BIOL-310 Vertebrate Zoology Study Guide PDF

Study Guide BIOL-310 lecture and lab: Vertebrate Zoology Quiz #1 Fishes Ch 1 – Evolution, Diversity, and Classification of Vertebrates Make a Cladogram assignment - Approximately how many extant species are classified as ‘vertebrates’? 67,000 - Which vertebrate taxonomic gr...

Study Guide BIOL-310 lecture and lab: Vertebrate Zoology Quiz #1 Fishes Ch 1 – Evolution, Diversity, and Classification of Vertebrates Make a Cladogram assignment - Approximately how many extant species are classified as ‘vertebrates’? 67,000 - Which vertebrate taxonomic group is the most diverse (i.e., has the most species)? Actinopterygii - What is the binomial nomenclature of a species? Can you give an example? A genus name and a species name. Ex. Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus) - What is the hierarchical classification in taxonomy? Hint: K P C O F G S Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Family, Order, Genus, Species - Define the following terms: phylogenetic tree and systematics (cladistics), clade or monophyletic grouping, outgroup, apomorphies, synapomorphies, synapomorphines, cladogram, parsimony Shared derived characteristics are called synapomorphies. A derived character is called an apomorphy (away from the ancestral condition). An outgroup is a group that is less closely related to any members of the ingroups than those members are to each other. Synapomorphines “away, together” Diagrams showing relationships amongst species using derived characters Phylogenies show sequences of branching during evolution - What is homology? What is homoplasy? Can you give an example of each? Homology: organisms share similar structures due to evolving from a common ancestor Homplasy: different species develop similar structures to each other but do not share a common ancestor 1 - Can you draw a simple cladogram based on morphological characteristics and/or # DNA mutations? Can you use a phylogenetic tree to label which groups share a common ancestor with others? Can you label the synapomorphic characters, synapomorphines, and apomorphic characters if given a tree to demonstrate your understanding of those terms? Yes…………. - What is evolution? Can you give a complete definition of natural selection? Can you define phenotype, fitness, and adaptation? What are other processes that can be responsible for changing allele frequencies in a population over time? Can you describe how speciation relates to these concepts? Lab 1 – Behavioral sampling of gray squirrels - What are the two different observation sampling methods, when are each most appropriate, and how do you collect data for each? What are events, and what are states? What is an ethogram? Is completing just one or two sampling periods a good overall sample to test hypotheses related to how much time a species spends performing different states? If not, then how could this be improved? Ethogram: behaviors an animal engages in Continuous Sampling and Instantaneous Sampling Continuous sampling: watching and observing one “focal” animal for a set amount of time One animal is observed at a time NOT good for watching large groups of animals Good for studying both states and events 2 Instantaneous sampling: record behaviors that occur only at the instant of a pre-set time; ignore behaviors that occur any other time Many animals observed at one time Good for watching large groups Good for studying animal states States: behaviors of long durations Events: behaviors of short durations 3 Ch 2 – What is a vertebrate? Video clips of cephalochordates (lancelets-amphioxus) and urochordates (tunicates) - What are some of the defining characteristics for organisms in Kingdom Animalia (metazoa)? eukaryotic, multicellular organisms, and almost all animals have specialized tissues - What are the ways that protostomes differ from deuterostomes? In protostomes, the first opening in the embryo becomes the mouth. In deuterostomes, the first opening in the embryo becomes the anus, and the mouth develops later. Protostomes have spiral cleavage, deuterostomes have radial cleavage. What are the roots of these two names? Protostome = first mouth, deuterostome = second mouth. - What are the four (or five) synapomorphic characters for groups of organisms in Phylum Chordata? Describe each. Notochord: A flexible rod-like structure that provides support during development, later developing into the vertebral column in vertebrates. Dorsal hollow nerve cord: A nerve cord located along the back of the animal, which develops into the central nervous system. Pharyngeal slits: Openings in the pharynx that function in filter feeding in some chordates and develop into gills in fish. Post-anal tail: A tail extending beyond the anus. 4 Endostyle/Thyroid gland: A groove in the pharynx that produces mucus for filter feeding and is considered a precursor to the thyroid gland in vertebrates. - What are the two closest living Phyla to Phylum Chordata (that is, what are the other groups of deuterostomes)? Hemichordates and Echinoderms (Ambulacraria) - What are the two subphyla that are considered nonvertebrate chordates, and what is the common name of the organisms