Research Methods in Psychology Test Bank PDF

Research Methods in Psychology 10th Edition by Shaughnessy - Test Bank written by ExamsExpert www.stuvia.com Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution...

Research Methods in Psychology 10th Edition by Shaughnessy - Test Bank written by ExamsExpert www.stuvia.com Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Chapter 01 Introduction Short Answer Questions 1. (p. 6-7) Explain why psychologists at the turn of the 20th century embraced an empirical approach to advance understanding about human behavior. At the turn of the 20th century society was interested in pseudoscientific topics such as clairvoyance and telepathy. To establish the young field of psychology as a science, the early psychologists focused on behavior and mental processes that could be observed directly. By adopting an empirical approach, with its emphasis on direct observation and experimentation for answering questions, early psychologists were able to divorce psychology from pseudoscience. Level: Conceptual 2. (p. 11-12) Define ethnocentric bias and provide an example from the field of psychology. Ethnocentric bias is when we attempt to understand the behavior of individuals in a different culture through the framework or views of our own culture. An example of ethnocentric bias occurred when researchers studied the concept of agency, the ability to control one's environment and influence others, following Hurricane Katrina. Individuals higher in social status value control and agency, whereas individuals lower in social status value flexibility and resilience. People who stayed through the Hurricane Katrina, rather than flee, were judged as making bad choices. From their cultural perspective, however, they valued interdependence, strength, and faith as reasons for staying, rather than control and independence. Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 3. (p. 13-14) Identify two ways in which psychological science takes place in a moral context, and the resource that psychologists use to guide the moral conduct of their research. The first way that psychological science takes place in a moral context concerns the ethical behavior of researchers. They must maintain a high level of integrity and avoid scientific misconduct such as data fabrication, plagiarism, selective reporting of findings, failure to acknowledge contributions of others, misuse of funds, and unethical treatment of those involved in research. The second way in which psychological science takes place in a moral context relates to ethical dilemmas associated with the research process. For example, researchers confront questions concerning the use of deception in research and the use of animals for experimentation. The APA ethical principles guide researchers' ethical behavior and are used to resolve ethical dilemmas. Level: Factual 4. (p. 17) Identify two reasons why it is important to go to the original source "i.e., a research report" when evaluating a media report of psychological findings. Based on a media report, it is very difficult to know whether the research is (good) research. A second problem is that media reports are summaries of the original research and critical aspects of the method, results, or interpretation of the research may be missing in the summary. A third problem may be that what is presented in the media may not reflect any research at all, as sometimes occurs with self-help books. Level: Conceptual Multiple Choice Questions 5. (p. 3) One way that psychologists seek to improve people's lives is by A. developing theories and conducting research. B. relying on the medical model to understand human behavior. C. using their intuition and common sense to answer questions about behavior. D. shifting from behaviorism to a cognitive approach to psychology. Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 6. (p. 4) The "scientific method" refers to A. historical, social-cultural, and ethical contexts in which science takes place. B. the specific procedures, measurements, and instruments used by psychologists to conduct research. C. an abstract concept that describes the logic and methods used to answer questions. D. the development of psychophysical methods for measuring thought processes. Level: Factual 7. (p. 4-5) The most important characteristic of the scientific method is the A. computer revolution. B. empirical approach. C. common-sense approach. D. cognitive approach. Level: Factual 8. (p. 6) Three ways in which we can characterize the context in which science occurs include A. behavioral, cognitive, and neuroscience. B. philosophical, hypothetical, and ethnocentric. C. laboratory, field, and clinical. D. historical, social/cultural, and moral. Level: Factual 9. (p. 6) At the end of the 19th century, the young field of psychology was a subdiscipline of A. medicine. B. neuroscience. C. philosophy. D. theology. Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 10. (p. 6) The development of psychophysical methods and reaction-time experiments at the end of the 19th century was important to the emerging field of psychology because these methods A. were instrumental in the development of behaviorism in the 20th century. B. helped psychology to become a quantifiable, laboratory-based science. C. formed a foundation for the work of Sigmund Freud. D. allowed researchers to provide information to the public about mental telepathy and clairvoyance. Level: Conceptual 11. (p. 7) When using an empirical approach, psychologists focus on A. behaviors and experiences that can be observed directly. B. questions concerning sensation and perception. C. using computers and other technology to understand people. D. building an "empire" of psychological researchers around the world using the Internet. Level: Factual 12. (p. 7) Most recently, the dominant psychological perspective for understanding people's behavior and mental processes is A. computer and Internet psychology. B. cognitive psychology. C. clinical psychology. D. behaviorism. Level: Factual 13. (p. 7) An important factor in the advancement of cognitive psychology during the 20th century was the A. development of brain imaging techniques. B. award of the Nobel Prize to several important psychologists. C. shift from spiritualism to behaviorism. D. computer revolution. Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 14. (p. 7) The broad trend that describes the historical development of scientific psychology may be characterized as A. unchanging; current scientific psychology is much as it was at its inception. B. a focus on a small, specific set of behaviors in order to establish the science as legitimate. C. shifts in theoretical perspectives from behaviorism, to cognitive perspectives, to neuroscience emphases. D. conflicted, with much disagreement about the role of spiritualism in psychology. Level: Conceptual 15. (p. 7) Which of the following statements about the historical context of psychology is true? A. By investigating a wide array of topics over time, psychologists have demonstrated the complexity of human behavior. B. The theoretical perspective of behaviorism has dominated the science of psychology since its inception. C. Topics and theoretical perspectives have changed very little in more than 100 years of psychological research. D. Only a few key scientists have contributed important findings to the science of psychology. Level: Factual 16. (p. 9) The social-cultural context in which research takes places influences psychological research by affecting A. the change in theoretical perspectives from behaviorism to cognitive psychology. B. the moral integrity of individual researchers. C. the resources available for psychological research. D. all of these Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 17. (p. 9) Scientists choice of topics to study, resources available to support their research, and society's acceptance of their findings is most influenced by A. their moral integrity. B. the American Psychological Association. C. the number of research articles found in a literature search. D. the social and cultural context in which they work. Level: Factual 18. (p. 10) A researcher's findings are criticized in the media because the findings are regarded as unacceptable to members of Congress. The research program is suspended. This is an example of the ____________ context of science. A. historical B. social-cultural C. ethical D. ethnocentric Level: Applied 19. (p. 10) Public criticism of psychological research seems to occur primarily when A. the research was poorly conducted. B. the media seek to make a trivial topic more controversial than it is. C. the research was conducted in a laboratory setting. D. the research findings go against strongly held personal beliefs. Level: Conceptual 20. (p. 11) The idea that psychological research involves "WEIRDOs" refers to A. the fact that most research participants come from a specific social and economic background. B. the need for more funding for research in clinical psychology. C. the finding that Americans represent less than 5% of the world's population. D. the suggestion that psychological findings are skewed when research is conducted on the Internet. Level: Conceptual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 21. (p. 11) When researchers fail to recognize how their own cultural experiences and values influence their interpretations of behavior observed in other cultures, what problem is said to occur? A. egotistical bias B. multimethod bias C. ethnocentric bias D. nomothetic bias Level: Factual 22. (p. 12) One way that psychologists avoid ethnocentric bias is to A. conduct cross-cultural research. B. examine the role of agency in human behavior. C. seek research participants who are "WEIRDOs." D. conduct research on the Internet. Level: Factual 23. (p. 