Studies Of Religion Study Notes PDF

Studies of Religion 1 Contemporary Aboriginal Spiritualities Page 1 of 34  Studies of Religion 1 Key Terms Key Term Definition Assimilation Policy Official gov...

Studies of Religion 1 Contemporary Aboriginal Spiritualities Page 1 of 34  Studies of Religion 1 Key Terms Key Term Definition Assimilation Policy Official government policy which aims to integrate small minority groups, such as immigrants and Aboriginals, into the dominant cultural group. This involves the loss of the culture, traditions and languages of the minority groups in the taking on of the dominant culture. Balance Rites Aboriginal rituals to bring about harmony in nature which aim to cause the proliferation of a particular animal, plant or natural phenomena that is connected with a particular ancestral spirit being from the Dreaming. Crowd Land Public land that is owned by the Commonwealth of Australia and managed by the Australian Government Dispossetion The forced removal of Aboriginal people from their native lands Dreaming A term referring to Aboriginal spiritual beliefs about creation and existence. It includes stories of ancestor spirit beings that shaped the world and still abide in the land. The Dreaming establishes the rules governing relationships between the people, the land and all things for Aboriginal peoples. It links together the past, the present, and the future Freehold Title A tenure of real property whereby there is an absolute and permanent ownership of the land. As the owner, a person with freehold title has rights over the land and can use it however they wish Half-castes An offensive term used to refer to a person of mixed descent or ethnicity. Land Rights Property rights pertaining to land, also known as “real estate” Leasehold Title A form of tenure whereby the land is leased and hence the person with leasehold title, as opposed to freehold title, cannot dispose of the land at will. The land is still Crown Land but has been lent or rented out by the government to the user. Metatemporal A concept which incorporates the past, present and future reality as a complete and present reality. Native Title Form of land title which recognises Aboriginal people as rightful owners of their traditional land. Use small letters (i.e “native title”) when referring to the concept in general and capitals (i.e “Native Title”) when referring to the legislation Protection Policy Official government policy that began in the late nineteenth century which aimed to remove Aboriginal people from unsuitable environments and place them in the protection of the state by detaining them on missions and reserves Page 2 of 34  Studies of Religion 1 Sacred Sites Certain places, often kept secret, which have spiritual significance for Aboriginal people as they are connected with ancestor beings from the Dreaming and they are places where rituals such as initiation and balance rites are carried out Stolen Generation Term commonly used to refer to the Aboriginal children who were removed from their homes between 1869 and 1969 (some places into the 70s) by the government and church missionaries in an attempt to assimilate these children into European society Sunset Clause A statutory provision under the Native Title Amendment Act 1998 which sets a time frame within which all native title claims would have to be made if the claim is to be considered Ten Point Plan (also known as the Native Title Amendment Act 1998) - is an outline of the Government’s legislative response to the Wik decision. Many commentators argue that the aim of these amendments was to leave native title holders without any substantive power over the issue of native title Terra Nullius A concept in international law meaning “a territory belonging to no one” or “over which no-one claims ownership”. The concept has been used to justify the invasion and colonisation of Australia Totems Represent a person as they existed in the Dreaming in the form of an animal, plant or natural phenomena. They are thus links between an individual or community and particular ancestor spirits in the land Transcendent Religion A religion that holds that there are beings that exist beyond the known universe that are not subject to the laws of nature; polytheism and monotheism are the two principle types of transcendent religion Page 3 of 34  Studies of Religion 1 Aboriginal Spirituality Determined by the Dreaming The Dreaming Foundation of Aboriginal life, spirituality and culture Central concept that underpins all of Aboriginal spirituality Metatemporal, they are connecting with the past creations and with future indigenous Australians who will also connect with the creations Encompasses all knowledge and understanding of the origins of the universe Inextricably connected with the land and Aboriginal life Kinship Definition: The system of relationships traditionally accepted by a particular culture and the rights and obligations they involve. It is a term used to explain the complex relationships of blood and spirit that exist between Aboriginal peoples. Complex web of family structures that exist within a clan Aboriginals biologically related, through marriage, or having same features, characteristics, or origins Each person has a different role and responsibility that lead to a rich personal and social life eg. Elders passing down Dreamtime stories ∴ governs the day to day life of the Aboriginal people Kinship groups are established by family and totem relationships The ‘fabric’ of Aboriginal society ↳ TOTEMS Natural object, plant or animal that is inherited by members of a clan or family as their spiritual emblem Tribes are composed of clans, each descended from a spirit ancestor Represents the ongoing life force of the Dreaming Unifies clans under spirit ancestor Spirits require kinship groups to be custodians of their designated territory and totems SKIN NAMES When a baby is born they are given a skin name by the elders who know the baby’s family tree - prevent incest Skin names show people’s relationships, and who they can marry Straight skin marriages = best type of marriages Marriage with a forbidden partner = wrong skin marriage Ceremonial Life Definition: Is the ritual and artistic expression of the Dreaming ART ‘Outward expression’ ‘narrative representation’ Illustrates the actions of the ancestral beings in the land Page 4 of 34  Studies of Religion 1 STORIES Medium through which Dreaming is communicated Conflicts and interactions provide foundation and explanation of various aspects of tradition and law Major way teaching Aboriginal children about right and wrong behaviour in society ∴ Together these create a foundation for Aboriginal existence by explaining creation of the natural world and existence and sharing how Dreaming shapes daily life RITUALS Outward expression of the Dreaming and Aboriginal spirituality Understood as a moment of reliving the past in the present moment, the creative activities of the ancestor spirits Ancestral beings are made present through the people, objects, words and movements of the ritual Emphasis ‘metatemporal’ aspect of the Dreaming eg. balance rights, which assist the proliferation of a particular species liked to their ‘totem’ Rites of passage - initiation, death and burial Periodic ceremonies - performed at various intervals, unconnected with the life cycle, for enjoyment or promoting overall health and wellbeing of whole group Public Corroboree (ceremonial dance) - concluding ceremony of secret/sacred rituals (initiations, balance rights), opportunity for group members to come together DEATH AND BURIAL RITUALS Death is not the end of life, but the last ceremony in the present life Aboriginal peoples believe that spirits of the dead return to the Dreaming places they had come from, which is part of the eternal transition of the life force of the Dreaming Burial grounds & spirits of the dead are feared Possessions of dead are destroyed & their shelters burned Names of the dead cannot be spoken The dead must be buried in their own country, and their spirits properly sung to rest Obligations to Land and People Definition: For Aboriginal people, ownership of the land means that they have a responsibility to care for it and nurture it. The land and all the forms of life it contains are regarded as a sacred trust, passed on in a timeless cycle of mutual dependence. The Dreaming is inextricably connected to the land as it provides a medium in which the Dreaming is lived and communicated Sacred sites, extreme importance as it is where