church and State spawned a notorious invisible government in the Spanish Philippines. This government was called “Frailocracy” (Frailocracia), meaning “rule of the friars”. During the last 19th century, the Spanish friars were so influential and powerful that they practically rule the Philippines. - The Spanish civil officials, including governors general and members of Royal Audienca, Feared them. - The friars controlled the colony’s education system and owned the best haciendas in the country - In every Christian town in the Philippines, the parish priest was a real ruler, not the elected gobernadorcillo. - Friars supervised local elections, inspector of the school, arbiter of morals, and the censor of the books and stage shows. - Friars could order the arrest of patriotic Filipinos who dared defy them or refused to kiss their hands and had them exiled to distant places. - It became the obsession of many friars to keep the Philippines unenlightened and to preserve Spanish rule in the Philippines. Grievances of Filipinos Against Spanish Rule - By the last decades of the 18 century the Filipino people were dolorously agonizing beneath the yoke of Spanish misrule - Dr. Jose Rizal (image found), an eye-witness of their sufferings, realized that if their grievances would not be heeded by Spain, they would in despair, rise in arms and fight for freedom’s sake. - Dr Jose predicted: “The sleep lasted for centuries but one day the thunderbolt struck and in striking, infused life. Since then, new tendencies are stirring our spirits, today scattered will someday be united, guided by God who has not failed other peoples, and who will not fail us, for His cause is the cause of liberty”. - The Filipino grievances against the Spanish rule were the following: 1. Little Participation of Filipinos in Their Government 2. Human Rights Denied to Filipinos 3. Corrupt Spanish Officialdom in the Philippines 4. Abuses and Immoralities of the Friars 5. Racial Discrimination against the Filipinos 6. Spanish Maladministration of Justice 7. Persecution of the Filipino Patriots Little participation of the Filipinos in their Government - All high position in the government, armed forces and in the church were occupied by Spaniards. Only Filipinos with brains and wealth were appointed to some position of prestige. - Elections were allowed only for selecting municipal officials, but the right to vote and to be elected to local offices was enjoyed by the minority principalia. The masses remained disenfranchised. After 1837 Philippine representation to the Cortes was abolished and was never restored. Human Rights Denied to Filipinos - Freedom of the press, freedom of speech, right to a fair trial in court, right to form associations, and the right to petition the government for redress grievance where the human right enjoyed by Spaniards but were denied to the Filipino people. Corrupt Spanish Officialdom in the Philippines - Many colonial officials were corrupt, incompetent, and worse, abusive. They were usually the indigent job-seekers, carpet-bagger, and vagabonds who came to the Philippines, where they, despite their lack of education and good moral character, found good jobs as alcaldes mayores, politico-military governors, and army officers. - Some Spanish governor generals in the 19th century became notorious for enriching themselves in office. - General Valeriano Weyler (image found) arrived in Manila in 1888 as penniless debtor, hounded by his creditors. He returned to Spain a millionaire, with an ill-gotten fame of 3,000,000 pesos after his gubernatorial term end in 1891 - General Primo de Rivera (1880-1883) enriched himself by accepting bribes from a gambling syndicate in Manila. Abuses and Immoralities of Bad Friars. - Not all Spanish Friars in the Philippines during the 19th century were bad. But the filipinos came to hate the friars for their abuses and immoralities, so that they wanted them to be expelled from the Philippines as attested by the “Anti-Friars Manifesto of 1888”. This was also one of the aims of the Propaganda Movement. - The Spanish Friars were portrayed by Dr. Jose Rizal in His novels and by Graciano Lopez Jaena (image found) in His novelette Fray botod. Racial Discrimination - The Spanish Authorities regarded the brown Filipino as an inferior people and derisively called them “Indios”. This racial prejudice against the native Filipinos existed in government offices, in the armed forces, in universities and colleges, in courts of justice and high society Spanish Maladministration of Justice - The courts of justice in the Philippines during the twilight of Spanish rule were honey-combed with graft and corruption. The judges, fiscals, and other officials were incompetent, dishonest, and venal, Poor Persons had no chances of winning their cases in court, for money was the deciding factor in winning a litigation. - The judicial procedure was so clumsy and confusing that justice was delayed, as a popular maxim states, is justice denied. - Juan de la Cruz Case (1886-1898) Persecution of Filipino Patriots - Persecution of Filipino patriotic leaders who had the courage to denounce the evils of the colonial administration and to advocate reforms. The Spanish authorities and the friars called the patriots Filibusteros and persecuted them - sending them to prisons, exiling them to Mindanao, Marianas and other places, or executing them. People and What They Did 1. Ventura De Los Reyes o First Philippine delegate to the Spanish Cortes. o Signed the Spanish Constitution of 1812 (only Filipino to do so). o Succeeded in having the Manila-Acapulco trade abolished. 