Study Guide-Lecture Exam 4 Fall 2024 Modified PDF

**Chapter 8 An Introduction to Microbial Metabolism: The Chemical Crossroads of Life** Metabolism is defined and a broad overview of the main anabolic and catabolic reactions performed by microorganisms is given. The structure of enzymes, the function of enzymes, and the different mechanisms that c...

**Chapter 8 An Introduction to Microbial Metabolism: The Chemical Crossroads of Life** Metabolism is defined and a broad overview of the main anabolic and catabolic reactions performed by microorganisms is given. The structure of enzymes, the function of enzymes, and the different mechanisms that control enzymes are examined. The three pathways of cellular respiration are reviewed: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and electron transport. Fermentation is presented in terms of organisms living in anaerobic environments. Photosynthesis is introduced and an overview of the different processes involved is given. The formation of macromolecules and the tremendous efficiency of microorganisms are highlighted. ***Expected Learning Outcomes*** 8.01 Define metabolism and differentiate its two types. 8.02 Describe the basic functions of enzymes in cells. 8.03 Outline the outstanding characteristics of enzymes. 8.04 Explain how enzymes lower the energy required for a reaction to occur. 8.05 Discuss enzyme structure and interactions between enzymes and substrates. 8.06 Describe the types of enzyme functions and methods of naming them. 8.08 Relate the diverse sources of energy and the cellular management of energy. 8.09 Describe biological oxidation-reduction and energy transfer. 8.10 Discuss the structure, basic formation, and roles of ATP in cells. 8.12 Describe the main catabolic pathways and where they occur in aerobic respiration. 8.13 Define glycolysis and explain its input and output, its basic steps, and how it is linked to the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. 8.14 Explain the basic steps in the Krebs cycle, its input and output, and how it is linked to oxidative phosphorylation. 8.17 Summarize the results of aerobic respiration. 8.18 Define and describe some reactions of anaerobic respiration. 8.19 Explain what is meant by the term fermentation and how it is used by natural biological systems and biotechnology. 8.20 Describe some of the process of fermentation and the products that result. 8.24 Outline the general reactions of photosynthesis and the importance it holds for the energetics of life. CHAPTER **Chapter 9 Microbial Genetics** This chapter introduces students to the study of genetics. The structure of DNA (which was introduced in Chapter 2) is reviewed and genes are introduced. The replication of DNA is presented and the need for fidelity is discussed. The processes of transcription and translation are presented in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The regulation of protein synthesis in terms of bacterial operons is discussed. Mutations are defined and the various types of mutations are explained. The three major types of bacterial recombination (conjugation, transformation, and transduction) are presented and transposons are introduced. [Expected Learning Outcomes] Define heredity, genetics, genome, gene, phenotype, and genotype. Compare the basic nature of genetic material in eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses. Explain how DNA is organized and packaged. Describe the chemical structure of DNA and its significance. List the nitrogenous bases and explain their bonding patterns. Describe the process of DNA replication as it occurs in prokaryotic cells. Present an overview of the main aspects of the flow of genetic information in cells. Explain the relationship between the structure of DNA and the structure of genetic expression. 10. Relate the major events of transcription. 11. Describe the genetic code, codons, anticodons, and how they relate to one another. 12. Recount the participants and steps in translation (protein synthesis). 13. Explain recombination in bacteria and what it involves. 14. Describe the main features of conjugation and its outcomes. 15. Discuss what is required for bacterial transformation and its outcomes. 16. Identify the basic processes involved in transduction and the end results. 17. Discuss transposons and their importance to microorganisms.