11-12) A university researcher rates the degree of control and independence people demonstrate in response to a natural disaster. He determines that individuals with higher education make better choices following the disaster. The potential issue of _______________ may occur in this research. A. multiculturalism B. ethnocentric bias C. agentic bias D. principled ethics Level: Applied Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 24. (p. 13) An example of a violation of scientific integrity is A. using the number of scientific publications authored by a researcher to make decisions about professional advancement. B. using a debriefing procedure following an experiment that involves deception. C. using animal subjects in research. D. selectively reporting research findings when making a claim about behavior. Level: Factual 25. (p. 13) Data fabrication, plagiarism, and failure to acknowledge individuals who contributed to a research project A. reflect the social and cultural context in which scientists conduct their work. B. are behaviors that happen less often than people think. C. represent violations of scientific integrity. D. are easy to detect in research reports. Level: Factual 26. (p. 13) Violations of scientific integrity include A. using animals in research, misusing research funds, and deceiving participants in a research project. B. fabricating data, reporting only the data that support the researcher's expectations, and failure to acknowledge people who contributed significantly to the research. C. plagiarism, selective reporting of research findings, and using number of scientific publications to make decisions about professional advancement. D. all of these Level: Factual 27. (p. 13) In order to make decisions about ethical dilemmas in research, psychologists consult A. their attorneys. B. the psychological research literature related to their topic. C. the local, state, and federal agencies most relevant to their work. D. the American Psychological Association's ethical principles. Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 28. (p. 13) The ethical principles for research developed by the American Psychological Association A. guide researchers regarding the ethical dilemmas that occur with human and animal research subjects. B. forbid the use of animals in research investigations. C. state that researchers may never deceive research participants about the nature of the investigation. D. all of these Level: Factual 29. (p. 13-14) A researcher interested in aggression told participants his experiment investigated whether paying attention to details would affect how things taste. One group of participants wrote down details from a 5-minute violent gun scene. The second group of participants wrote details while watching a high-speed car chase. Afterward, participants tasted and rated a sample of water with a drop of hot sauce in it as a measure of "taste sensitivity." They were then asked to prepare a sample of water for the next participant, and could put in as much hot sauce as they wanted. There was no "next participant;" the amount of hot sauce was a measure of aggression. The researcher predicted participants who watched the violent gun scene would add more hot sauce. The ethical issue most relevant to this experiment is A. asking participants to write details about movie scenes. B. deception. C. using hot sauce as a measure of aggression. D. cross-cultural bias. Level: Applied 30. (p. 13) A key factor when "thinking like a researcher" is to A. use common sense. B. rely on intuition. C. be skeptical. D. trust human inference. Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 31. (p. 15) In a recent criticism of the practice of clinical psychologists, all of the following suggestions were made except A. reform clinical psychology training programs. B. make science-centered education a central feature of clinical training programs. C. make some clinical psychology training programs non-scientific to keep psychology balanced. D. stigmatize the practice of clinical psychology that is not science-based. Level: Factual 32. (p. 15) According to some clinical psychologists, the practice of present-day clinical psychology A. relies too heavily on personal experience rather than empirically-supported treatments. B. resembles the pre-scientific medical practice that took place in the 1800s and early 1900s. C. does not make use of the latest scientific findings from psychological research. D. all of these Level: Factual 33. (p. 15-16) Which of the following statements is false? A. Scientists are cautious about accepting claims about behavior until they see the findings published in psychology journals. B. Psychological scientists often withhold judgment about findings because they recognize human behavior is complex. C. Scientists recognize that researchers can make mistakes in their research. D. Scientists strive to draw conclusions based on empirical evidence rather than subjective judgments. Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 34. (p. 16) Scientific skepticism refers to the idea that A. scientists accept explanations for phenomena as "true" until research is completed. B. scientists automatically assume that common-sense interpretations of phenomena could not be true. C. scientists do not trust anything or anyone. D. claims about phenomena should be tested and claims that are untestable should be rejected. Level: Factual 35. (p. 16) The strongest scientific evidence for a claim about behavior and mental processes A. is consistent with common sense or intuition. B. comes from converging findings from different studies. C. is one that is published in a prestigious psychology journal. D. shows the behavior to be the result of a single factor. Level: Factual 36. (p. 16) When making a claim about behavior, thinking like a researcher is similar to making legal decisions (e.g., convicting a suspect) because A. both require converging evidence from multiple sources. B. in each, a solid piece of evidence is sufficient for being certain about a claim. C. decisions are based on certainties, not probabilities. D. none of the above Level: Conceptual 37. (p. 17) A potential problem that arises when evaluating research findings presented in the media (e.g., television, magazines, online) is that A. those reporting the findings have little financial stake in the public's acceptance of the findings. B. important aspects of the research method are likely not reported. C. the findings may be from research studies conducted in other countries. D. all of these Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 38. (p. 17) Suppose a friend tells you about psychological research findings she read about on the Internet, and because of the findings she is convinced that she should try some new communication techniques in her relationship. You tell her you are skeptical because A. it isn't known whether the research was conducted in a scientific manner. B. it's better to read the original research report before forming a conclusion. C. some important information about the research may not have been reported on the Internet. D. all of these Level: Applied 39. (p. 18) An important first step when evaluating psychological research reported in the media is to A. go to the original source in which the research was reported. B. determine whether the research was reported both online and in printed material (e.g., magazines). C. search the psychological research literature for related information. D. decide whether the report describes a survey or an experiment. Level: Factual 40. (p. 18) A psychology student watches a television program that mentions research on newborn infants' ability to recognize their parents' voices. To learn more about this study, the student should A. search the Internet for more information about infants. B. contact the producer of the television program for more information. C. locate and read the original research article that describes the research. D. ask parents if their children recognized their voices as infants. Level: Applied Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 41. (p. 19-20) A student conducts a search of the psychological literature and discovers that other researchers have investigated the same question. The student should A. be encouraged that others have thought the question is important. B. recognize that many researchers contribute to answering a research question. C. understand that science is cumulative—current research builds on previous research. D. all of these Level: Factual 42. (p. 19-20) Which of the following statements is false regarding searching the psychological literature before beginning a research project? A. The process of conducting a literature search can provide a wealth of ideas for research projects. B. The process of conducting a literature search should be discouraging for a researcher who finds that other researchers have investigated the same or similar ideas. C. The process of conducting a literature search reminds researchers that science is a cumulative endeavor, with current research building on previous research. D. The process of conducting a literature search is much less tedious than it used to be without computers. Level: Conceptual 43. (p. 20) Before beginning a research project, researchers should search the psychological literature about their topic A. in order to develop research hypotheses. B. to demonstrate that no one has had a similar idea. C. to choose a different research project if the study or a similar one has already been done. D. all of these Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 44. (p. 20) A research question may be considered important when A. the findings from the study are likely to be completely unique. B. a review of research literature reveals that no one has investigated the