the ancestors reside Land is their ‘mother’ ↳ symbiotic relationship Humans have a sacred trust to assist the land in ‘living’ to its potential (vial ritual) Must preserve and respect timeless cycle of metatemporal dependence they have with the land and all forms of life it contains, as Mudrooroo states “Our spirituality is a oneness and interconnectedness with all that lives and breaths” Economical vs Ritual : land not only provides food and water, but is also the repository of the secret/sacred - the activities of Dreaming Ancestor Beings Spiritual significance of environment seen in Aboriginal people’s adaptation to it (rather than manipulation) Rules governing hunter-gatherer technology - protection of sacred sites and sites of significance Page 5 of 34  Studies of Religion 1 Hunter-gatherer economy - Aboriginals can carve out an existence in harsh climates, and to protect and maintain the ecological balance of their environment Sharing of food and resources - minimise waste and maximise benefits for the whole community Issues for Aboriginal Spiritualities Effects of Dispossession Dispossession is: “To put (a person) out of possession” “Deprive (someone) of something that they own, typically land or property” “Eviction: the expulsion of someone (such as a tenant) from the possession of land by process of law” SEPARATION FROM LAND Indigenous Australians + Dreaming holds an inextricable link to land By dispossessing them of their land their spirituality + cultural heritage is stripped off them Without the land individuals are restricted from fulfilling obligations to the land - severing ties with the ancestor spirits (spiritual guild form not being able to fulfil obligations) Cannot interact with totems (physical connection to the Dreaming Land = context of Dreaming stories ∴ Disruption to the normal pattern + process of handling tradition Dispossession meant Aboriginals connection and sense of belonging to life was being shattered Aboriginals believe that they will return to the spiritual world after death. Removing them from the land removes them from the Dreaming and hence their spiritual place after death SEPARATION FROM KINSHIP GROUPS Segregation of an individual from their kinship group - prompted decline in kinship systems Kinship allocated roles ∴ Aboriginal society loses its structure + personal affiliation with land Aboriginal culture, tradition, and law are no longer able to be passed on Lose of language + inability to authentically understand spirituality THE STOLEN GENERATION Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander descents who were removed from their families by the Australian Federal and State government agencies and church missions, under acts of their respective parliaments. The removals occurred in the period between approximately 1869 and 1969, although in some places children were still being taken until the 1970s Assimilation - pushing for the children to adopt European/white lifestyle via the erasure of culture Children separated from elders ∴ no generation to pass down knowledge, language, traditions Aboriginal culture, tradition, and law = no longer able to pass down knowledge Loss of identity, self esteem and culture/lost between two opposing cultures and struggles to find a balance “The removal policies did not just affect individuals and their families. Whole communities lost their confidence in bringing up their children, and have been denied one of their most important and precious roles” Bringing Them Home Report, 1997 Page 6 of 34  Studies of Religion 1 EFFECTS No control over their lives, they had to go where they told them to go Effects how they mother their own children as they were institutionalised and never felt what a mother was, loss of parenting skills Mental and physical abuse (stock-whip), sexual abuse Trauma - kids taken to school and then never returned to their family, taken away by lies and tricks Reduced life expectancy, increased infant mortality, overrepresentation in prison, educational disadvantages, higher rates of unemployment, higher rates of drugs and alcohol, higher use of government services The Land Rights Movement A religious political movement that seeks to secure the rights of Aboriginal people to their land and ensure their religious, spiritual and cultural integrity is preserved (connection to The Dreaming) Description Mabo In June 1992 the High Court of Australia ruled in favour of an action brought by Eddie Mabo on 1992 behalf of the Murray Island people. Overturned the notion of ‘terra nullius’ in establishing native title Recognised and gave Native Title to the certain groups of the Murray Islands People Major landmark given that paved the way for Native Title Act of 1993 In order to claim Native Title it had to be proved that continuous links with the land had been maintained since before 1788 and that the Native Title had not been extinguished as with freehold title. Native Title could only be claimed on a very small percentage of Australian land. Native Title “Refers to communal or individual rights or interests of Aboriginal people or Torres Strait Islanders in 1993 relation to land or waters” Legislation allowing for Indigenous people to legally appeal for Native Title and be recognised with such Didn’t always guarantee access to sacred sites due to pre-established freehold leases (cannot prevail over freehold title - which is private ownership of land) + proof of connection was difficult (no written records to fulfil support claim) ∴ Was not entirely beneficial The Wik Case High Court: Native Title could co-exist with Pastoral Leases, however in any conflict the Pastoralists 1996 right prevail Government owned the land but leased it out to private owners, meaning they had rights to the land Confusing as they said Aboriginals could claim ownership over government land but there was government land but it had been least out, so this was clarifying that ∴ Was not entirely beneficial Native Title Abolished the right of Native Title claims and the right to negotiate for government owned land Amendment Replaced with the right for land to merely be consulted Act 1998 ∴ A step back Page 7 of 34  Studies of Religion 1 Importance of the Dreaming for the Land Rights Movement Dreaming has an inextricable link to the land and is the foundation of Aboriginal culture, spirituality and the land is a medium through which Aboriginals are able to connect with their ancestors ∴ the Dreaming had and still holds high esteem in terms of motivation for the Land Rights Movement Eg. Mabo Case Argued that the Merriam people of the Murray Islands had Native Title over their lands so that they may continue their traditional ways Only able to be pursued if they were connected to the Dreaming ∴ the Dreaming has and continues to be highly significant to the Land Rights Movement Primary motivation for Indigenous Australians to connect to their land and country Page 8 of 34  Studies of Religion 1 Religious Expression in Australia Page 9 of 34  Studies of Religion 1 Changing Patterns in Religious Adherence Growth Religious growth primarily seen outside of Christianity, specifically in traditions where high rates of immigration increase populations 1) NO RELIGION ↳ increased growth due to decline of traditional religions and more non-religious schools of thought - secularism 2) HINDUISM = 1.3% in 2011 → 1.9% in 2016 = 0.6% increase = fastest growing religion ↳ attributed to high immigration from South East Asia 3) ISLAM = 2.2% in 2011 → 2.6% in 2016 = 0.4% increase ↳ attributed to high immigration from Middle East nations 4) SIKHISM = 0.3% in 2011 → 0.5% in 2016 = 0.2% increase TOTAL NON-CHRISTIAN = 0.7% in 1976 → 7.8% in 2016 = 7.1% increase Decrease 1) CHRISTIANITY = 61.1% in 2011 → 52% in 2016 a. Catholicism = 25.3% in 2011 → 22.6% in 2016, however still remains dominating b. Anglicanism = 17.2% in 201 1 → 13.3% in 2016, biggest decline in adherence c. Uniting Church = 5% in 2011 → 3.7% in 2016 d. Presbyterian = 2.8% in 2011 → 2.3% in 2016 e. Eastern Orthodox = 8.4% in 2011 → 8.2% in 2016 2) BUDDHISM = 2.5% in 2011 → 2.4% in 2016 ↳ 1972 → 2011 Buddhism experience growth in line with immigration/abolition of the White Australian policy Landscape a) Anglican decreased b) Catholic decreased c) Christianity decreased d) Buddhism not counted in Australia til 1981, steady increase e) Hinduism not counted until 1996, steady increase f) Islam not counted into 1976, steady increase g) Judaism stayed consistent at 0.4% h) Not Stated stopped in 1991, then combined with