PSY 2660 Social Psychology Study Guide for Exam 3 PDF

***[Ch. 5 = Prejudice]*** 1\. Define and distinguish the concepts of **stereotyping**, **prejudice**, and **discrimination**. 2\. Explain the different ways in which stereotypes form. Describe the human tendencies towards **social categorization** and the formation of **ingroup/outgroup** distinct...

***[Ch. 5 = Prejudice]*** 1\. Define and distinguish the concepts of **stereotyping**, **prejudice**, and **discrimination**. 2\. Explain the different ways in which stereotypes form. Describe the human tendencies towards **social categorization** and the formation of **ingroup/outgroup** distinctions, and discuss the repercussions of these tendencies. 3\. Describe the ways in which stereotypes are perpetuated, including illusory correlations, **socialization**, and the **outgroup homogeneity effect** 4.Identify factors that can impact whether or not stereotypes influence social judgment. Discuss the question of whether stereotyping is automatic or intentional, and consider the implications of this issue for real-world events. 5\. Explain how prejudice differs from stereotyping. Describe the significance of **realistic conflict theory**---as well as the Robbers Cave study---for understanding prejudice. 6\. Explain **social identity theory** and how it accounts for **ingroup favoritism**. Discuss cultural differences in social identity processes, as well as the role of ideology when it comes to understanding prejudice. 7\. Discuss the pervasiveness of gender stereotypes in society and the cultural forces that reinforce such beliefs. Explain what is meant by the concept of **ambivalent sexism**. 8\. Explain what psychologists mean when they refer to modern **sexism** and modern **racism**. 9\. Define **implicit racism** and discuss the types of methods that can be used to assess it. 10\. Describe the factors that complicate interracial interaction and the psychological impact of such interactions on the individuals involved. 11\. Describe the effects of discrimination from the target's perspective. Explain the concept of **stereotype threat**, including the reasons it happens and its range of consequences. Consider the different situations likely to elicit stereotype threat, and the different populations susceptible to stereotype threat effects. 12\. Explain the **contact hypothesis** and the conditions that enable intergroup contact to reduce prejudice. Describe **superordinate goals**, the jigsaw classroom, and how it can reduce prejudice. ***[Ch. 9 = Attraction & Close Relationships]*** 1\. Describe social anxiety and the **need for affiliation**. Address the relationship between affiliation and stress. 2\. Summarize the social difficulties associated with shyness and **loneliness**. Discuss factors that predict loneliness (e.g., age, transitions) and coping strategies that can be employed to deal with loneliness. 3\. Describe the role of familiarity in attraction, including issues of proximity and **mere exposure effects**. 4\. Distinguish between objective and subjective perspectives on physical attractiveness, drawing on data and observations that support both ideas. 5\. Describe the what-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype and why it endures. Explain the benefits and costs of being someone who is perceived to be beautiful. 6\. Explain the influence of similarity on attractiveness, including the complementarity and **matching hypotheses**. Discuss the role of **reciprocity** in liking. 7\. Explain the differences between evolutionary and sociocultural perspectives on mate preference. 8\. Explain **social exchange theory**. Define the concepts of comparison level, comparison level for alternatives, and investment. Explain how **equity theory** differs from social exchange theory. 9\. Distinguish between **exchange** and **communal relationships** and consider the role of **attachment style** in studying intimate relationships. 10\. Summarize different approaches to classifying love such as Lee's love styles, **Sternberg's triangular theory of love**, and Hatfield's distinction between **passionate and companionate love**. 11\. Explain **excitation transfer**, the relationship between arousal and attraction, as well as the role that both play in passionate love. 12\. Define **self-disclosure**, and describe typical patterns of disclosure in relationships. 13\. Discuss cultural and gender differences with regard to issues of attraction, **intimate relationships**, and sexuality. Consider how social psychologists study **sexual orientation**. 14\. Discuss communication and attribution patterns that can lead to conflict in relationships. Describe patterns of marital satisfaction and issues regarding the end of intimate relationships. ***[Ch. 10 = Helping Others]*** 1\. Discuss how evolutionary theory accounts for helping behavior. Explain **kin selection** and **reciprocal altruism.** 2\. Compare and contrast **egoistic** and **altruistic** motives for helping. Explain the **empathy-altruism hypothesis** and identify why a distinction between these two types of motives is important. 3\. Explain the **bystander effect**. Identify and explain the five steps in the helping process, discussing obstacles to each step. Consider how each of these obstacles contributes to the bystander effect. Explain the role of **pluralistic ignorance, audience inhibition,** and the **diffusion of responsibility** in this process. 4\. Describe the influence of other situational factors on helping behavior, such as time pressure, location, culture, mood, role models, and social norms. Explain the **negative state relief model**. 5\. Explain how individual differences such as personality, moral reasoning, and family background may affect a person's likelihood of engaging in **prosocial behaviors**. 6\. Describe how characteristics of people in need (e.g., attractiveness, perceived responsibility, gender) influence the likelihood that others will help them. Consider the relationship between the characteristics of the help giver and receiver (i.e., similarity and closeness). 7\. Identify the factors that influence people's different reactions to receiving help.