found in each? Cephalochordata: Lancelets & Urochordata: Tunicates. What are the muscles called that Cephalochordates possess that Urochordates do not? Myomeres - What is a lancelet? What are the defining characteristics of a lancelet? Cephalochordate, suspension feeders that extract small particles suspended in the water. - What is a tunicate? Motile, filter-feeders, 2,000 species, Urochordates are considered as sister taxa to vertebrates. What are the defining characteristics of a tunicate? Motile, filter-feeders, retain all five chordate synapomorphies. What are the main characteristics of a larval tunicate compared to an adult tunicate for the ascidians? Motile, non-feeding larvae, metamorphose to become sessile adults, tunic is made of cellulose, filter particles with pharynx and capture them with secretions from the endostyle - Which one – urochordates or cephalochordates – are now considered a sister taxa to vertebrates? Urochordates - What do we know about chordate origin and evolution? Internal organization is upside down Embryos express genes on dorsal side Pharyngeal gill slits are homologous across deuterostomes (present in hemichordates) Vertebrates have pharyngeal arches (containing neural, muscular, circulatory, and skeletal tissues created from neural crest cells). 5 - What is a ‘vertebrate’? Name the single main defining characteristic, and other characteristics. Vertebrates have backbones Cranium Have a head and trunk Much larger than non-vertebrate chordates NOT filter-feeders - Why are somites significant? Segmented blocks of mesoderm forming on either side of the neural tube. Segmentally arranged vertebrae, dermis, and skeletal muscle. Neural crest cells? Important in the development of structures: Neural Muscular Circulatory Skeletal Neural crest develops in the head and trunk 6 Lab 2 – Fishing in Dublin - What species did you catch? What Kingdom, Phylum, Order, Class, and Family does it below to? Is it endangered? What is its description (and how does it differ from other similar looking species in the same genus or family), reproduction, and habitat? What are some fun facts about it? What is one example from a peer-reviewed article about how scientists study this species? Did they use fishing rods, kick seining, electroshocking, or ? Bluegill sunfish Reproduction or Spawning: A majority of Bluegill spawning/reproduction happens in the middle of May to the middle of June. During this time the water temperatures are around 65-70◦F. They tend to build nests 1-4ft into the water, either in sand or in gravel. Male Bluegills will usually create a space with their tails where the females can then lay their eggs. Female Bluegills can lay anywhere from 10,000 to 60,000 eggs. The male fish will guard the nest full of eggs, which will usually hatch within the next five days that follow. Habitat: Bluegill Sunfish can be found throughout lakes and ponds in Ohio. They aren’t usually found very deep in the water, and are usually found near aquatic plants, providing them cover and protection from predators. They can also be found in swamps, creeks, or streams. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata 7  Class: Actinopterygii Order: Perciformes Family: Centrarchidae Three fun facts: · I learned that Bluegills are native to St. Lawrence-Great Lakes and the Mississippi River · I learned that the species was initially introduced to North America because of recreational fishing. · I learned that they are now seen as pests as they have been a problem with overcrowding and preventing the growth of the other fish in the area. 8 Ch 3 - Jawless Vertebrates and Origin of Jawed Vertebrates Videos and other links about hagfish and lampreys - What are synapomorphies of Subphylum Vertebrata? Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, endostyle, pharyngeal gill slits, and post anal tail - What is name of the Superclass of vertebrates that do not have a jaw (contains both extant and extinct species)? Agnathostomes. What are the two main groups (orders) of extant jawless vertebrates? Hagfish and lampreys. For hagfish and lampreys together, what is this group called? Agnathans - What are the defining characteristics hagfishes? Jawless, produce slime, cartilaginous skeleton, no paired fins - What are the defining characteristics of lampreys? Jawless, cartilaginous skeleton, dorsal fins, gill slits, mouth feeds by suction but has teeth - What is one parasitic species lamprey found in Ohio? Sea lamprey What is one freshwater lamprey species found in Ohio? Least brook lamprey - What is the name of the Superclass of jawed vertebrates? Gnathostomata. What characteristics do they possess in the basic body plan? Jaws, paired appendages, vertebrates, separate sexes - What did the jaw likely evolve from? Pharyngeal arches - What is the evolutionary significance of the jaw? Better for predators to attach their prey; feeding overall. Of paired fins? Paired fins are better for movement (navigation through the water) and also escaping predators because you can move quicker and more thoroughly. - What was a placoderm? An extinct species of fish and the first fish with a jaw. How did it differ from an ostracoderm? The placoderm