inadequately described i) No religion rapid increase, doubled from 2011 to 2016 (2011 - 15.5%, 2016 - 30.1%) Page 10 of 34  Studies of Religion 1 The Current Religious Landscape Christianity as the Major Religious Tradition Pentecostalism is increasing due to denominational switching Long before established by European colonisation Immigration Immigration has led to an increase in both religious coexistence and diversity. Aftermath of war lead to many Europeans seeking to start a new life in a safer more secure environment During this time Australian government actively sought immigration in the belief the nations security and prosperity was dependent upon a larger population Assisted passage to migrants Decline of the ‘White Australia’ policy Overseas wars and persecution eg. Vietnam 1970s, Lebanon 1980s, Bosnia and Herzegovina 1990s, Syria since 2016 Post WWII European immigration = larger number of Orthodox Christians, establishment of new Protestant group and growth in terms of Catholic diversity Immigration has increased the ethnic diversity of Christianity - Filipino immigration Asian and Middle East immigration - increased Buddhism/Hinduism/Islam Denominational S witching Term used to describe the phenomenon of people changing from one denomination to another, and as a process can occur within or across the boundaries of any religious tradition Enables a person to find a spiritual ‘home’ where they feel most at ease with the style of worship and the views put forward by the ministerial team of the parish Pentecostalism is increasing due to denominational switching In contemporary society loyalty to a particular community needs to be earned Pentecostal groups attract many people who have been disaffected (dissatisfied) by other Christian communities Young members seek places where the average age of the congregation is younger, the music modern and the message clear Hillsong, appealing to younger generations Rise of New Age Religions Embrace spirituality and individualism Rise in new age religion as people move away from traditional religions Despite general dissatisfaction with mainstream religions, there is still a longing for a spiritual dimension in life Centre on animals or other parts of creation as key to harmony and wellbeing eg. Astrology, Paganism, Numerology More tailored to individual - enhanced individualism “Loosely structured network of individuals and organisation holding new vision of enlightenment and harmony while subscribing to a common worldview” Ron Rodes, New age movement 1995 Page 11 of 34  Studies of Religion 1 Secularism The belief that religion should not interfere with or be integrated into the public affairs of a society - separation of state form religious institutions Belief that human ethics and the universe should be understood without reference to a religion or the supernatural Promotes the idea that society would be better off not being controlled by religion Pluralism Individualism Due to: Disillusionment with traditional religions Increasing materialism + individualism Scepticism towards the super nature Increase in ‘no religion’ - 1947 0.4% increased significantly to 31.1% in 2016 Positivism (faith in science), Marxism (faith in revolution), Freudianism (faith in psychoanalysis) - secular alternatives to religion Religious Dialogue in MultiFaith Australia Ecumenical Movements Within Christianity Ecumenism focuses on the cooperation within the Christian religious tradition. It refers to discussions between different Christian denominations to increase understanding and effect social change cooperatively. Via ecumenism, the Christian Churches are able to unite and address areas of social concern and injustices The ecumenical movement has played and continues to play an important role in Australian society with relation to targeting issues such as political actions + encouragement of sociality, morality and integrity among Christians and being prominently active on issues such as rights of minority groups, especially that of Aboriginal people NATIONAL COUNCIL OF CHURCHES AUSTRALIA Cooperation between the churches at formal and informal levels Reverse the racist and discriminatory legislation that was affecting the social dynamic of Australia Program supporting and protecting refugees from Kosovo and East Timor (National Program on Refugees and Displaced People) The stance of this Council represented the stance of Christianity as a whole, setting a precedent for what was to become a relentless movement against racism and towards multiculturalism NSW ECUMENICAL COUNCIL Encourages the pursuit of social justice Idea of unity between those who believe in God : this attitude allows the involved churches to focus on the tasks they see as their combined Christian duties, rather than competing with one another UNITING CHURCH IN AUSTRALIA Sought to develop liturgies that reflect its Australian context, encouraged social justice programs, sought to minister to different cultural communities and supported those discriminated against in Australian society, Page 12 of 34  Studies of Religion 1 Interfaith Dialogue Interfaith dialogue is a convention established between hierarchies OR local members of different religious faiths in order to develop familiarity and to promote understanding, tolerance and dialogue. It’s importance is highlighted by the increasing rates of non-Christian religions within the Australian population “With all the talk of clashes of civilisation and religious difference, it is time we get together and understand each other” - Dr Ameer Ali Religious dialogue has been of benefit in multi-faith Australia providing a greater sense of peace, appreciation, understanding and respect among a range of traditional denominations ∴ is instrumental to promoting religions tolerance + social cohesion in Australian society IMPORTANCE Australia is increasingly pluralistic and multi-faith Allows for greater respect and appreciation of religious diversity Break down stereotypes and prejudice (Muslims) Promotes unity in the face of growing secularism AUSTRALIAN COUNCIL OF CHRISTIANS AND JEWS Holds demonstrations, seminars and services celebrating the differences and similarities between the closely related faith traditions Holds a Christian commemoration for the Holocaust in St Marys Roman Catholic Cathedral - promoting understanding and addressing anti-semitism Aboriginal Spiritualities and Religious Traditions through Reconciliation ‘Indigenous Reconciliation’ Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and non-Indigenous citizens of Australia can move towards a better future based on mutual respect and understanding Acknowledging the past injustices and help the recovery of Aboriginal spiritualities IMPORTANCE Acknowledging past injustices, promotes mutual recognition and respect, sense of progression and to be inclusive and recognise the faults of the past NATIONAL COUNCIL OF CHURCHES = Christian tradition - launched major campaign in 2006 = “Make Indigenous Poverty History” Promoted reconciliation, education and other issues Ultimately providing a scope for the development of Aboriginal spirituality and theology and recognising their innate spirituality Christianity Celebrates National Reconciliation Week between may 27 and June 3 annually to promote healing of relationship + health Caritas, aid organisation which works to deal with the ongoing trauma of protection and assimilation politics Buddhist Buddhist peace fellowship Help harmony and support Support program - AA for Aboriginals Page 13 of 34  Studies of Religion 1 Judaism Page 14 of 34  Studies of Religion 1 Key Terms Key Term Definition Aggadah Narrative parts of the Talmud and Midrash, not legally binding Bracket Seven marriage blessings Chuppah A canopy beneath which Jewish marriage ceremonies are performed, symbolising the home Conservative A form of Judaism, which seeks to preserve the Jewish tradition and ritual but has a more flexible approach to the interpretation of the law than Orthodox Judaism. Acknowledges the binding nature of God’s law but believing that some aspects of the halakhah should be modified Covenant The relationship between God and the ancient Israelites through Abraham and Moses, defining the Hebrews as God’s chosen people with special rights and responsibilities Get A Jewish bill of divorce Halakah Jewish law and jurisprudence, based on the Talmud Ketubbah The marriage contract that is read aloud to all present at the ceremony; it sets out the obligations between the couple and protects the