Study Guide for Test 2 PDF

Study guide for test 2 Learning and Behavior (chap 6) Memory, Remembering, Recalling, verbal behavior (chap 7) Perception (Chap 4 second half starting with synesthesia) Consciousness (Chap 5) awareness, altered and dissociative states Learning Classical conditioning (associa...

Study guide for test 2 Learning and Behavior (chap 6) Memory, Remembering, Recalling, verbal behavior (chap 7) Perception (Chap 4 second half starting with synesthesia) Consciousness (Chap 5) awareness, altered and dissociative states Learning Classical conditioning (associative learning) CS, US, CR, UR elicited reflexes, involuntary action Pavlov Extinction and spontaneous recover Excitation CS+ 100 bps clicker→food & inhibition CS- 200 bps clicker→ no food Discrimination and Generalization Note (I didn’t cover second order conditioning and backward conditioning…. I covered the essentials) Operant (Skinner) conditioning or instrumental (Thorndike) conditioning Here, the response produces a change in the environment (a consequence), which strengthens the behavior (or reinforces it). The behavior is said to be emitted by the organism R→Sr+ When the stimuli occasion outcomes, they are called discriminative stimuli (or SD) The SD sets the occasion for the response to lead to a consequence SD: R → Sr+ Light: lever press -→ food pellet Discrimination and generalization learning also occur with operant conditioning. The food pellet is the primary reinforcer and the SD that occasions the response can be a secondary reinforcer for a second response. Nose poke→Light: lever press→food pellet… KNOW Schedules of intermittent reinforcement (behavior resists extinction on these schedules) Fixed interval Variable interval Fixed ratio Variable ratio KNOW that reinforcement increases the likelihood of behavior and that punishment decreases the likelihood of behavior (this differs from extinction because punishment has a contingency in place for target behavior, whereas in extinction of the response, the rewarding contingency is simply removed regardless of the behavior that previously produced it. Common examples of behavior that is negatively reinforced are escape and avoidance behavior (escape the rain with umbrella etc) or avoid making eye contact with someone you choose not to interact with (they are aversive).  Positive reinforcement bar press for food…. Bar press increases food is the primary reinforcer Negative reinforcement bar press prevents or terminates shock and behavior increases as a result (escape and avoidance Positive punishment bar press produces shock, and bar press decreases Negative punishment bar pressing omits (removes) free food that would normally occur. Memory Encoding, storage, and retrieval components of remembering. Encoding strategies increase organization of to-be-recalled-information and therefore organize it effectively. Retrieval cues should coincide with the encoding strategy to maximize performance of recalling. Sensory memory (iconic and echoic) Sperling’s work of partial and whole report procedures (role of attention and iconic memory) Short Term Memory (limited, 7+ 2 bits, but chunking increases amount) LTM helps with strategies. The role of rote rehearsal (over and over again) and elaborative rehearsal (relating thematically) items to be remembered Serial position curve and it importance (Primacy and recency effect and the role of rehearsal and what happens when rehearsal is prevented by distraction). LTM (Paivio’s dual code hypothesis… that acoustic storage is critical but visual and semantic play roles too) “Nothing is forgotten…. Its about interference from PI and RI decay and the passage of time Ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve Encoding specificity Mood congruent recall Context dependent recall (method of loci and mnemonic devices) Drug State dependent recall Reconstructive memory (Loftus work on it… in book… I covered it differently) Perception (starting with SYNESTHESIA) Perceptual organization (Figure Ground) Perceptual Grouping principles (Gestalt principles …. The whole is different from the sum of the parts) Depth perception and monocular vs binocular cues (pg 166) Go over the perceptual illusions in the book and the perceptual constancies (size, shape, etc) Consciousness Sleep and dreaming Stages of sleep Circadian rhythm diurnal responses to light Dissociative learning Dichotic listening experiment of attended and un attended ears They threw stones at the bank (heard in attended ear) water or money (presented to unattended ear) Hefferline Thumb twitch study shows that remote responses are sensitive to their consequences. The thumb twitch produced the points, but participants also had electrical leads connected to other muscles… Conditioning without awareness….