Study Guide - Textbook Unit 7 Disorders of Hematopoietic System PDF

Study Guide - Textbook Unit 7 Disorders of Hematopoietic System This study guide is for the sole purpose of helping the students structure their studying habits. In no way are all items listed inclusive or exclusive of potential test questions. You are responsible for material from the lecture and...

Study Guide - Textbook Unit 7 Disorders of Hematopoietic System This study guide is for the sole purpose of helping the students structure their studying habits. In no way are all items listed inclusive or exclusive of potential test questions. You are responsible for material from the lecture and your readings in the textbook. 1. Recall the important anatomic and physiologic features of the hematopoietic system. (this is important information found in Chapter #21 that you should know but I do not cover during the lecture). a. Recall the composition of blood and the formation of blood cells. b. Describe the composition and functions of plasma. c. Understand the function and life span of blood cells. i. What is the lifespan of an RBC? d. Describe the components of a complete blood count with differential. i. Identify the specific granulocytes and the agranulocytes. 1. State the function of each type of leukocyte. 2. State the purpose of coagulation. a. What is hemostasis? 3. State and describe the three stages of hemostasis in proper sequence. a. Vessel spasm b. Formation of the platelet plug c. Blood coagulation 4. Recall the processes that occur that allow for the dissolution of a newly formed clot. a. Clot retraction b. Clot dissolution 5. Compare normal and abnormal clotting. a. Bleeding disorders i. Disorders of platelets 1. Decreased platelet production. 2. Increased platelet destruction. 3. Platelets are used up in the process of forming clots. 4. Impaired platelet function. a. Describe the effects that aspirin has on platelet function. 1  Study Guide - Textbook Unit 7 5. Describe the terms and consequences of thrombocythemia and thrombocytopenia. b. Deficiency of clotting factors. i. Factor V Leiden deficiency ii. Describe the condition known as disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and explain the causes of this bleeding disorder. 6. Define the terms important in describing red blood cell disorders. a. Red blood cell count b. Percentage of reticulocytes c. Hemoglobin d. Hematocrit e. Mean corpuscular volume. f. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. g. Erythropoiesis i. What is the purpose of the hormone erythropoietin? h. How are the above terms related to the diagnosis of anemia? 7. Describe the causes and manifestations of anemia. a. Define anemia. i. An indication of some disease process or alteration in body function. ii. What are the overall effects of being anemic (three categories)? 1. Problems associated with impaired oxygen transport. 2. Reduction in red cell indices and hemoglobin levels 3. Signs and symptoms associated with the underlying pathologic process. b. Describe the three general categories of anemia. i. Blood loss anemia 1. The rate of loss is important to the signs and symptoms. 2. Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. 3. Loss of iron stores in the body. ii. Hemolytic anemia 1. Result in free hemoglobin released in blood. 2. Due to membrane disorders. 2  Study Guide - Textbook Unit 7 a. Hereditary spherocytosis 3. Due to hemoglobinopathies. a. Sickle cell disease i. Explain the cause of sickling in sickle cell anemia. 1. List the common factors that trigger a sickling crisis. b. Thalassemia i. Explain the underlying problem in patients with thalassemia. 1. How is thalassemia acquired? 2. How common is thalassemia? iii. Deficient red cell production anemia 1. Iron deficiency anemia a. How is chronic blood loss (e.g., menstrual bleeding or chronic GI bleeding) related to iron deficiency anemia? b. List treatment options for iron deficiency anemia. c. This is the most common cause of anemia. 2. Megaloblastic anemia a. B12 deficiency i. Describe the anemia known as pernicious anemia. ii. Describe the relationship of intrinsic factors to pernicious anemia. iii. What foods are high in B12? b. Folic acid deficiency i. Describe the risk factors for folic acid deficiency. 3. Aplastic anemia (bone marrow depression) 4. Chronic disease anemias a. Chronic inflammation b. Chronic renal failure 8. Describe the condition of polycythemia. a. Differentiate primary from secondary polycythemia. i. Describe the condition known as polycythemia vera. 3  Study Guide - Textbook Unit 7 b. Identify potential complications of polycythemia. i. The manifestations of polycythemia are related to increased blood volume and viscosity that lead to hypertension and stagnation of blood flow. 9. Describe the different types of white blood cells. a. What WBC type is most abundant? i. Define the term leukocytosis. 10. List the three subtypes of granulocytes and briefly describe their role in the body. a. Neutrophil i. These are primary pathogen-fighting cells. ii. What conditions may cause an increase in neutrophils? b. Eosinophil i. These help control allergic responses and help fight parasites. ii. What conditions may cause an increase in eosinophils? c. Basophil i. These release inflammatory mediators and are involved in allergic reactions. ii. What are mast cells? 11. Define the important terms associated with white blood cell disorders. a. Leukopenia b. Leukocytosis c. Neutropenia d. Agranulocytosis e. Aplastic anemia 12. Describe the condition known as infectious mononucleosis. a. What is the cause of this condition? i. Ebstein-Barr virus b. What are the clinical findings in patients with this condition? 13. Recall the pathology of neoplastic disorders of lymphoid origin (lymphomas) a. The lymphomas are a diverse group of solid tumors composed of neoplastic lymphoid cells b. Describe the condition known as lymphadenopathy. c. Identify the two groups of lymphomas. 4  Study Guide - Textbook Unit 7 i. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. 1. One of the most common cancers in the United States (4% of all cancers). 2. Spreads unpredictability 3. Unknown cause ii. Hodgkin lymphoma. 1. The presence of characteristic Reed-Sternberg cells. 2. Usually starts in a single lymph node. 3. Spreads to contiguous sites. 4. Unknown cause 14. Recall the pathology of leukemias. a. Leukemias are malignant neoplasms of cells originally derived from hematopoietic precursor cells. b. They are characterized by diffuse replacement of the bone marrow with unregulated, proliferating, immature neoplastic cells. c. In most cases, the leukemic cells spill out into the blood, where they are seen in large numbers. d. The cause of leukemia is unknown. e. Identify the 4 main types of leukemia. i. ALL - 1. Most common type in children. 2. Rapidly dividing immature cell types. ii. CLL - 1. More common in adults. 2. Chronic leukemias typically have more mature cells. iii. AML - 1. More common in adults. 2. Rapidly dividing immature cell types. iv. CML - 1. Chronic leukemias typically have more mature cells. 15. Describe the condition known as multiple myeloma. a. Describe the laboratory findings in this condition. 5  Study Guide - Textbook Unit 7 i. B-Cell malignancy. ii. Increase in a single monoclonal protein (M-Protein). iii. Associated with bone destruction and bone pain. 6