woman financially in the case of a divorce Ketuvim The third and final section of the Hebrew scriptures Kiddushin Betrothal. A more serious arrangement than engagement by which a marriage is made holy Midrash A rabbinical interpretation of scripture, based on argument or discussion Mikvah Ritual bath Mishnah It is the written version of the Jewish oral law containing the collected teachings of the rabbis of the previous four centuries Mitzvah The 613 commandments (plural mitzvoth) Niddah State of ‘impurity’, according to Halacha Orthodox A major branch within Judaism that teachers strict adherence to rabbinical interpretation of Jewish law and its traditional observances. All Jewish law is from God and therefore cannot be changed. Progressive A major Jewish denomination that emphasises the evolving nature of the faith which is open to interpretation, the superiority of its ethical aspects to ceremonial ones, and a belief in a continuous revelation, closely intertwined with human reason and intellect. Rabbi A Jewish scholar or teacher of the Torah and the leader of Jewish worship; today a rabbi preaches sermons, educates children and counsels his congregation; progressive Jews now ordain women as rabbis Page 15 of 34  Studies of Religion 1 Shabbat Sabbath - the seventh day of the week and the day of rest; God commanded that the Sabbath be kept holy; the Sabbath begins on Friday evening and concludes at sunset on Saturday Shtar Money value in the marriage contract Talmud From the Hebrew meaning ‘study’ or ‘knowledge’. It consists of the oral Torah based on the Mishnah with extensive Rabbinic commentary Tanakh Hebrew Bible - an acronym derived from the Torah (law), Nevi’im (prophets), and Ketubim (writings) Tikkun Olam Teachings in regard to the justice and the repair of the world Torah Teachings of God to the Jews; the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, the entire Jewish law Page 16 of 34  Studies of Religion 1 Isaiah Contribution To Judaism History Born around 740 BC Son of Amoz (Isaiah 1:1) Part of a wealthy, influential family He knew royalty and is believed to be related to one of the kings of Judah According to the Talmud, Isaiah was the cousin of the King Uzziah and a nephew of King Amaziah of Israel His life is recorded in 2 Kings 20 as a prophet and the book of Isaiah It is believed that he wrote some of or all of Isaiah (contained in the Hebrew Bible) Murdered in 681 BC Many myths associated with how the death occurred The Mishnah has recorded that Isaiah was killed by King Manasseh The Book The people (including himself) The prophecies and revelations (things God reveals) Books 1-39 : Jerusalem during the period of Assyrian threat Books 40-66 : Future of Israel and Jerusalem and toward the end of the BabyIonian captivity and beyond [Part I] Chapters 40-48 : A collection of prophecies of comfort emphasising an imminent redemption; these oracles are addressed to the Babylonian exiles (called Jacob or Israel) and highlight the power of God as the creator of the Universe and the fulfiller of prophecies [Part II] Chapters 49-55 : A group of prophecies directed toward Zion (called a bride or woman); these materials emphasise her reconciliation with God and physical restoration [Part III] Chapters 56-66 : A diverse group of prophecies of social and religious rebuke and of hope; these are apparently directed to the Judean community restored to its homeland There is debate about how many author(s) wrote Isaiah Teachings Isaiah was one of the people who tried to warn people of the consequences of their moving away from their covenant commitment to Yahweh, their basic Jewish beliefs and correct ethical behaviour specified in the Torah Isaiah towers among the giants of classical biblical prophecy Repeatedly challenging the nation and its leaders with the ethical and religious will of God Providing instructions and visions of moral renewal and universal peace Based on a single foundation: the belief that Yahweh, the God of Israel, is the only one who is ‘high and lifted up’ (Isaiah 6:1) This is a connection back to basic Jewish belief : The Shema (Deuteronomy 6:4) “Listen Israel, the Lord is God, the Lord is One” No earthly power nor any ‘god’ can challenge Yahweh who is sovereign. This leads to Isaiah’s condemnation of anything that is proud (Isaiah 2:5-22) It explains Isaiah’s thinking in three important areas: politics (including the future of Judah/Jerusalem), religion, and social ethics Page 17 of 34  Studies of Religion 1 Theme Justice Do right, seek Justice Plea for social justice involves politics of the time Isaiah 1:12, 17, 5:7, 16:22-23, 11:4 Sin Isaiah 1:4-5, 13b, 18-20, 10:12 Idols (2:8, 20) Corrupt Leaders Isaiah 1:23, 3:14 Judgment Isaiah 1:4, 2:19-21, 3:10-11, 24-26, 5:24-25, 6:11-13, 7:23, 9:19, 10:16 Mercy Isaiah 10:21 Restoration Isaiah 1:26-27, 2:2-4, 4:2-6, 11:16, 12:2 Holiness of God Isaiah 6:1-8 (especially verse 3 - passage includes the call of Isaiah) Isaiah 6:1-8, 8:13-14, 12:6 Prophecies Judgment (Isaiah 2:19-21) Remnant (Isaiah 10:20) Messianic (Isaiah 11, 9:6-7, 65:17-18) Transformation of Old Jerusalem —> New Jerusalem (Isaiah 54) Zion The new emerges from the destruction (Isaiah 41-42) of the old Politics Isaiah consistently argued that in crises the kings should trust in Yahweh and His promises, rather than in political measures and alliances designed to protect the country (Isaiah 7-8, 18-22, 30-31) Yahweh is the sovereign creator. Because God is ‘high and lifted up’ he has power over the whole earth and all of history, including the kings of Judah, the kings of the other nations and of nature too (Isaiah 29:6) If Judah suffered at the hands of an enemy it was because Yahweh had decided it should happen Isaiah’s point is that while leaders may think they can see what needs to be done in a situation, the reality is that things are unfolding according to God’s purposes - the right attitude is to trust him Social Ethics According to Isaiah, God’s overriding aim is to establish ‘justice and righteousness’ (Isaiah 1:26-28, 5:7) Isaiah’s prophecy has a vision for this sort of Jerusalem at its centre Isaiah severely criticises the oppression of the poor and weak (Isaiah 1:17, 5:8-10), the corruption of justice (Isaiah 1:21), drunkenness and self-indulgence (Isaiah 3:16-4:1, 5:11-17) Critical to note that this vision comes from the nature of God (Isaiah 5:16) So God not only has power to order the events of history (politics), he desires a certain kind of order - an ethical one “This means that God’s insistence on Israel not making foreign alliances and his desire for a holy people in Judah are really one and the same thing. His power to save them is for the purpose of making them a people that shows justice and righteousness. God’s ‘order’ is both powerful and moral. This is why, when Israel turns away from God, it is not only the moral order that collapses, but also the social and political fabric.” [From McConville p. 5-6] (Isaiah 3:1-12 ) Page 18 of 34  Studies of Religion 1 Future of Jerusalem This is connected with what Isaiah says about politics and ethics. Isaiah believed that what he was saying about trust and obedience was important because it affected how Yahweh would treat people in the future (Isaiah 7:9) As a result, Ahaz has a chance of continuing in God’s favour (as the Davidic King) if he acts faithfully Isaiah 1:18-20 spell out the possibilities for Judah - prosperity or destruction. Obedience will hold back God’s anger at their sin (Isaiah 1:16-17). This is drawing on the ideas of Deuteronomy 30 Isaiah puts forward promises about salvation into the future God’s discipline has a cleansing, restorative purpose. Covenant blessing will be restored and the remnant will be cleansed It would seem from Isaiah that after judgement, when the people repent, God will again show his mercy (Isaiah 30:18). Joy in Zion will follow a time of great sorrow and suffering, enemies will be destroyed and his king will be established in God’s kingdom (chapter 32) The idea of the king as one who rules justly, and therefore ensures a just society, is an ideal held out by Isaiah (Isaiah 9:2-7, 11:1-5, 16:5-6, 33:17) Contemporary Significance Isaiah is regarded by modern Jews as a role model for a godly life of obedience and faith. It is important to follow God and to strive for what is right. The example of Isaiah shows that people need to put belief into action Honestly in dealing; sincerity in speech; refusal of illicit gain; absence of corruption; aversion for bloody deeds; contempt