2. Queen Isabela II o Promulgated a royal decree which ordered that only qualified lawyers must be appointed as alcaldes mayores. It also provided that the alcaldias be classified into three classes 3. Governor General Pedro Manuel de Arandia (1754-1759) o Established the first regular military organization in the Spanish Philippines. 4. Dr. Jose Rizal o Predicted Filipino uprising against Spanish misrule. o Portrayed abuses of friars in his novels. 5. General Weyler o Arrived in Manila in 1888 as a penniless debtor. o Returned to Spain a millionaire (with 3,000,000 pesos) after his term ended in 1891. 6. General Primo de Rivera (1880-1883) o Enriched himself by accepting bribes from a gambling syndicate in Manila. 7. Graciano Lopez Jaena o Depicted the friars' immoralities in his novelette Fray Botod. Dates and What Happened 1. 1810-1813 o First period of Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes. 2. 1820-1823 o Second period of Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes. 3. 1834-1837 o Third period of Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes. 4. June 16, 1837 o Spain abolished Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes. 5. December 1853 to November 1854 o Four governors general governed the Philippines within one year. 6. March 5, 1886 o Royal Decree created Courts of First Instance in the provinces. 7. May 19, 1885 o Royal Decree created Justice of the Peace courts. 8. 1888 o Anti-Friars Manifesto called for the expulsion of friars from the Philippines. 9. September 23, 1844 o Royal decree ordered that only qualified lawyers be appointed as alcaldes mayores. 10. October 3, 1844 Royal decree abolished the special privilege to trade. 11. October 5, 1847 Municipal Election Law changed the method of electing town officials. 12. 1893 Maura Law reorganized municipal government and elections. 13. 1896 Guardia Civil had 3,561 officers and men across three regiments by this time. Objects and What They Meant 1. Manila-Acapulco Trade o Trade route between the Philippines and Mexico. 2. Rayadillo Uniforms o Uniforms used by the Guardia Civil. Organizations and Their Significance 1. Spanish Cortes (Parliament) o Legislative body of Spain. Represented the Philippines during three periods. 2. Royal Audiencia (Supreme Court) o Established in 1584. Governed the judiciary and handled appellate cases. 3. Territorial Audiencia of Cebu and Vigan (1893) o Superior courts with jurisdiction over appellate criminal cases. 4. Board of Authorities (Junta de Autoridades) o Advisory body to the governor general. 5. Council of Administration (Consejo de Administracion) o Another advisory body to the governor general. 6. Guardia Civil o Military force tasked with suppressing banditry and uprisings; known for atrocities. 7. Frailocracy (Frailocracia) o Describes the influence and control of friars over the government. 8. Principalia (Town Aristocracy) o Elite class in municipal government, participated in elections under the Maura Law. Laws and Their Meaning 1. Siete Partidas (1348) o A set of laws from Spain. 2. Leyes de Toro (1502) o Law granting inheritance of family fortune to the eldest child. 3. Novísima Recopilación (1802) o A revised compilation of Spanish laws. 4. Spanish Penal Code (1886) o Criminal code that specified penalties for crimes, including imprisonment. 5. Code of Civil Procedure (1888) o Outlined procedures for civil cases, involving financial penalties instead of imprisonment. 6. Civil Code (1889) o Covered property and land ownership. 7. Code of Commerce (1888) o Regulated business activities. 8. Mortgage Law (1889) o Defined rules for obligations and contracts. 9. Tax Reform of 1884 o Abolished the tribute tax, replaced it with the cedula tax, and reduced forced labor (polo) from 40 to 15 days. 10. Royal Decree of September 23, 1844 Ordered only qualified lawyers to be appointed as alcaldes mayores. 11. Royal Decree of October 3, 1844 Abolished the special privilege to trade. 12. Municipal Election Law of October 5, 1847 Changed the election method of town officials. 13. Maura Law (1893) Reorganized municipal government and elections; introduced the title “municipal captain” instead of “gobernadorcillo.” Chapter 17: Propaganda Movement and Katipunan Rise of Propaganda Movement - After 1872, Philippine conditions went from bad to worse. The deportation of Filipino leaders to Spanish penal colonies, and the persecution of the intellectuals and the abuses of the Spanish masters continued unabated. - The Filipino exiles of 1872 and many patriotic students abroad in Hong Kong, Singapore, Barcelona, Madrid, Paris, London and other foreign cities banded together and consecrated themselves to the work of promoting the welfare and happiness of their fatherland. - A peaceful campaign by the means of writings and speech to address the injustices and abuses under Spanish colonial governance and the powerful influence of the Spanish friars Reforms Desired by the Propaganda Movement - Equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before the laws - Assimilation of the Philippines as a regular province of Spain - Restoration of the Philippine representation of the Spanish Cortes - Filipinization of the Philippine parishes and expulsion of the friars - Human rights for Filipinos, such as freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and freedom to meet and petition for redress of grievance The Propagandist - Marcelo H Del Pilar (image found) (Lawyer and Journalist) - José Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda (image found) (Physician and Novelist) - Graciano Lopez Jaena (image found) (Greatest Orator of the Propaganda Movement) - Mariano Ponce (image found) (Medical student and biographical writer) - Juan Luna (image found) (Masters of the brush) - Felix Resurrecion Hidalgo (image found) (Masters of the brush) - Pedro A. Paterno (image found) (Lawyer and man-of-letters) - Antonio Luna (image found) (Pharmacist