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BIOS 255 Final Exam(Up-to-date, 2023-2024)(V1) / BIOS255 Final Exam / BIOS 255 Week 8 Final Exam / BIOS255 Week 8 Final Exam: A & P III: Chamberlain College of Nursing written by NURSINGEXAM www.stuvia.com Downloaded by: shantaeevans | [email protected] Distribution of this document is il...

BIOS 255 Final Exam(Up-to-date, 2023-2024)(V1) / BIOS255 Final Exam / BIOS 255 Week 8 Final Exam / BIOS255 Week 8 Final Exam: A & P III: Chamberlain College of Nursing written by NURSINGEXAM www.stuvia.com Downloaded by: shantaeevans | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material BIOS 255 FINAL EXAM 1. Explain the difference between nonspecific and specific defense and the role of lymphocytes in each of the immune response. Nonspecific Resistance (Innate Immunity)  Present at birth ad includes defense mechanisms that provide general protection against invasion by a wide range of pathogens Immunity (Adaptive Immunity)  Involves activation of specific lymphocytes that combat a particular pathogen or other foreign substance Lymphocytes provide specific defense. They respond to the presence of invading pathogens, abnormal body cells, and foreign proteins by physical and chemical attacks. 2. Identify the major components of the lymphatic system and explain their functions. Thymus – produces T-cells for immune response. The spleen - largest single mass of lymphatic tissue in the body. The spleen destroy blood-borne pathogens and worn-out red blood cells by phagocytosis Lymph Nodes- produce lymphocytes that kill pathogens, harmful foreign particles and debris from lymph before it is returned to the blood stream. Lymph vessels -act as reservoirs for plasma and other substances including cells that have leaked from the vascular system and transport lymph fluid back from the tissues to the circulatory system. Tonsils - trap bacteria and viruses that are people breathe. Antibodies produced in the tonsils kill these bacteria and viruses to prevent throat and lung infections. Downloaded by: shantaeevans | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 3. List the body’s nonspecific defenses, and explain the function of two of them, also describe the components and mechanisms. Nonspecific Resistance (Innate Immunity)- Present at birth ad includes defense mechanisms that provide general protection against invasion by a wide range of pathogens Mechanical defenses  Epidermis of skin Forms physical barrier to entrance of microbes.  Mucous membranes Inhibit entrance of many microbes, but not as effective as intact skin.  Mucus Traps microbes in respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.  Hairs Filter out microbes and dust in nose. Cilia Together with mucus trap and remove microbes and dust from upper respiratory tract.  Lacrimal apparatus Tears dilute and wash away irritating substances and microbes.  Saliva Washes microbes from surfaces of teeth and mucous membranes of mouth.  Urine Washes microbes from urethra.  Defecation and vomiting Expel microbes from body. Chemical defenses  Sebum Forms protective acidic film over skin surface that inhibits growth of many microbes.  Lysozyme Antimicrobial substance in perspiration, tears, saliva, nasal secretions, and tissue fluids.  Gastric juice Destroys bacteria and most toxins in stomach.  Vaginal secretions Slight acidity discourages bacterial growth; flush microbes out of vagina. 4. Discuss the types of T cells and the role played by each in the immune response, and explain the Downloaded by: shantaeevans | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material mechanisms of their activation.  Cytotoxic T cell -Kills host target cells by releasing granzymes that induce apoptosis, perforin that forms channels to cause cytolysis, granulysin that destroys microbes, lymphotoxin that destroys target cell DNA, gamma-interferon that attracts macrophages and increases their phagocytic activity, and macrophage migration inhibition factor that prevents macrophage migration from site of infection.  Helper T cell -Cooperates with B cells to amplify antibody production by plasma cells and secretes interleukin-2, which stimulates proliferation of T cells and B cells. May secrete gamma-IFN and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which stimulate inflammatory response.  Memory T cell -Remains in lymphatic tissue and recognizes original invading antigens, even years after first encounter. 5. Describe the mechanisms of B cell activation and the differentiation of plasma cells and memory B cells.  B cell- Differentiates into antibody-producing plasma cell.  Plasma cell -Descendant of B cell that produces and secretes antibodies.  