had a jaw the ostracoderm did not. 9 - What Class of vertebrates are considered the cartilaginous fishes? Chondrichthyes. What are some main defining characteristics of this group? What are some organisms found in this Class? Cartilaginous skeleton, gills, paired fins - What type of tail (caudal) fin do sharks possess? Heterocercal Describe or draw this type of tail fin. What is its significance? The heterocercal fin provides better thrust for the shark when moving through the water. I imagine this helps when seeking and going after prey. Video History Channel Evolve series - Evolution of Jaws episode (turn in notes for extra credit on Quiz #1) – be prepared to discuss some things you noted in the video Ch 4 and 8 – Radiation and Diversity of Osteichthyes, and Living in Water - What are the main defining synapomorphic characteristics of fishes in Osteichthyes? Hint: think lung or swim bladder and bony ossified endoskeleton with numerous vertebrae. Operculum (bony, protects the gills), air sac (lungs or as filled bladders) - How does water versus air differ in general in regard to density, viscosity, and oxygen content? Water is denser, has higher viscosity, and less oxygen 10 - How does the swim bladder work in most fishes for adjusting buoyancy? When the swim bladder expands it will increase in volume and therefore displace more water. This increases the fish's buoyancy and it will float upward. When the swim bladder deflates the fish's buoyancy decreases and it will sink as it displaces less water. - How does respiration occur in the gills? Water constantly inhaled through the mouth travels backward between the gill bars and over the gill filaments, where gases are exchanged. The blood capillaries present in the gill filaments are closer to the gill's surface, allowing them to absorb oxygen from the water and expel excess carbon dioxide. Why is it called a countercurrent exchange? Two fluids flow in opposite directions of each other. How are the gills well-adapted for efficient respiration, particularly in highly active fish? Their gills are formed from paper-thin tissues that are full of blood. The movement of water across the surface of these tissues allows oxygen in the water to diffuse into the bloodstream. Can you label the operculum and the gills on a figure? - What is the lateral line system and how does it work in general? What is its function? Protects aquatic fishes from injury caused by predatory attacks and collisions with surrounding objects. The lateral line system functions by detecting pressure waves created by ambient water flow. 11 - How do freshwater teleost fish maintain homeostasis in regard to water and salt regulation? active absorption and passive gain of water by excretion of dilute urine. How is the situation different in marine environments? Marine fishes are surrounded by saltwater, so their urine is less dilute and more composed of salt complexes compared to that of freshwater fishes. - What period in geologic history is known as the Age of the Fishes? Devonian Period. Approximately how many millions of years ago was this? 3.5 to 4 million years ago - What is the Superclass of bony fishes called? Osteichthyes. What is the Class of ray-finned fishes? Actinopterygii. What is the Class of lobe (fleshy)-finned fishes? Sarcopterygii - What is the most species-rich class, and superorder? Insects - What are some characteristics of fishes in Osteichthyes? Bony, swim bladder, operculum covering gills, paired fins - Be prepared to label the different types of fins on a fish 12 - Be prepared to identify the common types of tail (caudal) fins on a fish 13 - Where is the operculum, what is its function, and what does it allow fishes to accomplish? the bony flap that protects the gills from harm. It opens and closes to allow water to pass over the gills. - Can you give the common name of the museum specimens we identified in class and correctly place them in Class Actinopterygii? Rainbow darter, Green sunfish, Striped shiner, Banded darter, Greenside darter, Northern hog sucker - Can you identify a South American lungfish and place it into the Class Sarcopterygii? Yes - What are the two groups of lobe (fleshy)-finned fishes? Lungfish and Coelacanths. What are the main defining synapomorphic characteristics of Sarcopterygiians fleshy pectoral and pelvic (paired) fins that articulate with the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic (hip) girdles via a single bone. This is apparent in the coelacanths and lungfishes(Hint: think unique supporting skeleton in fins)? - What is the name of the extinct group of sarcopterygians that likely gave rise to the tetrapods? Tetrapodomorphs Lab 3 – Creekin’ with Marc (Kick seining in Big Walnut Creek in Gahanna near Friendship Park) - Can you describe how to kick seine, and what equipment and supplies are needed in the field? - Can you pick one species we observed and state its full common name, family, description, status, food, habitat and habits, and reproduction. Can you also briefly describe a project about it that has been published in a scientific journal? To kick seine, you want to find an area within the water that potentially has some organisms to