for evil (six moral attributes of Isaiah cited from Makkot 24a) ISAIAH, PEACE AND THE UN Words of consolation and hope Let Us Beat Swords into Plowoshares is a bronze statue in the United Nations garden that was a gift from the Soviet Union, representing a man hammering a sword into a plowshare (for farming not war) Isaiah 2:4 written above the door of the UN building in New York ISAIAH AND THE SYNAGOGUE Other passages from Isaiah appear throughout Jewish liturgy. In the weekly Sabbath readings, much more Haftaras (Book of Prophets reading) are taken from the books of Isaiah, than any of the other prophets Within synagogue services the congregation often sign from Isaiah 2:3 “Come, let us go up to the mountain of the Lord, to the temple of God of Jacob. He will teach us his ways, so that we may walk in his paths. The Law will go out from Zion, the word of the Lord from Jerusalem” The funeral service includes Isaiah 55:6-9 The common saying ‘no rest for the wicked’ comes from Isaiah 48:22 Summation and Additional Information Main features of Isaiah’s prophecy It is a vision It shows Isaiah’s insight into the nature of God and reality It unfolds a view of what society could and should be like It declares God’s intention to make his chosen people into such a society “Isaiah’s message was easy to follow and the examples he used in his descriptions made sense to rich and poor alike. These characteristics along with the accuracy of his prophecy mean that he is considered one of the greatest prophets” (H. Clark) Page 19 of 34  Studies of Religion 1 Sexual Ethical Teachings Ethics = A set of moral principles (right and wrong) Ethics = Practical application of a belief Jewish Ethics = Based on the covenant God has made with his people Sources of Jewish Ethics Hebrew Bible Talmud (Oral Torah and Rabbinical writings) Humanity Made in the image and likeness of God Unique privilege - ‘fill the earth’ i.e have children Created male and female Follow God’s law (613 commands - mitzvot) Role of marriage in relation to Sex Children : sex produces children Faithfulness and companionship Jews believe that human sexuality is a gift from God, who created man and woman to live together They are pro sex but sex outside of marriage (kiddushin) it is forbidden Judaism does not value celibacy, but endorses marriage and procreation Sexuality is at all times associated with the establishment of a family, with love, mutual consent and sensitivity to physical needs Judaism teachers that the sexual act must be judged in the context in which it happens. If it is performed with the right partner, at the right time, for the right purpose, it is an act of holiness. In fact, marriage is called kiddushin (holiness) in Hebrew Ethics in Judaism Ethics are embedded in everything a Jew thinks and believes, ethics have relevance to all Jewish beliefs, practices and actions The fundamental values that underpin the ethical and moral teachings of Judaism can be found in the lived experience of the halachah ( mitzvot and rabbinical laws and writing) Jewish ethics make demands on Jews to act in certain ways on a wide range of social, environmental, economic and personal issues The basis of Jewish ethics is : That every human is created in the image of God They live ethical lives because of their relationship with God through the Covenant God made with Abraham Sacred Texts The Torah is the primary sources of Jewish ethics There are a considerable number of sexual taboos that are specific mitzvot (613 mitzvot of the Torah) Since the mitzvot are not all straight forward, oral commentaries were developed for interpretations, called the Oral Torah. These interpretations were written down in the Mishnah As time passed, reinterpretations of the Mishnah were written in the Gemara. Together, the Mishnah and the Gemara form the Talmud The Torah and Talmud give guidance in all situations of Jewish life The Torah uses a specific verb to state that ‘Adam knew his wife,’ implying that sex is about more than a physical act. It entails a relationship, a partnership with knowledge of, and sympathy with, another person Page 20 of 34  Studies of Religion 1 According to the Talmud (Yevamot 62B), a man without a wife in incomplete, and cannot experience true goodness Blessing at Bar Mitzvah —> knowledge of Torah, a good marriage and a worthwhile life The written Torah never forbids sex outside of the context of marriage, with the exception of adultery and incest It is implied from God’s design in Genesis 1-2 The rabbis of the Talmudic period explicitly outlawed non-marital sexual relations Prohibition of a man and a woman against being alone in private Laws Against Being Alone Together A man and a woman unrelated by blood or marriage were not permitted yihud, being alone together in private Through such rulings and teachings, the rabbis attempted to prevent Jews from participating in non-marital sexual relations. However, they could not unequivocally claim that non-marital sex was forbidden in the Torah Only one rabbit tried to find a Torah basis for the prohibition: “Do not degrade your daughter and make her a harlot, lest the land fall into harlotry and the land be filled with depravity” (Leviticus 19:29) Rabbit Eliezer taught : This refers to an unmarried man who comes upon an unmarried woman not for purposes of marriage Marriage Marriage now requires a public ceremony including ketubbah (pre-nupitial agreement) and kiddushin (dedication/ betrothal) before witnesses Kiddushin is usually translated as Marriage Hebrew root of old is K-d-sh = ‘set aside’ Role of Sex Procreation First commandement in Genesis “Be fruitful and multiply.” Genesis 1:28 How many children are basic minimum Whose obligation is it to have children? Man, woman, both? Companionship Exodus 21:10 lists marital intimacy as one of three basic things that a husband must provide to his wife (the other two are food and clothing) The second purpose of sexual relations is companionship, which the Torah seems to regard as an even greater justification for sexual relations than procreation. In Jewish tradition, the belief that “it is not good for a man to be alone” is as important if not more important than the command to “be fruitful and increase.” The Torah uses the term yada - “to know” - to indicate a sexual relationship. Sex is thus considered more than a mere biological act; it involves intimate knowledge shared by two human beings Mikvah The Torah describes niddah, the ritual impurity due to menstruation, and the prohibition of having relations with a niddah (Leviticus 15:19-30, 18:19, 20:18). Niddah, as defined in the Torah, lasts seven days The Torah also describes a long or irregular discharge of blood, called zabah (Leviticus 15:25-30), which requires that seven blood - free days be counted from the last day of the irregular discharge of blood before immersion Two sets of time, the “first five days”, and “seven days of taharah”, after which she must immerse properly in a mikvah (ritual bath). The immersion itself must take place in a “mayan” a spring or well. Page 21 of 34  Studies of Religion 1 Certain rivers or lakes can therefore be used for immersion, but one should always check with a mikvah expert to be sure as to the status of a particular body of water Standard bathtubs cannot be used Rain water can be used, and is the sources of most mikvah water today Though a certain amount of rainwater is required, this can be augmented with regular tap water Homosexuality Homosexuality doesn’t allow a couple to fulfil the commandment to procreate (Genesis 1:27-28) The Torah only explicitly mentions homosexuality as forbidden between 2 males Homosexual acts between 2 women are also subject to Rabbinic prohibition, however it is considered less severe There are several passages of the Hebrew scriptures that have been used against homosexuality “You are not to sleep with a man as with a woman; it is detestable” (Leviticus 18:22) “If a man sleeps with a man as with a woman, they have both committed a detestable thing. They must be put to death; their blood is on their own hands” (Leviticus 20:13) Progressive The New York Federation of Reformed Synagoues discusses that the Bible is not homophobic, but that these three laws are outlawing homosexual acts. They believe that at the time the Bible was written, it was not understood that homosexual acts could be consensual and part of a loving relationship Conservative Accepts them in congregations Currently reviewing question of whether they can begin studies to become rabbis