and Essayist) - Pedro Sarrano Laktaw (image found) (Teacher-tutor of Prince Alfonso de Bourbon) - Jose María Panganiban (image found) (Linguist and Essayist) - Fernando Canon (image found) (Engineer and political writer) - Jose Alejandrino (image found) (Engineer and political writer) - Isabelo De Los Reyes (image found) (Folklorist and Newspaper Man) - Dominador Gomez (image found) (Physician and Orator) Foreign Friends of the Propaganda Movement - Ferdinand Blumentritt (image found) (Austrian professor, scholar, and Dr. Rizal’s best friend) - Don Juan Atayde (image not found) (retired army officer; founder of Circulo Hispano-Filipno and publisher of the newspaper Revista del Circulo Hispano-Filipino) The Anti-friar Manifesto of 1888 - On March 1, 1888, this was the anti-friar demonstration of hundreds of Filipino patriots. Doroteo Cortez (image found) - Manila Patriotic Lawyer - Who led the anti-friar demonstration of hundreds of Filipino patriots on March 1,1888. Marcelo H. Del Pilar and Jose A. Ramos (image found) - London-educated rich merchant and leading Masonic leader - The "Anti-Friar Manifesto of 1888" denounced the anti-Filipino Archbishop, Pedro, and the Bad friars for meddling in the movement, enriching themselves contrary to their monastic vow of poverty La Solidaridad, Organ of the Propaganda Movement - Was printed in Barcelona from February 15 to October 31, 1889 - When it was moved to Madrid, It was printed from November 15, 1889 until last issue on November 15, 1895 - Graciano Lopez Jaena o Who founded a fortnightly newspaper, LA SOLIDARIDAD, in Barcelona on February 15, 1889 o Jaena stated in his editorial that the aims of La Solidaridad were as follows: ▪ To portray vividly the deplorable conditions of the Philippines ▪ To work peacefully for political and social reforms ▪ To combat the evil forces of medievalism and reaction ▪ To advocate liberal ideas and progress ▪ To champion the legitimate aspirations of the Filipino people for democracy and happiness. o The Contributors of La Solidarid (with Pen Name) ▪ Marcelo H. Del Pilar (Plaridel) (image found) ▪ Dr. Jose Rizal (Laon-Laan) (image found) ▪ Mariano Ponce (Naning, Kalipulako, or Tigbalang) (image found) ▪ Antonio Luna (Taga-ilog) (image found) ▪ Jose Maria Panganiban (Jomapa) (image found) ▪ Dr. Pedro Paterno (image found) ▪ Antonio Maria Regidor (image found) ▪ Isabelo De Los Reyes (image found) ▪ Eduardo De Lete (image found) ▪ Jose Alejandrino (image found) ▪ Some Foreigners (Friends of the Propaganda Movement) o On the Last issue of La Solidaridad (November 15, 1895). M.H del Pilar wrote his farewell editorial saying: "We are persuaded that no sacrifices are too little to win the rights and the liberty of a nation that is oppressed by slavery" Literature of the Propaganda Movement Dr. Pedro A. Paterno (image found) - Doctor of laws and man-of-letters who wrote the first Filipino novel - HIS WORKS: o NINAY // Under Paterno's work ▪ First Filipino Novel published at Madrid in 1885 o SAMPAGUITAS //Under Paterno's work ▪ A melodious poems published in Madrid 1880 o LA ANTIGUA CIVILIZACION TAGALOG // Under Paterno's work ▪ a Historical Book published in Madrid 1887 Gregorio Sanciangco (image found) - Economist and also a doctor of laws - His Works: o EL PROGRESO DE FILIPINAS ▪ Madrid 1881 Marcelo H. Del Pilar (image found) - His works: o DASALAN AT TUKSOHAN (1880) o LA SOBERANIA MONACAL EN FILIPINAS (1888) o LA FRAILOCRACIA FILIPINA (1889) Graciano Lopez Jaena (image found) - The greatest orator of propaganda, was also a gifted writer. - His works: o FRAY BOTOD (FAT FRIAR) o EN TINIEBLES (In utter Darkness) Asociacion Hispano-Filipina - Asociacion Hispano-Filipina. The Filipino propagandists and their Spanish friends organized the Asociacion Hispano-Filipina (Hispano- Philippine Association) in Madrid in January 12, 1889, for the purpose of securing reforms for the Philippines. PRESIDENT: Don Miguel Morayta (image found) - Spanish Professor at the University of Madrid VICE-PRESIDENT: General Felipe de la Corte (image found) - Spanish Lawyer - Former military officer - Governor of Mariana Islands SECRETARY: Dominador Gomez (image found) - Physician 3 sections of Asociacion Hispano-Filipina - POLITICAL SECTION: MARCELO H. DEL PILAR (image found) - LITERARY SECTION: MARIANO PONCE (image found) - RECREATIONAL SECTION: TOMAS AREJOLA (image found) Liga Filipina (Philippine League) (image found) - Liga Filipina. While living in Hong Kong, Rizal conceived the idea of establishing a civic association composed of Filipinos. He called it the Liga Filipina (Philippine League). He wrote its constitution with the help of Jose Ma. Basa, an exile of 1872. After finishing the constitution, he returned to Manila. - Shortly after arriving in Manila on June 26, 1892, Rizal conferred with Governor General Despujol. He succeeded in obtaining a pardon for his family, but failed to secure sanction for his project to establish a Filipino colony in Borneo. - Founded the night of July 3, 1892 in a house at Ilaya Street, Tondo. The motto of Liga Filipina was Unus Instar Omnius (One Like All). - 3 days after the founding, Rizal was arrested by Order of Governor General Eulogio Despujol y Dusay (image found). On July 14, 1892, Rizal was exiled to Dapitan, Mindanao, until 1896. Aims of the League - Union of the Archipelago into a compact, vigorous, and homogenous body. - Mutual protection in all cases of pressing necessity. - Defense against all violence and injustice. - Encouragement of education, agriculture, and commerce. - Study and application of reforms. Officers: - President - Ambrosio Salvador (image found) - Fiscal - Agustin de la Rosa (image found) - Treasurer - Bonifacio Arevalo (image found) - Secretary – Deodato Arellano (image found) Members: - Andres Bonifacio (image found) - Apolinario Mabini (image found) - Mamerto Natividad (image found) - Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista (image found) - Moises Salvador (image found) - Jose A. Dizon (image found) - Domingo Franco (image found) - Timoteo Paez (image found) - Arcadio del Rosario (image found) - Numeriano Andriano (image found) - Timoteo Lanuza (image found) - Doroteo Ongjunco (image found) End of the Propaganda Movement. - Rizal's deportation to Dapitan proved to be the swan song of the Propaganda Movement. The Liga Filipina collapsed. The radical Andres Bonifacio and other radical members separated from it, for they were disenchanted by the peaceful campaign. The conservative Liga members, including Domingo Franco, Numeriano Andriano, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, Timoteo Paez, and Apolinario Mabini, organized themselves into a new group called Los Compromisarios because each member pledged or promised to contribute money for the financial aid of the Propaganda Movement in Spain. - For some months, the Compromisarios sent funds to M.H. del Pilar in Madrid for the continued printing of La Solidaridad. But time came when many members of the Compromisarios stopped paying their contributions so the flow of funds to Spain ceased. And for lack of funds, La Solidaridad died out after its last issue on November 15, 1895. - With the demise of La Solidaridad, the Propaganda Movement came to a futile end. The Founding of Katipunan Andres Bonifacio (image found) - A member of the Liga Filipina, did not join the Compromisarios who were conservtive intellectuals (like Mabini and Ambrosio Rianzares Baustista) and affluent merchant (like Domingo Francisco) because he was both poor and a man of action and radical views. he firmly believed that the happiness and welfare for the Filipino people could not be achieved by peaceful requests for reforms, but by violent revolution Residence of Deodato Arellano (image found) (image found) - On the night of July 7, 1892, he and some patriotic friends who were radicals like him, met secretly in the house occupied by Deodato Arellano (brother-in-law of M.H. del Pilar) at No. 72 Azcarraga Street, Tondo, Manila. At this secret meeting, they founded the secret revolutionary society called Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangan, Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Highest and Respected Society of the Sons of the People), otherwise known as K.K.K. or simply Katipunan. Aims of K.K.K. To Unite the Filipinos To Fight for Philippines Independence The emergence of the Katipunan was significant in the history of the Philippines. First, it marked the end of the peaceful campaign for reforms and the beginning of a militant revolutionary movement. And second, the Filipino people, in despair, no longer aspired for mere reforms, but for complete independence. Katipunan Government - More than a mere secret society the katipunan was a government by itself. it had two constitutions, the first one promulgated in 1892 and the second (replacing the first one) in 1894. The Central Government of the Katipunan was vested in a Supreme Council (Kataastaasang sanggunian) with the resident, a fiscal, a secretary, a treasurer, and a comptroller. in each town, a Popular Council (sangguniang balangay). Deodato Arellano (image found) - The first president of the Katipunan. He was the brother-in-law of Marcelo H. Del Pilar and a friend of Bonifacio. The Judicial Power of the Katipunan resided in a secret chamber, called Judicial Council (Sangguniang Hukuman), which passed judgement over those members who violated the secrets of the society and decided differences arising among the brethren. Supreme Council of the Katipunan in 1896, composed of the following: - Supremo: Andrés Bonifacio (image found) - Secretary of State: Emilio Jacinto (image found) - Secretary of War: Mariano Trias (image found) - Secretary of Justice: Briccio Pantas (image found) - Secretary of the Interior: Aguedo del Rosario (image found) - Secretary of Finance: Enrique Pacheco (image found) Katipunan Membership Triangle System (image found) - Originally the katipunan recruited members by means of the “Triangle System”. Bonifacio formed the first triangle with his two comrades Plata and Diwa. Each of them “Katipunized” two converts forming other triangles. The founder of a triangle knew the other two members but the latter did not know each other - Triangle System composed of: o Katipon o Kawal o Bayani Katipon (Member) (image found) - Outfit: Black Hood with the triangle of white ribbons, inside of which were the letter Z. LL. B. - Password: Anak ng Bayan Kawal (Soldier) (image found) - Outfit: o Green Hood with the triangle of white lines at the three angles were the letters Z. LI. B o Suspended from the neck was a green robbon with a medal. with the letter K in ancient Tagalog script inscribed in the middle - Password: GOMBURZA Bayani (Patriot) (image found) - Outfit: o Red Hood, White Triangle, inside of which was the following: o nakatriangle na K.K.K tapos naka helera yung Z. LL. B sa ilalim ng K.K.K o Red sash with Green Border - Password: Rizal Literature of Katipunan 3 writers of the Katipunan: - Andres Bonifacio (image found) - Emilio Jacinto (image found) - Dr. Pio Valenzuela (image found) o They wrote stirring literature to excite the people’s patriotism and to arouse their patriotic spirit. o Their writings also served to spread the ideals of the secret society, and paved the way for revolution Andres Bonifacio (image found) - A self-made writer in Tagalog. - Wrote Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Bayan (Love of Fatherland), a poem of patriotic sentiment. - Authored Katungkulan Gagawin ng mga Z. Ll. B. (Duties of the Sons of