Memory B cell -Descendant of B cell that remains after immune response and is ready to respond rapidly and forcefully should the same antigen enter body in future. 6. Describe the structure of an antibody, and discuss the types and functions of antibodies in body fluids and secretions. Downloaded by: shantaeevans | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Downloaded by: shantaeevans | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Classes of Immunoglobulins (Igs)  IgG - 80% of all antibodies in blood; found in blood, lymph, and intestines; monomer (one-unit) structure. Protects against bacteria and viruses by enhancing phagocytosis, neutralizing toxins, and triggering complement system.  IgA- 10–15% of all antibodies in blood, found mainly in sweat, tears, saliva, mucus, breast milk, and gastrointestinal secretions. Provides localized protection of mucous membranes against bacteria and viruses. Decrease during stress, lowering resistance to infection.  IgM - 5–10% of all antibodies in blood; also found in lymph. Activates complement and causes agglutination and lysis of microbes.  IgD- 0.2% of all antibodies in blood. Found on surfaces of B cells as antigen receptors, where it occurs as monomers; involved in activation of B cells.  IgE Less than 0.1% of all antibodies in blood; occurs as monomers; located on mast cells and basophils. Involved in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions; provides protection against parasitic worms. 7. Identify the organs forming the respiratory passageway(s) in descending order until the alveoli are reached. Distinguish between conducting and respiratory zone structures. The organs that form the respiratory passageway(s) in descending order are the: nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses; the pharynx; the larynx; the trachea; the bronchi and their smaller branches; and the lungs, which contain the terminal air sacs, or alveoli. The conducting zone consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles which forms continuous passageway for air to move in and out of the lungs while the respiratory zone consisted of the Downloaded by: shantaeevans | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli which allow inhaled oxygen (O2) to diffuse into the lung capillaries in exchange for carbon dioxide (CO2). 8. List several physical factors that influence pulmonary ventilation and list the various lung volumes and capacities. Factors That influence pulmonary ventilation are: Surface tension -Inwardly directed force in the alveoli which must be overcome to expand the lungs during each inspiration Elastic recoil -Decreases the size of the alveoli during expiration Compliance- Ease with which the lungs and thoracic wall can be expanded Lung Volumes and Capacities  Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) –Male 3100ml , Female 1900ml  Tidal Volume (TV) 500mL male and female  Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)- Male 1200ml, Female 700ml  Residual Volume (RV) – Male 1200ml, Female 1100ml  Inspiratory Capacity (IC) – Male 3600ml, Female 2400ml  Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)- Male 2400ml, Female 1800m)  Vital Capacity (VC)- Male 4800ml, Female 3100ml  Total Lung Capacity (TLC)- Male 6000ml, Female 4200ml Downloaded by: shantaeevans | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 9. Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood. Most O2 is transported by hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin (Hb–O2) within red blood cells; most CO2 is transported in blood plasma as bicarbonate ions (HCO-3). Oxygen:  1.5% of the O2 is dissolved in the plasma  98.5% of the O2 is carried by hemoglobin (Hb) Carbon dioxide:  7% of the CO2 is dissolved in the plasma  23% of the CO2 is carried by Hb inside red blood cells as carbaminohemoglobin  70% of the CO2 is transported as bicarbonate ions (HCO3) 10. Compare the causes and consequences of such conditions as chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, COPD, 'black lung,' and lung cancer. These conditions narrows or obstructs the airways to increases air resistance, so that more pressure is required to maintain the same airflow. Emphysema is a respiratory disease that destroys the walls of the alveoli, producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation. Emphysema is caused by a long-term irritation; cigarette smoke, air pollution, and occupational exposure to industrial. Treatment consists of cessation of smoking, removal of other environmental irritants, exercise training under careful medical supervision, breathing exercises, use of bronchodilators, and oxygen therapy. Downloaded by: shantaeevans | [email protected] Distribution of this document is illegal Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) Want to earn $1.236 extra per year?