If Rabbi’s come out after ordination they are not expelled from the professional rabbinical assembly Orthodox Jakobovits writes : “Jewish law … rejects the view that homosexuality is to be regarded merely as a disease or as morally neutral … Jewish law holds that no hedonistic ethic, even if called “love”, can justify the morality of homosexuality any more than it can legitimise adultery or incest, however genuinely such acts may be performed out of love and by mutual consent” Lamm invoked the principle of Jewish law termed ones, denoting an “accident” or event beyond one’s control. In this way, homosexuality could be redefined as an act performed under psychological duress, and it would be wrong to persecute or judge homosexuals for their actions. Rather, he advocates an approach of “both compassion and efforts at rehabilitation” Steven Greenberg is the only openly gay person who identifies himself as an Orthodox Rabbi Contraception Jewish law permits the use of abortion in some circumstances where the mother’s life is in jeopardy because of the unborn child The Talmud says that if the foetus threatens the life of the mother, you can remove it, as the body is not as valuable as the mothers, but once the greater part of the body has emerged, you cannot take its life to save the mothers, because you cannot choose between one human life and another Procreation Command to procreate (Genesis 1:27-28) It is said in Judaism that a home without children is a home without blessing (protection, success) It is a commandment (mitzvot) to marry, procreate, and have children It is forbidden to “waste seed” (i.e emit semen without purpose) Ethical Jewish stance Page 22 of 34  Studies of Religion 1 Rabbi Cohen : “In principle, birth control is permitted, so long as the couple is committed to eventually fulfilling the mitzvot to be fruitful and multiply (which, at a minimum, consists of having two children, one of each gender). The issue in birth control is not whether it is permitted, but what method is permitted, and under what circumstances The commonly understood principle of the number of children a Jewish couple should have is 2 (1 male, 1 female or 2 males depending on which Rabbi you follow) The idea is that the man and woman have replaced themselves Ethical Contraception Methods CONDOMS Condoms are not permitted for birth control Condoms reduce the pleasure husband and wife get from sex and so interfere with one of the natural purposes of intercourse THE PILL The female birth control pill is favoured by Jewish couples because male birth control methods are frowned on. This is because they ‘waste seed’ and because the commandment to have children is primarily directed at men Other Talmudic passages permit women to drink potions that make them infertile, and this doctrine is now used to permit the use of the birth control pill DIAPHRAM Rabbi’s disagree about the use of diaphragms Some forbid it because it blocks the passage of semen, while others state that it is not forbidden because the semen enters to woman’s body in a normal manner WHICH METHODS ARE ALLOWED Birth control is clearly permitted in circumstances where pregnancy would pose a medical risk to the mother or her other children. The Talmud recognises the use of birth control by Young women Pregnant women Nursing women However, there is some variance of opinion as to what other circumstances might permit birth control ORTHODOX JEWS Whether abstinence or artificial contraception should be used was another problem for the early Rabbis. The more orthodox taught that anything that involved wasting the seed was wrong Any type of contraception that can cause bleeding (sex shouldn’t happen when there is blood present) Contraceptive measures that lead to sterility, especially male sterility are problematic Page 23 of 34  Studies of Religion 1 Marriage Practices Marriage in Judaism Marriage between a man and women is a divinely ordained state symbolising the sacred union of those created in God’s image Genesis 2:24 says “… a man will leave his father and mother and be united to his wife, and they will become one flesh” Believed to have parallels with God’s covenant with Israel, to which it is often likened by the prophets (eg. Hosea 2:21) Marriage is considered virtually obligatory among Jews and celibacy is frowned upon, except in exceptional circumstances Rabbis are expected to marry, and there exists an ancient Talmudic saying, “He who has no wife is not a proper man” (B. Yeb. 62b) Judaism considers marriage to be humanity’s ideal state of existence The Torah provides a few rules and very little guidance about marriage The process of finding a spouse, organisation and style of the wedding ceremony, the roles and responsibilities of the partners within the marital relationship and the processes regarding divorce, developed through tradition and are explained in the Talmud Judaism understands marriage as serving three main purposes I. Companionship and Love - Genesis 2:18 states “It is not good for man to be alone”. A rabbinical saying explains it saying, “A man without a wife lives without blessing, life, joy, help, good and peace” (Yevamot 62b) II. Procreation - based on the command “Be fruitful and multiply” (Genesis 1:28). According to Talmudic law, this requirement is considered completed when the couple has produced at least one son and one daughter III. Establishing the family as the basic social unit - The home is seen as a “little sanctuary” (cf Ezekiel 11:16). The father is symbolic of the High Priest and the dining room table representing the altar (Berachot 55a) Monogamy Jewish marriage is monogamous According to the Torah and Talmud, male (not female) polygamy was permitted, however it was banned in the middle ages and never regained popularity This practice can be illustrated by Jacob, David, and Solomon Age of Marriage The minimum age for marriage is 13 for boys and 12 for girls (occurs when both genders celebrate their Bar Mitzvah), which marks the time children enter adulthood An ancient rabbinic formulation of the ‘ages of man’ recommends 18 as the ideal age (Avot 5:21-25) Impediments to A man may not marry certain close relatives, as the offspring of such a marriage are Marriage considered manezerim (illegitimate) Levites were forbidden from marrying prostitutes or adulterous women All branches of Judaism refuse to accept the validity of intermarriage (a Jew marrying a gentile), through were conversion of the gentile to Judaism has occurred, the marriage is considered valid Page 24 of 34  Studies of Religion 1 How Marriage Expresses Beliefs Element of Brief Description of Link to Belief Scriptural Variants Ceremony Ceremony References Kiddushin The couple make an announcement of their intention to marry and in modern day (Betrothal) traditions wedding and engagement take place as 2 parts of one ceremony, but used to be a long period from kiddushin to nussuin. The act of Kiddushin is where the bridegroom gives something of value to the bride with witnesses, then decides the marriage formula “You are hereby consecrated to me according to the Law of Moses the father of Israel.” It is more binding than the concept of engagement. Preparation Prior to the wedding day, Not related to main beliefs but a Psalm 51:2 O-✓ (Mikvah) the bride is required to visit Jewish belief in purification. It “Wash me C-/ the ‘mikvah’, the ritual bath, symbolises that the bride is thoroughly from P-x and immerses herself, to spiritually and ritually pure as she my iniquity and ensure a purified state. She prepares for her sexual cleanse me from must also show proof of relationship with her husband. my sin” visiting the ‘mikvah’ before she is eligible to sign the marriage contract… Wedding Day Customary for bride and groom to fast on the day of the wedding until after the Fast ceremony This is why the wedding feast is described in English as a ‘breakfast’ Fasting assists the couple to come to ‘chuppah’ (wedding canopy and ceremony) in a spirit of solemnity akin to the Jewish Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur) Each one’s sins are forgiven on that day, as it is considered important to enter upon marriage as a new chapter in life with one’s conscience cleared of the errors or lapses of the past Ketubah The signing and witnessing This is symbolic of the covenant Genesis 14:4 O - Ketubah of the marriage contract by made between the bride and “This is my read and groom - outlining the groom reminiscent of the covenant with given to bride obligations of the couple covenant