the People), a decalog of the Katipunan. - Wrote Ang Mabatid ng mga Tagalog (What the Tagalogs Should Know), a politico-historical essay. Emilio Jacinto (image found) - Youngest Katipunero (19 years old), a law student at the University of Santo Tomas. - Became the adviser of Bonifacio, penning most of the Katipunan's documents. - Known as the "Brains of the Katipunan." - Wrote Kartilla, which codified Katipunan teachings. - Other works: o Liwanag at Dilim (Light and Darkness), articles on human rights, liberty, equality, labor, and love of country. o Wrote A la Patria, a poem in Spanish echoing Rizal’s Last Farewell. - Died in 1897. Dr. Pio Valenzuela (image found) - Assisted Bonifacio and Jacinto in editing the Katipunan newspaper, Kalayaan (Liberty). - Wrote Katwiran (Is It Right?), an essay addressing the motherland. - Collaborated with Bonifacio on the article Sa Mga Kababayan (To My Countrymen). Kalayaan, “Organ of the Katipunan” - The organ of the Katipunan, founded by Jacinto to spread revolutionary ideals. - Types used in printing were purchased from Isabelo de los Reyes, many were stolen from diario de los reyes (Manila Daily) by Filipino employees who were member of the katipunan - Printed in utmost secrecy. - Two patriotic printers who printed the newspaper o Ulpiano Fernandez (image found) o Faustino Duque (image not found) First cry of Philippine Independence - In 1895, Bonifacio and his Katipunan comrades explored Mt. Montalban for secret meeting spots. - Among these katipuneros were Emilio Jacinto, Aurelio Tolentino, Francisco Castillo, Candido Iban, Guillermo Masangkay, Francisco Manalak and Pedro Zabala. - On April 10, 1895, they held a session in the Cave of Bernardo Carpio (Pamitinan Cave), where Auerlio Tolentino wrote in Spanish on the wall: "Viva la Independencia Filipina!" This marked the first cry for Philippine independence. Dr. Rizal and the Katipunan (image found) - In June 1896, Dr. Pio Valenzuela, acting as Bonifacio’s emissary, sailed to Dapitan to ask Dr. Jose Rizal to support the revolution. - Valenzuela brought with him a blind man in need of Rizal’s services to cover his true mission. - Rizal opposed the idea of starting the rebellion, believing the people were not ready. - He also did not want to escape Dapitan because he had promised the authorities he would not try to flee. The Katipunan Prepares for War - By the middle of 1896 the Katipunan was preparing to strike for freedom. Its members had in-creased since its foundation, and by 1896 they were estimated to have reached about 20,000. The exact number of members could not be ascertained. - The Katipunan Flag (image found) o The Katipunan flag had been made to be the symbol of a new nation. It consisted of a red piece of cloth with three letters K.K.K. arranged in a row in the center. These letters represented the initials of the Katipunan. Sometimes they were placed in such a way as to form a triangle. - A war plan was also prepared by Bonifacio and Jacinto to be the strategy of the Katipunan military operations. Discovery of Katipunan - As the Katipunan was busy pre-paring for the revolution, various denunciation regarding its existence reached the Spanish authorities - Manuel Sityar (image found) o JULY 5, 1896, Manuel Sityar, the Spanish lieutenant of the Civil Guards stationed at the Pasig, reported the mysterious activities of certain Filipinos who were gathering arms and recruiting men for some unknown purpose. - AUGUST 13, 1896 – Fr. Agustin Fernandez (image not found), Augustinian curate of San Pedro, Makati, wrote to Don Manuel Luengco, Civil Governor of Manila, denouncing the anti-Spanish meetings in his parish. - AUGUST 19. 1896 – the day when the Katipunan was finally discovered by the Spanish authorities. - Teodoro Patiño (image found) o a member of Katipunan and an employee of Diario de Manila who went to the convent of Tondo and revealed the secrets of Katipunan to Fr. Mariano Gil. (image found) - Honoria Patiño (image not found) o a mother portress of a Mandaluyong Orphanage and sister of Teodoro. She advises Teodoro to go to the convent in Tondo. People: Filipino Exiles of 1872: Group of Filipino leaders exiled to Spanish penal colonies after the 1872 Cavite Mutiny. Marcelo H. Del Pilar: Lawyer, journalist, and leading figure of the Propaganda Movement. José Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda: Physician, novelist, and national hero of the Philippines. Graciano Lopez Jaena: Greatest orator of the Propaganda Movement and founder of La Solidaridad. Mariano Ponce: Medical student, biographical writer, and member of the Propaganda Movement. Juan Luna: Painter and member of the Propaganda Movement. Felix Resurrecion Hidalgo: Painter and member of the Propaganda Movement. Pedro A. Paterno: Lawyer, man-of-letters, and author of the first Filipino novel. Antonio Luna: Pharmacist, essayist, and member of the Propaganda Movement. Pedro Sarrano Laktaw: Teacher-tutor of Prince Alfonso de Bourbon. Jose Ma. Panganiban: Linguist, essayist, and member of the Propaganda Movement. Fernando Canon: Engineer and political writer. Jose Alejandrino: Engineer and political writer. Isabelo De Los Reyes: Folklorist, newspaper man, and member of the Propaganda Movement. Dominador Gomez: Physician, orator, and member of the Propaganda Movement. Ferdinand Blumentritt: Austrian professor, scholar, and Dr. Rizal’s best friend. Don Juan Atayde: Retired army officer, founder of Circulo Hispano-Filipno, and publisher of Revista del Circulo Hispano-Filipino. Doroteo Cortez: Manila Patriotic Lawyer who led the anti-friar demonstration of hundreds of Filipino patriots on March 1, 1888. Jose A. Ramos: London-educated rich merchant and leading Masonic leader. Don Miguel Morayta: Spanish Professor at the University of Madrid and president of the Asociacion Hispano-Filipina. General Felipe de la Corte: Spanish Lawyer, former military officer, Governor of Mariana Islands, and vice-president of the Asociacion Hispano-Filipina. Tomas Arejolla: Member of the Asociacion Hispano-Filipina. Ambrosio Salvador: President of the Liga Filipina. Agustin de la Rosa: Fiscal of the Liga Filipina. Bonifacio Arevalo: Treasurer of the Liga Filipina. Deodato Arellano: Secretary of the Liga Filipina and brother-in-law of Marcelo H. Del Pilar. Andres Bonifacio: Founder of the Katipunan and a revolutionary leader. Apolinario Mabini: Revolutionary leader and a member of the Liga Filipina. Mamerto Natividad: Revolutionary leader and a member of the Liga Filipina. Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista: Revolutionary leader and a member of the Liga Filipina. Moises Salvador: Revolutionary leader and a member of the Liga Filipina. Jose A. Dizon: Revolutionary leader and a member of the Liga Filipina. Domingo Franco: Revolutionary leader and a member of the Liga Filipina. Timoteo Paez: Revolutionary leader and a member of the Liga Filipina. Arcadio del Rosario: Revolutionary leader and a member of the Liga Filipina. Numeriano Andriano: Revolutionary leader and a member of the Liga Filipina. Timoteo Lanuza: Revolutionary leader and a member of the Liga Filipina. Doroteo Ongjunco: Revolutionary leader and a member of the Liga Filipina. Emilio Jacinto: Adviser of Bonifacio, known as the "Brains of the Katipunan." Dr. Pio Valenzuela: Member of the Katipunan, assisted Bonifacio and Jacinto in editing the Katipunan newspaper, Kalayaan (Liberty). Manuel Sityar: Spanish lieutenant of the Civil Guards stationed at the Pasig who reported the mysterious activities of certain Filipinos who were gathering arms and recruiting men for some unknown purpose. Fr. Agustin Fernandez: Augustinian curate of San Pedro, Makati who denounced the anti-Spanish meetings in his parish. Teodoro Patiño: Member of the Katipunan and an employee of Diario de Manila who revealed the secrets of Katipunan to Fr. Mariano Gil. Honoria Patiño: Sister of Teodoro Patiño who advised him to go to the convent in Tondo. Ulpiano Fernandez: Patriotic printer who printed the Katipunan newspaper, Kalayaan (Liberty). Faustino Duque: Patriotic printer who printed the Katipunan newspaper, Kalayaan (Liberty). Dates: 1872: Cavite Mutiny occurs, leading to the deportation of Filipino leaders and persecution of intellectuals. 1888: Anti-friar demonstration of hundreds of Filipino patriots led by Doroteo Cortez. March 1, 1888: Anti-Friar Manifesto of 1888 is issued, denouncing the anti-Filipino Archbishop, Pedro, and the Bad friars. February 15, 1889: La Solidaridad, the organ of the Propaganda Movement, is founded in Barcelona by Graciano Lopez Jaena. January 12, 1889: Asociacion Hispano-Filipina is organized in Madrid. July 3, 1892: Liga Filipina is founded in Manila by Rizal. July 14, 1892: Rizal is exiled to Dapitan, Mindanao. July 7, 1892: Katipunan is founded in Manila by Andres Bonifacio and his comrades. April 10, 1895: First cry of Philippine Independence in Pamitinan Cave. August 19, 1896: Katipunan is discovered by the Spanish authorities. Objects: La Solidaridad: Fortnightly newspaper published in Barcelona and Madrid from 1889 to 1895. Anti-Friar Manifesto of 1888: Document that denounced the anti-Filipino Archbishop, Pedro, and the Bad friars. Katipunan Flag: Red cloth with three letters K.K.K. arranged in a row or triangle, representing the initials of the Katipunan. Kartilla: Document that codified Katipunan teachings, written by Emilio Jacinto. Kalayaan: Newspaper of the Katipunan, founded by Jacinto to spread revolutionary ideals. Organizations: Propaganda Movement: Peaceful campaign for reforms and better treatment of Filipinos under Spanish colonial rule. Asociacion Hispano-Filipina: Organization founded in Madrid by Filipino propagandists and their Spanish friends to secure reforms for the Philippines. Liga Filipina: Civic association founded by Rizal to promote unity, mutual protection, education, agriculture, and commerce among Filipinos. Katipunan: Secret revolutionary society founded by Andres Bonifacio to fight for Philippine independence. Laws: No laws are explicitly mentioned in the text. Groups: Filipino Exiles of 1872: Group of Filipino leaders exiled to Spanish penal colonies after the 1872 Cavite Mutiny. Propagandists: Members of the Propaganda Movement who advocated for reforms and better treatment of Filipinos under Spanish colonial rule. Foreign Friends of the Propaganda Movement: Individuals who supported the Propaganda Movement, such as Ferdinand Blumentritt and Don Juan Atayde. Compromisarios: Conservative Liga members who organized themselves into a new group to financially aid the Propaganda Movement in Spain. Katipuneros: Members of the Katipunan who were involved in the revolutionary movement for Philippine independence. Chapter 18: Philippines Revolution - It was a national struggle of the Filipino people for Freedom. - Culmination of more than 100 uprisings against Spain, all of which were tribal uprisings which simply fizzled in failure. Hills of Balintawak - Began in the hills of Balintawak on August 26, 1896 as a Katipunan revolt of Tagalog masses under Supremo Andres Bonifacio (image found) - Due to Bonifacio’s successive defeats due to his military incompetency, he was replaced by General Emilio Aguinaldo (image found) as Supreme Military Leader - Under Aguinaldo’s leadership, it became a national revolution of the Filipino people (intellectuals, middle class, and masses) for freedom, which proclaimed Philippine Independence at Kawit and established the First Philippine Republic in Malolos. (image found) Cry of Balintawak (image found) - The Katipunan