question. C. the findings from the study will likely advance the science of psychology. D. all of these Level: Factual 45. (p. 20) A student plans to seek advice from psychology instructors about whether she has selected a good research question. Which of the following questions should she ask to help identify whether her research question is a good one? A. Would I be the first person to try to answer this research question? B. What are the likely outcomes if I carry out this project? C. Is it possible to do this research without having to read previous studies on this topic? D. none of these Level: Applied 46. (p. 21) Prior to conducting a research project, scientists form a ___________, a tentative explanation for the phenomenon they seek to investigate. A. subjective judgment B. theory C. heuristic D. hypothesis Level: Factual 47. (p. 21) The statement of a research hypothesis includes A. an explanation for why a particular behavior is under investigation. B. a predicted outcome and an explanation for the outcome. C. an overview of previous research findings regarding the topic. D. all of these Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 48. (p. 23) Which of the following statements is false? A. No single research methodology is likely to answer all of psychology's questions. B. Any one method or measure of behavior is likely flawed or incomplete. C. Researchers gain a more complete understanding of behavior by emphasizing one particular method when investigating their research question. D. A multimethod approach to a research question allows researchers to overcome the flaws associated with any one particular method. Level: Conceptual 49. (p. 23) The "multimethod approach" to research in psychology refers to the A. many questionnaires researchers use to measure people's attitudes and opinions. B. historical, social-cultural, and moral context of research. C. multiple theoretical perspectives within psychology, including behaviorism and cognitive psychology. D. multiple strategies available to psychologists to answer research questions. Level: Factual 50. (p. 23) Two students each conduct a study to answer a research question about study skills and test performance. One student conducts a survey and the other student conducts an experiment. In terms of psychological science, their use of different methods for answering the research question is consistent with A. a multimethod approach. B. the steps of the research process. C. thinking like a researcher. D. the social-cultural context of doing research. Level: Applied Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Chapter 02 The Scientific Method Short Answer Questions 1. (p. 29-31) How is the empirical approach that is used in the scientific method different from a nonscientific (everyday) approach to knowledge? The empirical approach involves the use of evidence based on direct observation and experimentation to determine what is true. A nonscientific (everyday) approach relies primarily on intuition and casual (unsystematic) observation to decide what is true. Level: Factual 2. (p. 38) Distinguish between the reliability and the validity of a measurement and provide an example of a reliable measurement that may not be valid. The reliability of a measure is indicated by its consistency; for example, when observers agree in their observations, the measurement is said to be reliable. Validity refers to the truthfulness of a measure—a valid measure of a construct measures what it claims to measure. An example of a reliable measure that may not be valid is a scale that provides the same weight each time a person steps on it, but is five pounds off. Another example is from research which indicates that raters agree on their ratings of trustworthiness when judging photos of individuals (reliability), but those ratings were unrelated to whether students cheated on a test (not valid). Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 3. (p. 42-44) Distinguish between the nomothetic approach and the idiographic approach in descriptions of psychological phenomena. The nomothetic approach is used to seek broad generalizations and universal laws (i.e., what "in general" is true) by studying large numbers of participants of a group and focusing on the "average" performance of the group. The idiographic approach is used to focus on the uniqueness of the individual by studying an individual intensively using single-case research. Level: Factual 4. (p. 47-48) Explain how an experiment is used to understand the cause of a phenomenon by describing the three conditions for causal inference an experiment meets. Researchers conduct an experiment when they manipulate an independent variable and observe the effects of the manipulation on a dependent variable measure. When differences on the dependent variable are observed for the conditions of the independent variable, covariation is met (i.e., different scores on the dependent variable covary with different conditions of the independent variable). In addition, because differences on the dependent variable are observed after the independent variable manipulation, the second condition for causal inference-time-order relationship-is met. When the experiment is free of confoundings the researcher is able to eliminate alternative explanations for the outcome, the third condition for causal inference. Level: Conceptual 5. (p. 49) Describe the differences between basic and applied research. In basic research the research psychologist seeks primarily to understand behavior and mental processes. Basic research is typically carried out in a laboratory using controlled experiments and is usually done with the goal of testing a theory about behavior. It is, in a sense, "seeking knowledge for its own sake." Applied research is conducted in order to improve people's lives and often is carried out in nonlaboratory settings (e.g., schools, workplaces). Applied research often builds upon findings from basic research; these findings are applied in natural settings with the scientific goal of creating change. Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Multiple Choice Questions 6. (p. 29) People's tendency to select news programs that do not challenge their attitudes or beliefs is explained by A. hypothesis testing. B. confirmation bias. C. controlled observation. D. a skeptical attitude. Level: Applied 7. (p. 29) Which of the following is a cognitive error that can cause confirmation bias because we perceive a relationship when none exists? A. subjective reporting B. covariation of cause and effect C. spurious relationship D. illusory correlation Level: Factual 8. (p. 30) The empirical approach emphasizes A. direct observation and experimentation. B. intuition and skepticism. C. reliability and confirmation. D. control and qualitative analysis. Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 9. (p. 30) Which of the following is a characteristic of the scientific method? A. confirmation bias B. intuitive definitions C. systematic observation D. circular hypotheses Level: Conceptual 10. (p. 30) As an approach to knowledge, the scientific method relies on A. intuitive hypotheses. B. subjective measurement. C. empirical procedures. D. deductive theorizing. Level: Factual 11. (p. 30) The essential ingredient of scientific observation is A. precise measurement. B. control. C. prediction. D. application. Level: Factual 12. (p. 31-32) The primary means scientists use to establish control in their observations is to A. systematically manipulate an independent variable in an experiment. B. train multiple observers. C. establish the accuracy and precision of their measurements. D. observe many dependent variables. Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 13. (p. 32) Based on investigations with the horse Clever Hans, an important factor researchers should seek to control when testing whether dogs can sniff cancer in urine samples is A. whether the dogs are tested indoors or outdoors. B. that some samples should come from people and some from horses. C. that the urine samples should come from a diverse group of patients. D. whether, during testing, the dogs can see people who know which samples came from cancer patients. Level: Conceptual 14. (p. 32) The factors that the researcher controls or manipulates in order to determine their effect on behavior are called the A. relevant variables. B. independent variables. C. intervening variables. D. dependent variables. Level: Factual 15. (p. 32) In a study investigating the effects of two different types of music on students' test performance, the music represents the A. independent variable. B. intervening variable. C. dependent variable. D. applied variable. Level: Applied Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 16. (p. 32-33) In an experiment that compares aggressive responses following exposure to media violence (present, absent) in television programming, "aggressive responses" is the __________ and "exposure to media violence" is the __________. A. construct; operational definition B. operational definition; construct C. independent variable; dependent variable D. dependent variable; independent variable Level: Applied 17. (p. 33) In a study examining the number of proofreading errors make when students are tested while reading under bright or dim lighting, the number of proofreading errors represents the A. control variable. B. intervening variable. C. dependent variable. D. independent variable. Level: Applied 18. (p. 33) The term scientists use to refer to a psychological concept is A. construct. B. validity. C. variability. D. operational definition. Level: Factual 19. (p. 34) An operational definition of a construct is A. an intervening variable that connects independent and dependent variables. B. a specific procedure for producing or measuring the construct. C. reliable, because it is consistent. D. valid, because it is truthful. Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 20. (p. 34) When intelligence is defined using a paper-and-pencil test that emphasizes understanding of logical relationships and familiarity with the meaning of words, intelligence is being defined with A. a construct definition. B. a hypothetical definition. C. a conceptual definition. D. an operational definition. Level: Applied 21. (p. 34) Which of the following characteristics is most assured when scientists use operational definitions to communicate? A. reliable measurement B. meaningfulness C. clarity of meaning D. valid measurement Level: Conceptual 22. (p. 35) One disadvantage that results from the use of operational definitions is that A. the reliability and validity of the operational definition become equivalent. B. the number of psychological constructs becomes smaller. C. communication among scientists becomes confused. D. a potentially limitless number of operational definitions exists for any construct. Level: Conceptual 23. (p. 35) When scientists report their findings they strive to describe A. only what they have observed. B. only their inferences about behavior. C. what they have observed along with their inferences. D. only aspects of what they have observed that differ from what they expected to observe. Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 24. (p. 35-36) Suppose you come across a car accident at an intersection and observe that a small car is severely damaged and a large SUV appears to have only a headlight broken. If you describe the accident as occurring because the SUV hit the smaller car, your report likely includes A. contaminated observations. B. inferences. C. distorted behaviors. D. illusory correlations. Level: Applied 25. (p. 36) Which of the following is an accepted check that scientists can use to determine whether a scientific report is unbiased? A. the precision of the data that are reported B. parsimony of explanation C. clear operational definitions D. agreement between observers Level: Factual 26. (p. 36) A researcher calibrates an instrument by placing a five-pound weight on a scale to see if the scale gives a reading of 5.0 pounds. The researcher is testing the scale's A. reliability. B. validity. C. accuracy. D. correlation. Level: Applied Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 27. (p. 36) A student sets a computer program to record participants' responses to materials in her experiment to the millisecond, rather than to the tenth of a second. Which characteristic of the measuring instrument is the student trying to ensure? A. accuracy B. precision C. validity D. reliability Level: Applied 28. (p. 37) The main difference between physical measurement and psychological measurement is that physical measurement A. uses humans as the measurement instruments. B. requires multiple observers to assess agreement. C. involves dimensions with agreed-upon standards and instruments. D. is quantitative and nomothetic. Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 29. (p. 37) When using psychological measurement of a dimension such as aggression, psychologists often base their measurements of people's aggressiveness on A. agreement among a number of observers regarding their ratings of behavior on an aggressiveness scale. B. consensus among researchers in the field of aggression as to the theoretical definition of aggression. C. consistency across operational definitions of aggression. D. availability of a precise measuring instrument, preferably based on a physiological response. Level: Factual 30. (p. 38) A new measure of intelligence (e.g., speed of processing spatial distances) would be a valid measure of intelligence if scores on the new measure were A. unrelated to scores on other accepted measures of intelligence. B. more varied across people than scores on other accepted measures of intelligence. C. more precise than scores on other accepted measures of intelligence. D. related to scores on other accepted measures of intelligence. Level: Factual 31. (p. 38) An individual's score on a test such as the SAT represents how that person consistently performs on such a test only if the SAT test is a _____________ measure. A. precise B. reliable C. valid D. standardized Level: Applied Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 32. (p. 38) Researchers are more likely to achieve reliable observations when A. one observer has spent a long time observing an event. B. one observer reports having observed a very unusual event. C. two observers provide unique descriptions of an event. D. two observers show agreement in their descriptions of an event. Level: Factual 33. (p. 38) Research suggests that when judging photos of people's faces, people demonstrate high levels of agreement regarding which faces appear trustworthy, but that these ratings don't correspond to whether the people in the photos are guilty or innocent of cheating on a test. This finding indicates that measurements can be __________, yet not ___________. A. reliable; valid B. precise; accurate C. nomothetic; idiographic D. basic; applied Level: Applied 34. (p. 38) Reliability refers to the ________ of measurement, and validity refers to the ________ of measurement. A. calibration; trustworthiness B. accuracy; precision C. consistency; truthfulness D. testability; parsimony Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 35. (p. 38) A researcher develops a brief questionnaire measure of people's level of optimism. To determine whether his measure is a good one, he asks a sample of people to complete his questionnaire twice, separated by one month. At the second session, he also asks his participants to complete another measure of optimism—one that has been an accepted measure of optimism for many years. Using this procedure, the researcher is establishing the A. independent variable of optimism. B. precision and accuracy of his measure. C. reliability and validity of his measure. D. nomothetic and idiographic features of optimism. Level: Applied 36. (p. 38) The testable, tentative explanations scientists use to explain events are called A. confirmatory biases. B. hypotheses. C. heuristics. D. causal inferences. Level: Factual 37. (p. 38) The idea that people purchase "green" products in order to achieve higher status by behaving altruistically is A. a hypothesis. B. a circular argument. C. reliable and valid. D. all of these Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 38. (p. 39) What characteristic distinguishes scientific hypotheses from casual, everyday hypotheses? A. certainty B. intuitive appeal C. testability D. circularity Level: Factual 39. (p. 40) A researcher's hypothesis predicts that people are more aggressive following exposure to media violence because they find the violence disturbing. A potential problem with this hypothesis is A. the concept "disturbing" is not adequately defined. B. it appeals to forces not recognized by science. C. it is circular: "aggression" and "disturbing" refer to the same thing. D. all of these Level: Applied 40. (p. 40) Scientists would likely reject the hypothesis that a person was violent because the person was possessed by the Devil. Scientists reject a hypothesis like this one not because it is inherently wrong, but because the hypothesis lacks the necessary scientific characteristic of being A. complex. B. circular. C. concise. D. testable. Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 41. (p. 40) When an hypothesis is stated in such a way that the event to be explained becomes the explanation itself (e.g., the child is distractable because he has attention deficit disorder), the hypothesis is said to be A. inadequately defined. B. circular. C. appealing to forces not recognized by science. D. redundant. Level: Factual 42. (p. 40) Four goals of research in psychology are A. reliability, validity, experimentation, and theory construction. B. description, prediction, explanation, and application. C. description, correlation, experimentation, and theory construction. D. observation, measurement, causal inference, and explanation. Level: Factual 43. (p. 40) The criteria used to classify and define mental disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders represent an illustration of which of the following goals of the scientific method? A. description B. prediction C. explanation D. therapy Level: Factual 44. (p. 42) Using the nomothetic approach, psychologists seek to A. describe one individual's behavior in relation to his or her environment. B. create change in an individual's life. C. eliminate confoundings in their experiments. D. establish general laws of behavior that apply to a diverse population. Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 45. (p. 42-43) The nomothetic approach in psychology (or in any science) is intended to establish broad generalizations and universal "laws." When using the nomothetic approach researchers are likely to make A. many observations of one individual. B. observations of many individuals and focus on extreme scores. C. observations of many individuals and focus on the average (typical) score. D. few observations of a few individuals and focus on the scores that occur most often. Level: Conceptual 46. (p. 42-43) A cross-cultural study that examined helping behaviors in 23 large cities around the world found that, in general, people in Rio de Janeiro were most helpful and people in Kuala Lampur were least helpful. From these findings, we know that A. everyone in Rio de Janeiro is more helpful than everyone in Kuala Lampur. B. there are more people in Rio de Janeiro than in Kuala Lampur. C. any one individual we choose in Rio de Janeiro will be helpful. D. none of these Level: Conceptual 47. (p. 43) Research that focuses on describing the unique characteristics of individuals is referred to as the A. applied method. B. idiographic approach. C. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. D. functional approach. Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 48. (p. 43-44) A researcher asks a sample of 200 individuals to complete a questionnaire. She then computes statistics to describe how individuals respond in general to the questions. This researcher's approach is A. idiographic and quantitative. B. idiographic and qualitative. C. nomothetic and quantitative. D. nomothetic and qualitative. Level: Applied 49. (p. 44) Which of the following characterizes the majority of the research conducted in psychology? A. quantitative research using the nomothetic approach B. quantitative research using the idiographic approach C. qualitative research using the nomothetic approach D. qualitative research using the idiographic approach Level: Factual 50. (p. 44) When research consists of verbal summaries of "naturally occurring, ordinary events in natural settings" the research is A. more likely to be qualitative research than quantitative research. B. more likely to be quantitative research than qualitative research. C. equally likely to be qualitative or quantitative research. D. unlikely to be either qualitative or quantitative research. Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 51. (p. 44) Researchers interviewed 29 youth (ages 17-24) who live on the streets of Toronto about their experiences with suicide. When the researchers read transcripts of the interviews, they noticed themes of isolation and rejection. This is an example of ____________ research. A. idiographic B. correlational C. qualitative D. explanatory Level: Applied 52. (p. 45) A correlational study is uniquely useful for meeting which of the following goals of the scientific method? A. description B. prediction C. explanation D. application Level: Factual 53. (p. 45) A correlation exists when A. two hypotheses are shown to support the same theory. B. two independent variables are confounded. C. two measures of the same people, events, or things vary together. D. a measurement is both reliable and valid. Level: Factual 54. (p. 45) Research has indicated that amount of undergraduate research activity predicts measures of later success in the profession of psychology. For this prediction to be possible, undergraduate research activity and later success must be A. circular. B. qualitative. C. causal. D. correlated. Level: Applied Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 55. (p. 45) Correlations are valuable because they allow psychologists to A. create change in people's lives. B. make predictions based on the way two variables covary. C. describe, predict, and understand the causes of psychological phenomena. D. all of these Level: Conceptual 56. (p. 45) When researchers observe a correlation between two variables, such as between the amount of time spent studying and test scores, they know that A. the first variable causes the second variable. B. the second variable causes the first variable. C. both (A) and (B) D. neither (A) nor (B) Level: Conceptual 57. (p. 45) Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between correlation and causation? A. Correlation does not imply causation. B. Correlation directly implies a causal inference. C. Correlation and causation refer to the same thing. D. Correlation is confounded with causation. Level: Conceptual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 58. (p. 45-46) Researchers have shown that teacher evaluations based on brief viewings of videotapes made by students who were not enrolled in a course correlate well with end-of-the- semester teacher evaluations made by students enrolled in the class. The researchers suggest that the relationship occurs because people can make relatively accurate judgments of affective behavior (e.g., likableness) very quickly because doing so is adaptive. Based on the correlational evidence alone, the researchers' explanation for their findings can best be considered A. speculative. B. qualitative. C. a causal inference. D. a confirmed hypothesis. Level: Conceptual 59. (p. 45-46) The research goal of "prediction" is most associated with _________ research, and the research goal of "explanation" is most associated with _________ research. A. applied; basic B. correlational; experimental C. multimethod; single method D. nomothetic; idiographic Level: Conceptual 60. (p. 46) Researchers demonstrated a relationship between the extent to which people in large cities help strangers and the degree of cultural embeddedness in the city (i.e., concern for family and in-group members). As cultural embeddedness increased, people were less likely to help strangers. This relationship indicates that A. concern for family and in-group members causes people to avoid helping strangers. B. helping strangers causes a decrease in cultural embeddedness. C. both (A) and (B) D. neither (A) nor (B) Level: Conceptual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 61. (p. 46) Psychologists use ____________ to identify the causes of a phenomenon. A. correlations B. quantitative research C. controlled experiments D. operational definitions Level: Factual 62. (p. 47) A(n) ____________ is a statement about the cause of an event or behavior. A. experiment B. causal inference C. construct D. correlation Level: Factual 63. (p. 47) Which of the following is not one of the conditions for making a causal inference? A. covariation of events B. a time-order relationship C. confounding of variables D. elimination of plausible alternative causes Level: Factual 64. (p. 48) When two potentially effective independent variables are allowed to covary simultaneously, a __________ has occurred. A. confounding B. correlation C. dependency D. causal inference Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 65. (p. 48) A researcher wanted to compare the relative effectiveness of two techniques for reducing anxiety: a drug and a relaxation exercise. The researcher gave the experimental group both the drug and the relaxation exercise. The control group was given neither the drug nor the exercise. The difference between the drug and the relaxation exercise cannot be compared in this experiment because the experiment involves a A. redundant relationship. B. correlation. C. causal inference. D. confounding. Level: Applied 66. (p. 48) A researcher is interested in testing the effectiveness of using "clickers" for question- and-answer sessions during lectures. He asks students in the morning section of his course to use clickers to respond to in-class questions. Students in the afternoon section write answers to questions in their notebook. He compares the students' average test performance for the two sections. The researcher will not be able to interpret the results because his study is flawed due to A. his limited ability to generalize his results to other students and courses. B. the confounding of class section (morning, afternoon) and response method (clicker, notebook). C. his failure to manipulate an independent variable. D. the correlation between response method (clicker, notebook) and test performance. Level: Applied 67. (p. 49) When scientists conduct research they seek to A. use only real-world settings. B. use only laboratory settings. C. describe the findings only for people and circumstances who participated in their study. D. generalize their findings beyond the people and circumstances used in their study. Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 68. (p. 49) Research that is conducted with the goals of understanding phenomena and testing a theory is referred to as __________ research. A. correlational B. applied C. basic D. idiographic Level: Factual 69. (p. 49) The widespread application of psychological principles in our everyday life is possible because of ___________ in the past. A. basic research B. time-order relationships C. parsimony D. intervening variables Level: Conceptual 70. (p. 49) Which of the following statements about research in psychology is true? A. All research in psychology involves experiments. B. Psychologists view basic research and applied research as complementary. C. Researchers observe correlations between variables to make causal inferences about behavior. D. all of these Level: Conceptual 71. (p. 50-51) A(n) __________ is a logically organized set of propositions that serves to define events, describe relationships among events, and explain the occurrence of events. A. theory B. intervening variable C. hypothesis D. causal inference Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 72. (p. 51) The major function of a theory in psychology is to A. organize empirical knowledge and guide research. B. derive explanations that are independent of the results of experiments. C. formulate definitive explanations for empirical findings. D. develop quantitative and qualitative predictions for the results of future experiments. Level: Factual 73. (p. 51) Theorists propose _______ variables to connect independent and dependent variables and explain why these variables are connected. A. hypothetical B. operational C. confounding D. intervening Level: Factual 74. (p. 51-52) A researcher manipulates the amount of time participants view a list of words (1 vs. 4 minutes), and measures the number of words the participants are able to write down 10 minutes later. The researcher suggests that in-between the presentation time and the later recall of the words, the words are in participants' memory. The construct of "memory" in this example represents A. an operational definition. B. an intervening variable. C. the researcher's independent variable. D. the researcher's dependent variable. Level: Applied Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 75. (p. 52) Of