between God and Israel. you: You’ll be the C - Ketubah This shows the obligations and father of many read and reciprocal deeper relationship nations” given to bride between the couple for the P - Ketubah continuation of the Jewish faith. read This is also representative of the belief in divinely inspired moral scripture and shown as ordered by god Wearing White The bride wears a white dress, reminiscent of the white garments that symbolise purity on the High Holy days In some congregations the groom wears a ‘tallit’ (prayer shawl) Chassidic bridegrooms wear a white ‘kittel’ (long white cotton coat) - another reminder of the dignity, purity and spirituality of the occasion Page 25 of 34  Studies of Religion 1 The Veiling Before the ceremony the Done in memory of the story of Genesis 30:21-27 bride sits veiled among the Jacob, Rachel and Leah women. The groom enters and he raises the brides veil to see her for the first time on that day. Chuppah Bride and groom are Chuppah represents the home in Hosea 2:21-22 O-✓ escorted to a marriage which the new couple will live, “God speaks to C-✓ canopy called a Chuppah this shows the woman’s role in the the nation of P-✓ (new home). Held outside relationship as protector and Israel, says three as a sign of the blessing homemaker. - significant in terms times ‘I will given by God to the of covenant between the couple betroth you to patriarch Abraham that his showing their reciprocal me’” children shall be as multiple relationship and obligations to one Psalm 45:9 “as stars of heavens”. When another to protect and care for “Daughters of bride arrives she circles another, as well as to make a home kings are among groom seven times. in Judaism and continue this your honoured covenant and faith through the women; at your making of a jewish household. The right hand is the couple is treated as royalty. royal bride in gold of Ophir” Circling The bride circles the groom When the bride circles the groom Genesis 2:2 O-✓ seven times with her 7 times, it is a reminder that God “And on the C-✓ mother and future mother created the world in 7 days. This seventh day God P - x in law to symbolise her links to the first Jewish belief, finished his work entering into the core of his ‘Belief in one God as the creator’ that he had done, soul. Also reminds that and he rested God created the world in Jeremiah 31:22 seven days. “for the Lord has created a new thing on Earth, a woman will surround a man” Birchat eirusin - Under the chuppah a rabbi or family member recites a blessing over wine and a O-✓ Initial Blessings blessing that praises and thanks God for giving them laws of sanctity and morality to C - ✓ - wine cup preserve the family of the Jewish people P-x Page 26 of 34  Studies of Religion 1 The ring - vows The Groom then takes a Covenant: contract and Jewish Jeremiah 31:31-32 O - groom plain gold ring and places marriage is like a contract. “Marriage is a gives bride on the finger of the bride Marriage is a covenant between Holy union before ring and recites in the presence man and woman, involving God” C - groom of two witnesses. The mutual promises, commitments gives bride couple becomes married and love. ring OR when a man places the ring double ring on the woman’s finger The ring has become the symbol ceremony of the mutual promises of P - groom marriage, and represents the gives bride eternity of commitment. The Bible ring OR describes marriage as a spiritual double ring covenant that is just as binding as ceremony the covenant made with God Birchat Nisuin Process of marriage involved in two separate stages: Erusin (betrothal) and Niusin O-✓ (Seven (marriage). Once Nisuin had taken place the couple could live together C-✓ blessings) P-✓ Breaking of the The ceremony comes to a The traditional reason for this is Glass dramatic conclusion as the the destruction of the Temple in groom smashes a glass by Jerusalem as it is written in the stamping on it. The Psalms: “If I set not Jerusalem contract of betrothal is above my chiefest joy…”. sealed by the breaking of a plate, and this may be The idea is that even at the time of analogous their greatest happiness, Jews must remember the central tragic event in the history of their people: the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem. Significance of Marriage INDIVIDUAL The whole marriage process is an expression and affirmation of belief in Judaism The official marriage contract (Ketubah) guides them on their responsibilities within marriage, and each member of the relationship are assigned roles Marriage reminds them of their covenantal relationship with God (metaphor for God’s relationship with Israel) When two people marry they are fulfilling God’s commandment in Genesis to leave home and be united to another person (Gen 1 - 2) They are united into a new state - a fresh start of sinlessness / ritual purity The canopy symbolises their new home together COMMUNITY The practice of marriage is extremely significant to the Jewish community, as marriage is seen to be the ideal human state; on self emotional and spiritual fulfilment Synagogue reading of the Torah the week before the wedding by the man The synagogue blesses him and their marriage Seen as a cornerstone for society as society stems from the family Page 27 of 34  Studies of Religion 1 The Brakhot blessings remind both the couple and the community of the blessings of God for the couple and community Benefits from family being gathered to celebrate and strengthen relationships Reminds those who are married of their marital promises before God Supports continuation of the Jewish nation as it emphasises the importance of family and children Practices within the ceremony reminding the individual and community of their history eg. destruction of temple in Jerusalem Page 28 of 34  Studies of Religion 1 Christianity Page 29 of 34  Studies of Religion 1 Paul of Tarsus Contribution to Christianity History Paul was originally named Saul. Before his conversion, he was a Jew and Roman Citizen who persecuted Christians On the way to Damascus, he encountered Jesus and was blinded him. When he made it to the city, his sight was restored and he was converted; he started to preach, and changed his name to Paul (Acts 9) Due to his position as both a Jew and Roman citizen, he was able to preach to both Jews and Gentiles Through his three missionary journeys that took him to Asia-Minor, Arabia, and Greece, he was able to spread Christianity outside of Israel Played a major part on opening up Christianity to the world, and separating it from a Jewish Sect into its own religion He was killed by Emperor Nero after 60 BC; he is a martyr for Christianity Contribution to Christianity He contributed greatly to the development and expression of Christianity Through his three missionary journeys that took him to Asia-Minor, Arabia, and Greece, he was able to spread Christianity outside of Israel He was able to establish many churches in these areas Furthermore, he was a central part of the Council of Jerusalem, and a key part in the decision to “… not make it difficult for the Gentiles who are turning to God.” (Acts 15:19) His writings make up 14 out of the 27 books of the new testament He wrote many epistles in order to guide early Christians. These are still used today Helped establish the written tradition of Christianity He is considered to be the “second founder of Christianity” Teachings Salvation comes from faith in God alone: “… Gods kindness is intended to lead you to repentance” (Romans 2:4) Humankind was saved by the death and resurrection of Jesus: “… the message of the cross … is the power of God” (1 Corinthians 1:18) Christians have been baptised to “… form one body …” (1 Corinthians 12:13) The church is united The Lord’s supper is central: “For whenever you eat this bread and drink this cup, you proclaim the Lords death until he comes” (1 Corinthians 11:26) “… Christ died for our sins …” (1 Corinthians 15:3) therefore faith in Christ is necessary to be saved “… God demonstrates his own love for us in this: While we were still sinners, Christ died for us.” (Romans 5:8) “… you have been saved, through faith..” (Ephesians 2:8) Justification by faith alone; this was later used by Martin Luther to start a protestant revolution (impact) Jewish Law no longer needs to be followed: “… the law was our guardian until Christ came…” (Galatians 3:24) Predestination: “For those God foreknew he also predestined …” (Romans 8:29) Jesus is God in every respect - the mystery of the trinity Page 30 of 34  