ICBM Study Guide for Unit 2 PDF

# N0068 ICBM Study Guide for Unit 2 ## Microbial Genetics & Mutations (Cowan Ch. 8.1-8.5) 1. Know the steps in DNA replication and the enzymes involved. 2. Know the steps of transcription of RNA and the enzymes and factors involved. 3. Know the steps of translation. - Understand how the genetic...

# N0068 ICBM Study Guide for Unit 2 ## Microbial Genetics & Mutations (Cowan Ch. 8.1-8.5) 1. Know the steps in DNA replication and the enzymes involved. 2. Know the steps of transcription of RNA and the enzymes and factors involved. 3. Know the steps of translation. - Understand how the genetic code works (codons, anti-codons, Wobble) - Know the roles of RNA involved: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA 4. Understand how bacteria regulate genes organized in operons - Know the lac operon as an example (how it works) 5. Describe the methods bacteria use to acquire genetic material (horizontal gene transfer) - Conjugation - Transformation - Transduction 6. Understand the impact of mutations in DNA, including: - Types of mutation - Causes of mutation ## Cell Cycle, Chromosomes, and Mitosis (Brooker Ch. 16.1-16.2) 1. Know the distinction between chromatin and chromosomes. 2. Know the distinction between autosomes and sex chromosomes. 3. Describe what sister chromatids and centromeres. 4. Understand what a karyotype represents. 5. Understand the role of telomeres/ telomerase in eukaryotic DNA replication. 6. Compare and contrast DNA replication, transcription, translation (eukaryotes vs prokaryotes). 7. Know the phases of the cell cycle and what happens in each. - G1, S, G2, M - What happens in G0 8. Understand the significance of cell cycle checkpoints. 9. Know the phases of mitosis and what happens in each. - Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase 10. Identify which types of cells undergo mitosis. 11. Identify which cell types undergo meiosis. 12. Know the general concept of what happens in meiosis: ie results in haploid gametes ## Microbial Nutrition and Growth (Cowan Ch. 6) 1. Know the different nutritional types of organisms—heterotroph vs autotroph 2. Know the meaning of macronutrients and micronutrients and examples of each 3. Know what growth factors are 4. Remember the 3 methods of transport microorganisms use to acquire nutrients 5. Understand the environmental effects on growth: - Temperature - Know the cardinal temperatures - Know the groups by temperature range - pH-know acidophiles vs alkaliphiles - Osmotic effects—know different examples - Oxygen effects - Know classes of bacteria and their O2 requirements - Know examples of toxic oxygen forms and the enzymes used for protection 6. Know what happens in binary fission - Know what doubling time/generation time means 7. Know the bacterial growth curve and what each part means - Lag phase - Exponential or Log phase - Stationary phase - Death or decline phase 8. How to measure cell growth - Direct methods - Indirect methods 9. Understand how bacteria grow in natural environments 10. What are biofilms and why are they significant? 11. Know the composition of a microbiome - Understand the significance of microbiomes in human health ## Physical and Chemical Controls of Microbial Growth (Cowen Ch. 9) 1. Know the definitions of these key words and how they are applied: - Sterilization - Disinfection - Decontamination/sanitization - Antisepsis/degermation - Microbicide (and all -cidal varieties covered) - Microbistatic (and all -static varieties covered) - Sepsis - Asepsis - Antiseptics 2. Know applications for the use of: - Moist heat - Dry heat - UV radiation - Ionizing (gamma and X-rays) radiation - Filtration - Cold 3. Know the different types of chemical agents, their mechanism of action, and their applications - Halogens (chlorine vs iodine) - Oxidizing agents (H2O2) - Aldehydes (glutaraldehyde) - Gases (ethylene oxide) - Phenol (triclosan) - Chlorhexidine (chlorine and phenolic rings) - Alcohol (ethanol, isopropanol) - Detergents (cationic quats > anionic) - Heavy metal compounds (silver nitrate topicals) - Acids and alkalis ## Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (Cowen Ch. 10) 1. Know what is meant by broad-spectrum vs narrow-spectrum drugs. 2. Know what is meant by the therapeutic index and its significance. 3. Know the mechanisms of action of antibiotics - Cell wall synthesis inhibition - Interference with cell membrane structure or function - Protein synthesis inhibitors - Inhibition of nucleic acid structure or function - Metabolic antagonists 4. Know these examples of antibiotics - Cell wall synthesis: Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Vancomycin and Teicoplanin - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors: Aminoglycosides (Streptomycin & Gentamycin); Tetracyclines; Macrolides (Erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin); Chloramphenicol - Metabolic Antagonists: Sulfonamides or Sulfa Drugs; Trimethoprim - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibition: Quinolones - Drugs That Target Cell Membranes: Polymyxin B; Daptomycin 5. Understand the significance of the β-lactam ring in penicillins and the problems of enzymes that attack it. 6. Understand the challenges of developing effective drugs for non-bacterial targets. 7. Understand the factors that influence the efficacy of antimicrobial drugs. 8. Understand the mechanisms of drug resistance demonstrated in bacteria. - Preventing entry - Efflux pumps - Drug inactivation - Modification of target - Use of alternative pathways 9. Understand how drug resistance is spread through bacterial populations. 10. Know the mechanisms of action of antivirals - Inhibition of virus entry: Receptor/fusion/uncoating inhibitors - Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis - Inhibition of viral assembly/release 11. Know the mechanisms of action of HIV antivirals and why we use a cocktail of these drugs. - Reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors - Protease inhibitors - Fusion inhibitors ## Microbial Interactions with Humans (Cowen Ch. 11) 1. Understand the role of the microbiome in protecting the host against invading organisms 2. Know what happens in each of the 5 steps of an infection: - Portal of entry - Attachment interactions - Surviving host defenses - Damaging the host/causing disease - Exiting the host 3. Know the “warning signals" of a possible infection - Signs vs symptoms—know definitions - What is a syndrome - Four cardinal signs of inflammation - Know what happens in sepsis 4. Know what happens in the course of an infection - Incubation period - Prodromal stage - Acute phase - Convalescent phase - Continuation phase - Understand the concepts of latency and sequelae 5. Understand how pathogens damage host cells and tissues. - Exoenzymes - Mucinase - Hyaluronidase - Coagulase - Exotoxins - Hemolysins - Botulinium toxin - Tetanus toxin - Enterotoxins-Cholera toxin - Endotoxins - LPS of all Gram-negative species 6. Understand how reservoirs of disease and transmission of disease are related, with examples. - Humans as reservoirs - Animals such as mammals, birds, reptiles as reservoirs - Arthropods can be reservoirs and transmitters (biological/ mechanical vectors) 7. Know the different patterns of transmission - Vertical - Horizontal - Indirect - Direct - Vector/Vehicle - Fomite 8. Understand the concept of a zoonosis - Understand concept of emerging diseases and why they are a threat - Role of changing environments, especially climate change 9. Understand the importance of nosocomial (Heathcare Acquired Infections=HAls) - Range from 0.1% to 20%, with average around 4% - Examples: C. difficile, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella sp., E. coli, Enterococcus sp. 10. Understand how Koch's Postulates are used to identify causative agents - Isolation, cultivation, inoculation, disease, recover pathogen - Problem of cultivation - Problem of polymicrobial infections 11. Know what is studied in Epidemiology and the significance of these measures - Understand the concepts of prevalence vs incidence of a disease - Know definitions of morbidity, mortality - Understand how the measure of Ro relates to the communicability of a disease - Know what happens in epidemics - common-source/point-source - propagated - Define reportable, endemic, pandemic, epidemic, and sporadic diseases