Endocrine System Study Guide Chapter 7 PDF

Study Guide Chapter 7: Endocrine system A. Terms/concepts: provide definitions and answers. General Signal pathways Control systems vary in their speed and specificity (What does it mean? use book for clarifications) Endocrinology is the study of hormones Responsible for long-term, ongoing functi...

Study Guide Chapter 7: Endocrine system A. Terms/concepts: provide definitions and answers. General Signal pathways Control systems vary in their speed and specificity (What does it mean? use book for clarifications) Endocrinology is the study of hormones Responsible for long-term, ongoing functions of the body Metabolism Regulation of the internal environment Reproduction Growth Development Act in 3 basic ways (1) Rates of enzymatic reactions (2) Transport of ions or molecules across cell membranes (3) Gene expression and protein synthesis Hormone definitions (book and slides) Hormone are secreted by cells or group of cells into the blood At which concentration range are hormones effective? What are endocrine disruptors? Functions under hormonal control (metabolism, Growth, etc...) Hormones act on their target cells by controlling 3 mechanisms. What are they? Insulin/glucagon as an example of homeostatic control of which molecule?? A.A. Berthold did the very first endocrinology experiment. What did he do? What are the 3 steps in the classical approach in endocrinology studies? Endocrine pathologies Acromegaly Diabetes Hormone classification (see book for clarification) Study figure 7.2. Study table 7-1 (all but in particular; Release; half-life; location of receptor – why is the receptor there? – ; How are different hormones transported in the blood – why?- examples) Peptide hormones Examples of peptide hormones Cellular mechanism of action Steroid hormones Examples of steroid hormones Amine hormones Which amino acids are used to synthesize amine hormones? Examples of amine hormones Amine hormone can be lipophilic or lipophobic, so what? Think of consequences in terms of receptors, transport and release. Reflex pathways Simple (how is calcium and glucose homeostasis regulated?) Multiple pathways for insulin secretion Complex pathways (Pathways in which anterior pituitary hormones act as trophic hormones are among the most complex because they involve 3 integrating centers; which are?) Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland. Where are they? What is the role of the pineal gland? Hypothalamus and pineal gland (anatomy, anterior, posterior pituitary tissue type/origin) Posterior pituitary (hormones secreted, link with the hypothalamus?) Anterior pituitary (Vascularization, hormones) Study figure 7.9. What is the HPA axis? What is the HPG axis? Hormones of the Hypothalamic-Anterior Pituitary Pathway Anterior pituitary hormones control the metabolism Prolactin (PRL) Controls milk production (lactation) in the female breast Has a hypothalamic release-inhibiting hormone Growth hormone (GH) Also called somatotropin Affects metabolism Stimulates hormone production in the liver Has a hypothalamic release-inhibiting hormone Two gonadotropins Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Leutinizing hormone (LH) Controls hormones in the gonads (ovaries and testes) Sex hormones (steroids) Thyroid-stimulating hormone Also called thyrotropin Controls hormone synthesis and secretion in the thyroid Thyroid hormones (amines) Adrenocorticotrophic hormone Also called adrenocorticotropin Controls hormone synthesis and secretion in the adrenal cortex cortisol (steroid) Hormone interactions Synergism Permissiveness Antagonism Endocrine Pathologies Hypersecretion exaggerates a hormone’s effect Excess hormone Often caused by tumors or exogenous iatrogenic treatment Negative feedback may lead to atrophy of gland Hyposecretion diminishes or eliminates a hormone’s effect Deficient hormone Caused by decreased synthesis materials or atrophy Absence of negative feedback leads to overproduction of trophic hormones Hypercortisolism B. Provide answers for the Questions Section at the end of the chapter (level 1 & 2) This section includes questions derived from the topics covered in the chapter. Do not overlook this part of your preparation for the test, some questions might be in the exam. C. Concept Check and Answers “Concept Check” boxes within the chapter include specific questions. Answers for these questions are provided at the end of the chapter in the section entitled: “Answers to Concept Check Questions”.