the following, the best description of "intervening variables" in psychology is that A. there are very few intervening variables in psychology. B. they are obstacles in successful theory construction and testing. C. they are constructs that unite a wide variety of apparently dissimilar variables. D. they rarely are of use when psychologists try to explain why variables are related. Level: Conceptual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 76. (p. 50, 53) The greater the scope of a theory, the more complex it is likely to be. Complexity is A. a serious obstacle to testing a theory. B. a necessary characteristic of psychological theories given the nature and range of phenomena psychologists try to understand. C. (A) and (B) D. none of these Level: Conceptual 77. (p. 53) A theory that predicts children will develop abstract reasoning by age 12 is more ________ than a theory that predicts the development of abstract reasoning by ages 12 to 20. A. general B. precise C. hypothetical D. parsimonious Level: Factual 78. (p. 53) When constructing and evaluating a theory, scientists follow a guideline that places a premium on identifying the simplest of alternative explanations of a phenomenon. This guideline is called the A. test of empirical verification. B. law of least error. C. precision of prediction. D. rule of parsimony. Level: Factual 79. (p. 53) The most rigorous test of a scientific theory involves A. precision of prediction. B. generalization. C. falsification. D. the rule of parsimony. Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 80. (p. 53-54) A researcher conducted two experiments to test a theory. One experiment was designed to confirm a hypothesis of the theory and the second experiment was designed to falsify the hypothesis. From the perspective of theory construction and testing, A. the theory is precise and parsimonious. B. the theory is neither precise nor parsimonious. C. the first experiment is more informative. D. the second experiment is more informative. Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Chapter 03 Ethical Issues in the Conduct of Psychological Research Short Answer Questions 1. (p. 63-64) Distinguish between the three types of injury as sources of risk in psychological research: physical, psychological, and social injury. There is a risk of possible physical injury in psychological research if, for example, drugs are used. The more likely source of risk, however, is the possibility of psychological injury if the procedures induce serious mental or emotional stress in the participants. Social risk may occur if participants were to feel embarrassed or experience negative social consequences if their responses were made known to others. Level: Factual 2. (p. 65) Identify the conditions under which participants are considered to be "at risk." Participants are considered "at risk" when the possibility of physical, psychological, or social injury is judged to be more than minimal risk. Minimal risk is defined as no greater than the risks of daily living. Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 3. (p. 75-76) Describe how the use of deception can be justified on methodological grounds and describe the conditions under which the use of deception is always unethical. It is simply impossible to carry out certain kinds of research without withholding information from participants about some aspects of the research. For example, Kassin and Kiechel (1996) investigated factors affecting whether people will falsely confess to having done something that they did not do. At times it may be necessary to misinform participants in order to have them adopt a certain attitude. If the participants in Kassin and Kiechel's research had known in advance that the procedures were trying to elicit their false confessions, they probably would not have confessed. It is always unethical to deceive participants for the purpose of getting them to participate in research in which they would normally not take part or research that involves more than minimal risk. Level: Conceptual 4. (p. 77-78) Identify two ways in which debriefing benefits the participant and one way in which it benefits the researcher. Debriefing can benefit the participant by removing any harmful effects or misconceptions about participation, explaining the need for deception, leaving the participant with positive feelings about his or her participation, and/or educating the participant about the research project and about research in general. Debriefing can benefit the researcher by providing an opportunity to find out the participant's perceptions of the research situation and any treatments that had been administered. Debriefing also can provide leads for future research and identify problems in research procedures. Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 5. (p. 79-80) Describe how the APA ethical standards for research with animals involve both the use and the care of animals. The APA ethical standards include requirements for how animals may be used in research. The standards specify conditions under which animals may be subjected to pain or stress and the procedures for surgery. The APA standards also include requirements for the care of animals in research. Researchers are responsible to ensure appropriate consideration of the comfort, health, and humane treatment of their animals. Thus, APA ethical standards address the appropriate living quarters for animals and the training of personnel who are responsible for the care of the animals. Level: Factual 6. (p. 66, 69, 78) Identify three risks associated with Internet research and the procedures researchers might follow to lessen the each risk. Three risks in this context include issues associated with informed consent, debriefing, and protecting confidentiality. When participants "click" on a button to indicate their informed consent, it is difficult for researchers to know whether participants truly read and understood the consent procedure. To lessen this risk, participants could be required to answer brief questions about the consent form. Because participants can easily withdraw from Internet participation, they may not be debriefed about the research at the end of its natural conclusion. One solution may be to have the computer program automatically present debriefing information at any time a participant withdraws. A final risk concerns confidentiality: Participants' responses may be susceptible to electronic eavesdropping or hacking. The researchers need to develop adequate electronic protection of the data and also warn participants of the possibility of hacking in the informed consent procedure. Level: Conceptual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 7. (p. 75, 84) Describe the benefit and two major risks associated with the original obedience experiments conducted by Stanley Milgram, then identify three of the recent adaptations made by Jerry Burger in his replication of the obedience studies. The benefit of the obedience studies was to determine the conditions under which people obey authority figures. Milgram wanted to understand what occurred in the Holocaust, when people's obedience resulted in massive atrocities. Burger sought to determine whether people obey authority figures in our present day. The two main risks associated with the Milgram study include deception and the high risk of psychological stress. Participants believed the "learner" was being shocked and they felt great stress as they obeyed the instruction to continue shocking the learner. Burger made several adaptations to lessen the risk in his obedience studies and make them acceptable to an IRB: participants were carefully screened prior to the study; participants were told they could withdraw at any time without penalty (and were paid prior to starting the study); a mild sample shock was used; the deception was explained immediately; a clinical psychologist conducted the experiment and stopped the experiment if a participant demonstrated excessive distress; and Burger stopped the experiment when participants reached 150 volts (rather than 450). Level: Factual Multiple Choice Questions 8. (p. 59) The ethical standards of the APA's ethics code A. are general ethical principles that researchers apply to their own research situation. B. include clear rules for how research should be conducted in specific situations. C. provide a set of specific rules for how to solve ethical dilemmas in psychological research. D. provide principles for conducting research that are never contradictory. Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 9. (p. 60) Ethical issues associated with Internet (online) research A. are not subject to the APA Code of Ethics. B. are not as serious as those associated with in-person research because Internet research is more anonymous. C. include informed consent, debriefing, and confidentiality. D. all of these Level: Conceptual 10. (p. 60) Ethical problems can best be avoided by careful planning and by consulting appropriate individuals A. prior to beginning the research. B. after testing several participants. C. after the research has been completed. D. after concerns about research are raised in the media. Level: Factual 11. (p. 61) If a psychology student wants to do research involving human participants, which of the following has the ultimate authority to approve, disapprove, or require modifications prior to the approval of the student's research? A. the department chairperson B. the university's Institutional Review Board (IRB) C. the university's IACUC D. the faculty sponsor of the research Level: Factual 12. (p. 62) If you want to conduct research at your college or university, you should inquire about the appropriate procedure for institutional review of your research A. before starting your research project. B. before you have completed your research project. C. at any time during your research project. D. no earlier than when you submit your findings for your degree requirements. Level: Applied Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 13. (p. 62-63) The risk/benefit ratio that is used in ethical decision making represents A. a mathematical ratio with calculable components. B. an objective, rule-based evaluation of risks and benefits. C. a definitive basis for making ethical decisions. D. a subjective evaluation of risks and benefits. Level: Factual 14. (p. 63) Which of the following represents the basic question addressed by the risk/benefit ratio? A. Are the risks in a study greater than minimal risk? B. Will the researcher's reputation be enhanced or hurt by the study's findings? C. Are the benefits (to individual participants and society) of a study greater than the risks? D. Are the benefits gained by individuals greater than the risks posed to society? Level: Factual 15. (p. 63) Greater risk in a research study is acceptable when A. clear and immediate benefits to the participants are expected. B. the research has obvious scientific and social value. C. valid and interpretable results will be produced. D. all of these Level: Factual 16. (p. 64) Which of the following is one type of risk that contributes to the determination of the risk/benefit ratio? A. economic risk B. social risk C. failure risk D. media risk Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 17. (p. 64) Failure to protect the confidentiality of a participant's responses may increase the risk in a research study by increasing the possibility of A. physical injury. B. psychological injury. C. social injury. D. performance injury. Level: Factual 18. (p. 64) A student conducted a research project in which fake smoke entered the waiting area used by participants. This procedure was used to create a stressful situation and the student then tested participants' performance on complex reasoning tasks. One student waiting in a wheelchair experienced a panic attack when the smoke appeared. After this incident, the IRB stopped the research. This example demonstrates that A. IRBs can be unreasonable. B. characteristics of individuals must be considered when determining risk. C. the deception was described fully during the informed consent procedure. D. this research should have been conducted online. Level: Applied 19. (p. 65) When the probability and magnitude of harm or discomfort anticipated in the research are not greater than those encountered in daily life or during the performance of routine tests, we say that the risk is A. minor risk. B. daily risk. C. static risk. D. minimal risk. Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 20. (p. 65) Participants in a study described as investigating "aspects of intelligence and social awareness" completed "intelligence problems" in small groups. Without their knowledge, half of the students were given easy problems, and half were given difficult problems. The students with easy problems finished easily in the allotted time, while the remaining students struggled. After the intelligence problems, the investigators asked students to complete social comparison measures (i.e., how they rate themselves compared to others). Participants in this study A. experienced minimal risk, because students take tests as part of their everyday life. B. were "at risk," because of the deception. C. did not face social risk because they were anonymous. D. did not require debriefing because the investigator described the purpose of the study. Level: Applied 21. (p. 65) Researchers must use special safeguards to protect human participants when A. more than minimal risk is present. B. informed consent is not required. C. behavior is observed in the public domain. D. anonymous questionnaires are used. Level: Factual 22. (p. 66) When there is no way to connect a research participant's responses with that participant's identifying information (e.g., name, identification number), the responses are said to be A. confidential. B. consensual. C. anonymous. D. minimal. Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 23. (p. 66) Researchers can avoid potential social injury or risk for participants in their research project if the researchers A. avoid using deception in their research. B. ensure the internal consistency of their study. C. obtain informed consent from each participant. D. protect the confidentiality of participants' responses. Level: Factual 24. (p. 67) Which of the following is not required of researchers in an informed consent procedure? A. description of the nature of the research B. reasons for why deception is used in the research C. information that might influence participants' willingness to participate D. all of these are required Level: Factual 25. (p. 67) According to the APA Ethical Standards, psychologists must inform participants of the nature of the research, that participants are free to participate or to decline to participate, and that they may withdraw from the research. These requirements (among others) are necessary to ensure the participants' A. anonymity and confidentiality. B. risk level. C. informed consent. D. debriefing. Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 26. (p. 68-69) Researchers who conduct research with individuals who have limited ability to understand the nature of the research and its possible risks A. must obtain informed consent from the parents or legal guardian and from the participants themselves. B. do not need to obtain informed consent from the parents or legal guardians and should strive, when feasible, to get assent from the participants themselves. C. do not need to obtain informed consent from the parents or legal guardian, nor get assent from the participants themselves. D. must obtain informed consent from the parents or legal guardian and should strive, when feasible, to get assent from the participants themselves. Level: Factual 27. (p. 69) Final responsibility for conducting research in an ethical manner rests with the A. investigator. B. United States Department of Research. C. Institutional Review Board (IRB). D. department chairperson. Level: Factual 28. (p. 69-70) In which of the following situations could individuals be vulnerable to excessive inducement or pressure to participate in research? A. requiring prisoners to participate in a psychology experiment B. asking college students to participate in research to fulfill a class requirement and giving them an alternative method to meet the requirement C. paying college students $2 an hour to be in a psychology experiment D. all of these Level: Conceptual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 29. (p. 70) Researchers may not be required to obtain informed consent in which of the following situations? A. when doing research with children B. when doing research that involves more than minimal risk C. when observing behavior in public settings with no intervention D. when asking participants to complete questionnaires on the Internet Level: Factual 30. (p. 70) The right of individuals to decide how information about them is to be communicated to others is referred to as A. confidentiality. B. anonymity. C. self-determination. D. privacy. Level: Factual 31. (p. 70) Which of the following is typically not one of the dimensions a researcher should consider when deciding what information is private and what safeguards should be employed? A. sensitivity of the information B. source of the information C. how the information will be disseminated D. setting in which behavior is observed Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 32. (p. 70) For a class research project, students conceal themselves in bathroom stalls in order to observe conversational behavior of individuals at sinks in the washroom. They count the number of words spoken by women and men in their respective washrooms. The most important ethical issue in this research is A. debriefing. B. informed consent. C. privacy. D. deception. Level: Applied 33. (p. 73) Which of the following terms describes the ethical issue that arises when information is withheld from research participants or when they are given misinformation? A. minimal risk B. deception C. distortion D. plagiarism Level: Factual 34. (p. 73) Which of the following ethical principles is contradicted when deception is used in research? A. informed consent B. risk/benefit ratio C. minimal risk D. privacy Level: Conceptual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 35. (p. 73) Which of the following is one of the arguments against the use of deception in psychological research? A. Deception is similar to "technical illusions" frequently used in society. B. Deception is sometimes required to cause participants to adopt certain attitudes or behaviors. C. General moral principles are occasionally suspended in other areas of life, such as in legal situations. D. Deception causes people to believe psychologists are "tricksters" or liars. Level: Factual 36. (p. 74) Which of the following has been used as an argument for the use of deception in psychological research? A. Deception is used so infrequently in psychological research that it should be banned. B. Deception causes people to not trust experts. C. General moral principles are sometimes suspended in other areas of life, such as in legal and medical practice. D. Deception contradicts the principle of informed consent in research. Level: Factual 37. (p. 75) In the Milgram obedience studies, deception took place because A. participants were told the study was about obedience to authority figures. B. all the participants were male. C. psychological researchers don't usually wear white lab coats. D. participants believed they were shocking another person. Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 38. (p. 75-76) Which of the following uses of deception is always unethical? A. deceiving participants to get them to take part in research that involves more than minimal risk B. deceiving participants to gain access to a particular group or setting C. deceiving participants to be able to implement a specific independent variable D. deceiving participants to get them to adopt certain attitudes or behaviors Level: Factual 39. (p. 76) Which of the following is not an important consideration for a researcher who is designing an experiment that will involve deception? A. the availability of alternative, deception-free methods for carrying out the research B. how many people will participate in the research C. the importance of the study to scientific knowledge D. the degree of deception involved and the possibility of risk to the participants Level: Factual 40. (p. 77) Debriefing individuals following their participation in research follows directly from the moral principles of A. confidentiality and privacy. B. malfeasance and dignity. C. human interest and gratitude. D. beneficence and respect. Level: Factual 41. (p. 77) Which of the following procedures is essential after an experiment involving the use of deception? A. informed consent B. debriefing C. research evaluation form D. legal disclaimer statement Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 42. (p. 77) Whenever deception is used, the researcher has the ethical responsibility to A. tell the participant about the deception as part of the informed consent procedure. B. withhold information from the participant concerning the reasons for using deception. C. debrief the participant about the deception. D. maintain confidentiality regarding the use of deception. Level: Factual 43. (p. 77) Debriefing following the use of deception should include all of the following except A. descriptions of people who were tricked by the deception and those who figured it out. B. an explanation for the use of deception. C. an attempt to address any misconceptions participants may have about the research. D. an effort to remove any harmful effects resulting from the deception. Level: Factual 44. (p. 77) The primary goal of debriefing participants at the end of a research session is to A. make sure participants have completed the entire study. B. learn about any errors in the research procedure. C. ask participants for their ideas regarding future research. D. make sure individuals feel good about their participation. Level: Factual 45. (p. 78) A student researcher learns during a debriefing procedure that participants misunderstood the instructions for the research task. This clearly demonstrates that A. the research project should have used deception. B. researchers also can benefit from the debriefing procedure. C. the study likely involved more than minimal risk. D. the order of publication credit should be revised. Level: Applied Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 46. (p. 79) The overriding goal of regulations that guide research with animals is A. making sure that animal rights groups do not sabotage research projects. B. making sure the research has direct application to humans. C. protecting the welfare of the animals. D. helping people to understand humans' dominion over animals. Level: Factual 47. (p. 79-80) Which of the following statements concerning the use of animals in research is true? A. Animals may never be subjected to pain or discomfort in research. B. Animals may be subjected to pain or discomfort only when an alternative procedure is not available. C. Animals may be subjected to pain or discomfort only when the scientific goals justify such procedures. D. Animals may be subjected to pain or discomfort only when an alternative procedure is not available and the scientific goals justify such procedures. Level: Factual 48. (p. 80) Which of the following is not one of the areas that Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUC) are charged to review? A. budget for the proposed research B. procedures for controlling pain C. adequacy of housing for the animals D. procedures for training personnel who will work with the animals Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 49. (p. 80) The suggestion that animals be used in research only when the results of the research have direct, apparent application to humans is most threatening to A. research animals. B. funding programs for applied research. C. basic research. D. all of these Level: Factual 50. (p. 81) With respect to animal research, the philosophical position of utilitarianism suggests that A. the moral status of humans is greater than that of animals. B. the best choice among alternatives is one that produces the best overall consequences for all. C. humans should appeal to religious viewpoints when making ethical decisions. D. human welfare should always be considered ahead of the suffering of animals. Level: Factual 51. (p. 81) The primary goal of publishing research in a psychology journal is A. to communicate the results to the scientific community and society. B. to increase chances for continued funding of the research program. C. to provide a method for debriefing research participants. D. all of these Level: Factual 52. (p. 82) There is a general consensus among research psychologists that authorship of a scientific paper should be based mainly on the A. time a person has spent on the project. B. number of previous publications on the same topic a person has. C. scholarly importance of the person's contribution. D. person's status in terms of advanced degrees and academic position. Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 53. (p. 82) A faculty member adds a student's name to the list of authors for a research manuscript in order to help that student get into graduate school. The student's contribution to the research project was to enter responses to survey questions into the computer. This is an example of A. plagiarism. B. ethical recognition of the student's contribution to the research project. C. unethical assignment of authorship credit. D. failure to credit a secondary source. Level: Applied 54. (p. 82) Presenting substantial portions of another person's work as your own is called A. secondary source. B. plagiarism. C. paraphrasing. D. authorship credit. Level: Factual 55. (p. 82) When citing another person's thinking or ideas, a "substantial element" refers to A. any key idea or concept, even a single word. B. phrases that are at least 10 or more words. C. anything that requires quotation marks in the citation. D. concepts that are cited in a secondary source. Level: Factual 56. (p. 83) When the exact words from a source are used in a manuscript, which of the following is required? A. the source must be properly identified B. the location of the source C. quotation marks D. all of these Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 57. (p. 83) When making reference in your paper to an original source that you have not read but learned about in a secondary source (such as a textbook), you should A. not mention any source at all so as not to confuse the reader. B. omit the information entirely until you read the original source. C. cite the original source of the information, not the source you read. D. cite the secondary source in which you found the original source, and write, "as cited in¼" Level: Factual 58. (p. 83) When writing a report describing a class research project, a student paraphrased some material from a psychology journal article. In order to avoid a charge of plagiarism, the student should A. list the article in the references section at the end of the report, but not identify it in the text of the report. B. identify the author and publication year of the journal article in the same sentence as the paraphrased material. C. include quotation marks around the paraphrased material. D. identify the author of the journal article at the end of the paragraph in which the material was cited. Level: Applied 59. (p. 84) The process of making an ethical decision involves A. identifying the ethical guidelines that are relevant in a situation and what is at stake for all parties involved. B. deciding that an ethical decision is good if it makes everyone happy. C. applying a clear and definitive set of guidelines for ethical research. D. maintaining the anonymity of the researchers who are conducting the research. Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 60. (p. 84) To ensure the welfare of participants in studies based on the Milgram experiment, recent modifications of the obedience procedure included A. telling participants prior to the experiment that the shock they would administer was not real. B. showing participants photos from the original obedience studies from the 1960s. C. withholding payment for participation until all participants completed the study. D. stopping the experiment once participants administered 150 volts, rather than 450. Level: Factual 61. (p. 84-85) When completing the steps for ethical decision making, the "correctness" of an ethical decision should be judged according to whether A. everyone is happy with the decision. B. a fair and ethical process was followed for making the decision. C. the rights of the researcher were given prominence. D. the financial support for the research is not jeopardized by the decision. Level: Factual 62. (p. 85) A final step when researchers submit a manuscript for publication in an APA- sponsored journal is to A. release all informed consent forms completed by participants. B. submit a review of the research to their university IRB. C. complete an Ethical Compliance Checklist. D. seek the permission of individual research participants. Level: Factual Downloaded by: eleshamcfarlane | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Chapter 04