KIN 3331 Anatomical Kinesiology Exam 1 PDF

Exam 1 KIN 3331 Anatomical Kinesiology Total 20 questions; Multiple choice questions Total 25 points (1.25 per one question) Chapter 1 – Structure (5 questions) Chapter 2 – Movement (5 questions)...

Exam 1 KIN 3331 Anatomical Kinesiology Total 20 questions; Multiple choice questions Total 25 points (1.25 per one question) Chapter 1 – Structure (5 questions) Chapter 2 – Movement (5 questions) Chapter 3 – The Shoulder (5 questions) Chapter 4 – The Elbow and Forearm(5 questions) 1 Chapter 1 Structure 2 Introduction The body is made up of 4 primary types of tissues Q1 1. Connective tissue Bone, cartilage, and soft tissue 2. Muscle tissue Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle 3. Nerve tissue Neurons and neuroglia 4. Epithelial tissue Respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, and reproductive systems 3 1  Q2 Long Bones 2) Framework for the body 3) Enable body movement Diaphysis (shaft) + two epiphyses (prominences) 4) Grows from the epiphyseal plates (Growth plate) 1) After maturity, epiphysis and diaphysis become one continuous structure Bone cells produced by periosteum Protected from wear and tear by articular cartilage 2) 5) 4 Q3 Wolff’s Law Bones respond to stress. Bones are constantly undergoing a remodeling process Osteoclasts – Bone breakdown Osteoblasts – Bone formation Mechanical stress →↑ Osteoblasts →↑ Bone formation Physical activity →↑ Bone formation 5 Skeletal Muscle Ability to produce force and movement Q4 Four properties of skeletal muscle Extensibility The ability of muscle to be stretched Elasticity The ability of muscle to return to its original length Contractility The ability of muscle to shorten and develop tension Excitability The ability of muscle to be sensitive or responsive to chemical, electrical, or mechanical stimuli 6 2  Q5 Types of Contraction Concentric contraction This is the shortening of a muscle against resistance. Eccentric contraction This is the lengthening of a muscle under tension. Isometric contraction This is the tensing of a muscle without movement at the joint. Concentric Eccentric Isometric Cole Bradburn 7 Chapter 2 Movement 8 Q6 Anatomical Locations Superior A location above or higher than another structure e.g., The head is superior to the chest Inferior A location below or lower than another structure e.g., The chest is inferior to the head Lateral A location farther away from the midline of the body than another structure e.g., The arms are lateral to the spinal column 9 3  Q7 Anatomical Locations Volar The downside or bottom aspect of a structure e.g., The volar aspect of the wrist or hand is referred to as the palmar aspect Pronation The turning of the forearm toward the body, resulting in the volar (palmar surface of the hand facing the body Supination The turning the forearm outward and palm upward from the pronated position 10 Q8 Planes Three planes Sagittal plane Passes from the front through the back Creates a left and right side Horizontal plane Passes through the body horizontally Creates top and bottom segment Frontal plane Passes from one side to the other Creates a front side and a back side 11 Q9 Fundamental Movements In the sagittal plane Flexion is a reduction of the joint angle Extension is an increase of the joint angle In the frontal plane Abduction is a movement away from the midline of the body Adduction is a movement toward the midline of the body In the horizontal plane External rotation is the rotation of a limb away from the midline of the body Internal rotation is the rotation of a limb toward the midline of the body Circum duction The orderly combination of shoulder movements The hand traces a circle and the arm traces a cone Produced by shoulder flexion, abduction, extension, and abduction (or the reverse) 12 4  Q10 Kinetic Chain The interconnected system of body segments, joints, and muscles during movement CKC → Generate and transfer force Closed kinetic chain (CKC) Distal segment of the chain (e.g., the hand or foot) is fixed or attached to an object (e.g., floor, wall, or ground) OKC Examples – Squats and push-ups Open kinetic chain (OKC) Distal segment of the chain is free to move in space Examples – Leg extension and bicep curl 13 Chapter 3 The Shoulder 14 Q11 Bones of the Shoulder Girdle To position the shoulder joint to accommodate movement Clavicle and scapula Clavicle Long, slender, S-shaped bone Attaches to the sternum at the medial end to the scapula the lateral end Little protection from external forces → Often-fractured bone 15 5  Ligaments of Shoulder Girdle Three ligaments for the sternoclavicular joint Q12 Sternoclavicular ligament Stabilizes the sternoclavicular articulation Costoclavicular ligament Secures the sternal end of the clavicle to the first rib Interclavicular ligament Secures ends of both clavicles into the sternum 16 Movements of the Shoulder Girdle Accommodating shoulder joint movement Q13 Four fundamental movements of the shoulder girdle Elevation – Upward movement of the scapular in the frontal plane Depression – Downward movement of the scapular in the frontal plane Abduction – Upward rotation and lateral tilt of the scapula Adduction – Downward movement of the glenoid of the scapula 17 Q14 Anterior Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle Pectoralis minor Originates from the 3rd, 4th, and 5th ribs and inserts on the coracoid process of the scapula → Downward rotation or adduction of the shoulder girdle Serratus anterior Originates from the anterior lateral aspects of the upper nine ribs and inserts on the anterior surface of the vertebral border of the scapula → Upward rotation and lateral tilt of the shoulder girdle 18 6  Q15 Scapulohumeral Rhythm Phases of movement Early phase (0~30° of abduction) Primarily involves movement at the glenohumeral joint with minimal scapular movement Mid-phase (30~90° of abduction) Involves both the glenohumeral and scapulothoracic joints with increasing scapular upward rotation Late phase (90~180° of abduction) Continues glenohumeral movement by scapular rotation and elevation 19 Chapter 4 The Elbow and Forearm 20 Bones of the Elbow and Forearm Three main fossae on the distal humerus Q16 Coronoid fossa Located on the anterior aspect of the distal humerus → Full flexion of the elbow joint Radial fossa Located on the anterior aspect of the distal humerus → Full flexion of the elbow joint Olecranon fossa Located on the posterior aspect of the distal humerus → Full extension of the elbow joint 21 7  Q17 Ligaments of the Elbow and Forearm Ulnar collateral ligament Runs along the medial side of the elbow Prevents excessive valgus stress Oblique cord ligament Runs from the lateral aspect of the ulna to the radial tuberosity on the radius Stabilizes the proximal radioulnar joint and limits separation between the radius and ulna 22 Q18 Anterior Muscles of the Elbow Brachialis Originates on the middle of the anterior shaft of the humerus and inserts on the coronoid process of the ulna → Flexion of the elbow joint Brachioradialis Originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and inserts on the radial styloid process → Flexion of the elbow joint 23 Posterior Muscles of the Elbow Triceps brachii Q19 The long head originates from the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula The lateral head originates from the Posterior surface of the humerus The medial head originates the Posterior surface of the humerus The three heads insert on the olecranon process of the ulna → Extension of the elbow joint 24 8  Q20 Muscles of the Forearm Supinator Originates on the ulna and inserts on the radius at the proximal ends of the bones on the posterior aspect → Supinator of the forearm Biceps brachii When the forearm is in pronation → Lateral rotation of the forearm 25 9