were discovered by the Spaniards on August 19, 1896, Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, and many other katipuneros from Manila had to flee to Caloocan and its neighboring barrios - On August 26, Bonifacio rallied the katipuneros to an emergency meeting in Balintawak. - They were poorly-armed with bolos, spears, anting-anting, paltiks, and old Remington rifles. - The meeting started by informing them about the urgency of beginning the revolution in view of the discovery of their secret society. - Bonifacio’s brother-in-law was a katipunero named Teodoro Plata. (image found) - The katipuneros objected due to lack of weaponry and unpreparedness for war. - After Bonifacio persuaded the katipuneros, they took out their cedula certificates (symbol of vassalage to spain) and tore it into pieces. (image found) Pact of Biknabato Pedro Paterno (image found) - Was a Filipino politician infamous for being a turncoat. He was also a poet and a novelist. - He is a distinguished Manila lawyer, volunteered to act as a peacemaker. - Succeeded in negotiating the peace agreement, known as the "Pact of Biaknabato" Pact of Biaknabato Consisted of Three Documents - The first two documents were signed on December 14, while the third on December 15,1897. A. First Document, called "Program" o Governor Primo de Rivera would pay P800,000 to those in arms and would let Aguinaldo and his comapnions go into voluntary exile in Hong Kong. o The payment was to be made in three installments: ▪ P400,000 on the departure of Aguinaldo and his companions from Biaknabato ▪ P200,000 when the numer of arms surrendered exceeded 700 ▪ P200,000 when the general amnesty was proclaimed B. The second document, called "Act of Agreement" o Granting of general amnesty to those who would lay down their arms and the privilege to live freely in the Philippines or abroad. o Also repeated the financial agreement made in the "Program" o It hinted the desire of the Filipinos for reforms, but contained no definite provision that Spain had agreed to such reforms. C. The third document, the question of indemnity o It stated that Spain would pay a total indemnity of P1,700,000, of which sum P800,000 was to be paid to those who would lay down their arms o The remaining P900,000 was to be distributed among the civilian population who had suffered from the ravages of war. There was nothing written in any of the three documents of the "Pact of Biaknabato" regarding the government's promise to grant reforms - The reforms which General Aguinaldo demanded which he thought had been promise by Spain: 1. Secularization of hte Philippine parishes and expulsion of religious orders. 2. Restoartion of the Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes. 3. Equality before the law between Spaniards and Filipinos. 4. Adjustment of property, taxes, and parishes in favor of the Filipinos. 5. Guarantee of human rights, liberty of the press, and the right of association. List of People and What They Did 1. Andres Bonifacio – Led the Katipunan revolt, organized the Cry of Balintawak, replaced by Emilio Aguinaldo due to military defeats. 2. Emilio Aguinaldo – Became the Supreme Military Leader, led the revolution, declared Philippine Independence, and established the First Philippine Republic. 3. Emilio Jacinto – Fled with Bonifacio and other katipuneros after their secret society was discovered. 4. Teodoro Plata – Katipunero and brother-in-law of Bonifacio. 5. Pedro Paterno – Lawyer, poet, and novelist who negotiated the Pact of Biak-na-Bato between Spain and Filipino revolutionaries. 6. Governor Primo de Rivera – Promised financial settlements and amnesty as part of the Pact of Biak-na- Bato. List of Dates and What Happened 1. August 19, 1896 – The Katipunan was discovered by the Spaniards. 2. August 26, 1896 – The Katipunan revolt began at Balintawak (known as the Cry of Balintawak); Bonifacio held an emergency meeting and urged the start of the revolution. 3. December 14, 1897 – The first two documents of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato were signed. 4. December 15, 1897 – The third document of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato was signed. List of Objects and What They Meant 1. Cedula certificates – Symbolized vassalage to Spain. 2. Bolos – Weapon used by the katipuneros. 3. Spears – Weapon used by the katipuneros. 4. Anting-anting – A talisman used for protection. 5. Paltiks – Improvised firearms. 6. Old Remington rifles – Weapon used by the katipuneros. List of Organizations and Their Significance 1. Katipunan – A secret society that initiated the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule. 2. First Philippine Republic – The first independent republic in Asia, established after Aguinaldo's leadership and the declaration of independence. List of Laws Mentioned and Their Meaning Pact of Biak-na-Bato – A peace agreement between Spanish authorities and Filipino revolutionaries that included financial settlements, voluntary exile of Aguinaldo and his companions, and general amnesty for rebels. List of Groups Mentioned 1. Katipuneros – Members of the Katipunan who participated in the revolt against Spain. 2. Spanish Government – The colonial authority in the Philippines at the time. Chapter 19: The Coming of the United States Proclamation of Philippine Independence - Independence Day o The most significant achievement of the Dictatorial Government was the proclamation of Philippine Independence in Kawit, Cavite on June 12,1898. o The day was declared a national holiday. Thousands of people from the provinces gathered in Kawit to witness the historic event. The ceremony was solemnly held at the balcony of General Aguinaldo's (image found) residence. The military officers and civil officials of the government were in attendance. o A dramatic feature of the ceremony was the formal unfurling of the Filipino flag amidst the cheers of the people. At the same time the Philippine National Anthem was played by the band. Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista (image found) solemnly read the "Act of the Declaration of Independence" (image found), which he himself wrote. The declaration was signed by 98 persons. One of the signers was an American - L.M. Johnson (image found), Colonel of Artillery. The Filipino Flag (image found) - The Filipino flag was designed by General Aguinaldo during his exile in Hong Kong - Mrs. Marcela de Agoncillo sewed it with the help of her daughter Lorenza and Mrs. Delfina Herbosa Natividad (niece of Dr. Jose Rizal). (image found) o Marcella De Agoncillo ▪ Sewed the Filipino Flag designed by Emilio Aguinaldo (Flag that Filipinos use now) o Delfina Herbosa De Natividad o Lorenza - The white triangle stands for equality - The blue stripe stands for peace, truth, and justice - The red stripe represents patriotism and valor - The eight sun rays symbolize the first eight provinces in the Philippines that revolted against Spanish ; Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ejica, Bataan, Laguna and Batangas - The three stars symbolized Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao - June 12, 1898: The flag was officially hoisted at Kawit, in connection with the proclamation of Philippine Independence. The Philippine National Anthem Julian felipe (himig of National Anthem) (image found) - Composed the Philippine National Anthem, a Filipino Music teacher and composer of Cavite. He finished it on july 11, 1898, and showed it to General Aguinaldo. San Francisco de malabon (image found) - First performed by San Francisco de Malabon band during the unfurling of the Filipino flag at Kawit. - Remained without words for over a year. - José Palma wrote the poem (Lyrics) (image found) Filipinas in August 1899, which became the anthem's lyrics. - Anthem was completed with music and words. Treaty of Paris (image found) - Treaty concluding the Spanish-American War. It was signed by representatives of Spain and the United States in Paris on Dec. 10, 1898. Provisions of Treaty: 1) Spain ceded the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico to United States 2) US paid the sum of $20 million to Spain 3) Spain withdrew from Cuba 4) The Civil and political status of the inhabitants in the ceded territories would be determined by the US congress Felipe Agoncillo - A Filipino-patriot-lawyer, had been sent by General Aguinaldo to the peace negotiation as his emissary. But Agoncillo pleaded the cause of the Filipinos in vain. List of People and What They Did 1. Emilio Aguinaldo – Designed the Filipino flag during his exile in Hong Kong, led the proclamation of Philippine Independence. 2. Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista – Wrote and solemnly read the "Act of the Declaration of Independence." 3. L.M. Johnson – American colonel who signed the Act of the Declaration of Independence. 4. Marcela de Agoncillo – Sewed the Filipino flag with her daughter Lorenza and Delfina Herbosa Natividad. 5. Lorenza – Helped sew the Filipino flag with her mother Marcela de Agoncillo. 6. Delfina Herbosa Natividad – Niece of Dr. Jose Rizal, helped sew the Filipino flag. 7. Julian Felipe – Composed the music of the Philippine National Anthem. 8. José Palma – Wrote the poem Filipinas in August 1899, which became the anthem’s lyrics. 9. Felipe Agoncillo – Sent by Aguinaldo as an emissary to the Treaty of Paris negotiations but failed to plead the Filipino cause. List of Dates and What Happened 1. June 12, 1898 – Philippine Independence was proclaimed in Kawit, Cavite; the Filipino flag was officially hoisted, and the Philippine National Anthem was performed. 2. July 11, 1898 – Julian Felipe completed the music for the Philippine National Anthem. 3. December 10, 1898 – The Treaty of Paris was signed, concluding the Spanish-American War. 4. August 1899 – José Palma wrote the poem Filipinas, which became the anthem’s lyrics. List of Objects and What They Meant 1. Filipino Flag – Designed by Emilio Aguinaldo and sewn by Marcela de Agoncillo, Lorenza, and Delfina Herbosa Natividad. 2. White Triangle – Stands for equality. 3. Blue Stripe – Represents peace, truth, and justice. 4. Red Stripe – Symbolizes patriotism and valor. 5. Eight Rays of the Sun – Represents the first eight provinces that revolted: Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna, and Batangas. 6. Three Stars – Symbolize Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. 7. Act of the Declaration of Independence – The document proclaiming Philippine Independence. List of Organizations and Their Significance 1. Dictatorial Government – Proclaimed Philippine Independence on June 12, 1898, led by Emilio Aguinaldo. 2. San Francisco de Malabon Band – First performed the Philippine National Anthem during the flag’s unfurling in Kawit. List of Laws Mentioned and Their Meaning 1. Treaty of Paris (December 10, 1898) – Concluded the Spanish-American War, with the following provisions: o Spain ceded the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico to the U.S. o The U.S. paid $20 million to Spain. o Spain withdrew from Cuba. o The U.S. Congress would determine the civil and political status of the ceded territories. List of Groups Mentioned 1. Filipinos – Witnessed the proclamation of independence, sewed the flag, and participated in the revolution. 2. American Representatives – Signed the Treaty of Paris with Spain. 3. Spanish Government – Lost control over the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico as a result of the Treaty of Paris.

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