capture in a net. Then, you and your partner want to place the poles (placed on either side of the net) in the water and have someone in front of you and your partner 14  kicking/shuffling towards the net as you and the other person begin to lift the net from the water to see what got washed in while the net was beneath the surface. Greenside darter, Percidae, blunt snouts with ‘v’/’w’ shaped spots on the body with large pectoral fins, common, eat fly larvae or small invertebrates, usually prefer medium sized water sources with good vegetation, spawn typically in April and males watch the eggs A scientific journal that I read looked into the habits of the northern hog sucker. Their goal was to highlight the importance of habitat diversity amongst species. Ch 9 – Extant Bony Fishes Video clips on Coral reef fish danger and Fish vortex and Secrets of schooling Active Learning Activity on Why Do Fish Swim in Schools? - What threats are fish facing in Ohio? Overfishing and global warming. What is the cause of those threats, either indirectly or directly? Overfishing can lead to species extinction because they do not have enough time to reproduce quick enough to revive the population. Global warming is a huge issue because of carbon emissions, pollution, littering, farming, etc. - Can you name an endangered fish species in Ohio? Brook trout - What is an example of fisheries management in Ohio? Monitoring and fishing regulations - What are some of the basic movements of swimming fish? Undilation, tail swishing, use of fins. What forces do they need to overcome to move around in aquatic environments? fish contracting muscles 15 on either side of its body What is the name of the muscles that are contracting on one side and then the other side of the fish? Myomeres - Is there diversity among fishes in undulation versus oscillation and the role of fins in swimming? Yes, there is significant diversity among fishes in how they utilize undulatory (wave-like) versus oscillatory (back-and-forth) movements while swimming - What is shoaling vs. schooling? Schoaling: a behavior where fish swim together in groups, often for social reasons or to avoid predators. Shoaling is when fish stay together in a loose group, but they don't move or behave in unison. Schooling: fish that swim together in a coordinated manner, usually in the same direction and at the same speed What are some possible benefits of shoaling? Increased success in finding food, access to potential mates, and increased protection from predators - Based on research published by Marras et al. (2015) – group activity we read in class – what are some possible advantages and costs of animals being in a group? Better protection from predators and easier to acquire food. Is there an energetic benefit for all fish no matter their position in the school? Yes. Where in the school do fish save the most energy? Somewhere in the middle (not the front, not the back). Based on this study, what do you conclude about fish in schools? Fish being in schools can provide the fish with more protection compared to being alone and it can also help some of the fish in the group to save their energy. There can also be some benefit to metabolic rate and whatnot because the fish towards the middle of school are exerting less energy so their metabolic rate is slower 16 compared to the fish (especially) towards the front of the school. This would mean they most likely have to eat more food more frequently as the speed of their metabolism is most likely faster. - What is the general life cycle of a teleost fish? the egg, the larva, the juvenile and the adult - Define the terms dioecious, external fertilization, and oviparity, which define most teleost fishes Dioecious animals are those animals in which male and female reproductive organs are present in separate individuals External fertilization: a reproductive process where the sperm of a male fertilizes the egg of a female outside of the female's body Oviparity: the process of laying eggs as a method of reproduction - Are most teleosts gonochoristic? What does that mean? Yes, most teleost fish are gonochoristic, meaning that they are either male or female and remain that way throughout their lives 17 Current issues about fishes – class presentations - Describe at least three current issues related to fishes, and for each discuss the causes, solutions, and why the issue is important 1. Deforestation of Ohio’s Riparian Corridors Chemical fertilizers, high rates of pollution, pollution clogs mayfly gills Vertebrates are primary consumers in the food chain and their food source is being eliminated Advocate for species & attend council meetings in your area to try and prevent deforestation 2. Why Fish are Spinning in Florida Spinning in ocean and washing up on shore dead Could be caused by toxins in the water (more specifically an algal neurotoxin called ciguatoxin) Sawfish have taken biggest hit Efforts to rescue and protect sawfish 3. Heavy Metals and the Impacts on Fish Behavior Main causes: climate change, urbanization, industrialization Weakens food chain Can damage liver tissue of fish Lead to cell death Limiting pollution and industrialization can help 18