Studies of Religion 1 Impact Impact on the Development of Christianty Impact on the Expression of Christianity Because of his Jewish background, Paul was able to Now the world’s largest religion with Churches in every preach the good news in Jewish synagogues around the continent mediterranean Christians believe that Paul’s letters are the Word of God Hellenisation of Christianity have it the broad appeal it and thus read, reflect on and try to follow his teachings has today Readings from his epistles are read during Sunday Able to evangelise the Gentiles, able to explain the good worship news in a way they could understand and was relevant Christian adherents are inspired by his teachings and to them. Paul experienced great success in converting use them for prayer, bible study and moral/ethical Gentiles to Christianity. Thus Paul facilitated the guidance transition of Christianity from the Semitic to the Greco- Extracts from his letters are often read at significant Roman world events such as weddings and funerals Appointed as “apostle to the gentiles” at Council of The instruction to pray for leaders and those in need (1 Jerusalem: “I had been entrusted with the task of reaching Timothy 2:2) and to collect money for the needs of the the gospel to the Gentiles” (Galatians 2:7) Church (1 Corinthians 16:1) have been put into practice Turned Christianity from a small Jewish sect into a in many denominations major international religion Churches follow St Paul’s ethical teachings on a range of Christianity began to develop it’s own identity separate issues eg. homosexuality. Some Christians reinterpret from Judaism - Old Testament laws such as some of Paul’s teachings based on modern standards eg. circumcision, kosher eating etc were not followed Uniting Church accepts homosexuals Established Christianity as a written tradition Considered the first Christian theologian His writings underpin rites such as baptism/eucharist Wrote 1/4 of New Testament Formulated Christian doctrines such as agape love, “Everyone moved by the Spirit is a child of God” (Romans salvation through Jesus 8:14) “We have confidence in God through Christ” (Corinthians 3:4) Sexual Ethics Sources of Ethical Teachings Ethics = A set of moral principles (moral principles = right and wrong) Ethics = Practical application of belief Christian ethics = Based on beliefs about God’s relationship with the world and his people. i.e. God created us and we live with him as lord that is how we live Jesus Christ as a model for adherents The Bible: 10 commandments, Beatitudes, Golden Rule Through these, Christians develop an informed conscience and system of applying moral reasoning to decision making Christians are encouraged to enjoy sexual relations within the confines of a loving, adult, heterosexual, married relationship. Genesis 1:28: “be fruitful and multiply” which seems to be an instruction to go forth and have sexual relations Jesus quoted Genesis 2:24 in his teaching that sexual intercourse made two people “become one flesh…” Page 31 of 34  Studies of Religion 1 Christian expression of love (1 Cor 13:1-7) Human beings are made in the image of God (Gen 1:27) ‘The body is not for sexual immorality but for the Lord’ (1 Cor 6:13) “You are not your own, for you were bought with a price. So glorify God in your body” (1 Corinthians 6:19-20) “Every sin a person can commit is outside his body. On the contrary, the person who is sexually immoral sins against his own body” (1 Corinthians 6:18) Married Sexual Relations Sex is to be had within the union of marriage (1 Cor 7:2) Become “one flesh” (Genesis 2:24) Have lots of it: “don’t deprive one another unless under mutual consent to devote yourselves to prayer” (1 Cor 7:5) If you have a sexual desire that you can’t control you should marry as opposed to staying single for the gospel like Paul (1 Cor 7:9) DUEL PURPOSE OF MARRIED SEXUAL RELATIONS To express mutual love, designed to unite a couple in a Marriage provides an opportunity to have children and loving bond, reflecting the love of Jesus agree to take on this important responsibility “Let all that you do be done with love” (1 Corinthians 16:14) “Be fruitful and multiply” (Genesis 1:28) Premarital and Extramarital “You shall not commit adultery” (Exodus 20) “Flee from sexual immorality” (1 Corinthians 6:18) Homosexuality The Bible is clear in it’s stance that homosexuality is wrong (1 Corinthians 6:9-12) All denominations agree that people are created equal in the image of God, and so all accept the homosexual state of being, but whether the Church approves of homosexual behaviour marks the divide The Uniting Church allowed homosexuals to be ordained and supporting equal marriage Contraception Catholic Church rejects contraception because it violates God’s plan for natural sexuality, fertility and love Most protestant groups now approve the use of modern contraceptives, disapprove of using abortion as a contraceptive measure The Catechism of the Catholic Church states that all sexual acts must be unitive and open to the possibility of contraception Page 32 of 34  Studies of Religion 1 Marriage Practices Description Marriage is a rite of passage to bond together for a man and woman: “man shall cleave to his wife; and they shall become one flesh” (Genesis 2:24) Marriage is a sacred, lifelong union of a man and a woman who give themselves to each other in trust and love. Through marriage they express their love and service of God and each other The union of the husband and wife is intended by God for their mutual joy, for comfort and for procreation Marriage is the most desirable state for a Christian to be in (1 Corinthians 7) “The two will become one flesh” (Mark 10:7-8) General Features of Ceremony Time: Couple required to be over 18 Place: Take place in a church Participants: 2 witnesses present at least Couple make their vows to one another: “to have and to hold…” Exchanging of rings Prayers are said for the couple Readings from scripture (old + new testament) + sermon from minister Drink from cup of wine Denominational Differences As the ceremony is not defined by the bible, each different denomination has their own rituals associated with the ceremony ROMAN CATHOLIC Can take place with celebration of Eucharist (Nuptial Mass), or as a standalone Rite of Marriage Begins with the procession of the bride to the altar The liturgy of word - scripture is read here Homily: the priest explains the meaning of marriage Couple states their consent in front of the congregation The couple delivers their vows (this is sacrament) Exchanging of rings EASTERN ORTHODOX This ceremony consists of two rites: The Service of Betrothal, and The Service of Crowning The Service of Betrothal takes place at the entrance to the church. The couple state their intention to be married, and their rings are exchanged three times There is no exchange of vows The Service of Crowning begins with the couple processing into the church The crowns are exchanged three times over their heads The priests read the story of the wedding at Cana from the New Testament A common cup is shared between the couple, to symbolise their unity The couple are lead three times around the altar by the priest Page 33 of 34  Studies of Religion 1 The crowns are removed, and the priest places a Bible between the couples hands, reminding them that only God can separate the marriage The priest blesses the couple (this is sacrament) Beliefs Expressed Key Belief Aspect of Marriage Ceremony Scripture Death and Marriage vows affirm that marriage is a life-long commitment “Til death do us part” Resurrection Rings symbolise the commitment that the couple will always be true to each other, and their circular shape symbolises that love has no end Husband and wife are ‘king’ and ‘queen’ of the family Placement of the crown on head of man and woman in orthodox “An excellent wife is the denomination crown of her husband (Proverbs 12:4) Belief in the Expressed through the sign of the cross, circling the table 3 times Trinity (orthodox), prayers, hymns, and blessings Divinity and Scripture and eucharistic prayer Humanity of Candles as reminder of Christ being the light to the world Jesus Revelation Shown through scripture readings Eg. Pauls epistles Salvation Minister blesses the couple, granting them the fullness of life in the kingdom of heaven Significance INDIVIDUAL The hardships faced throughout marriage strengthen the faith of the individuals involved in it Their faith is strengthened through the sacrifices needed to be made during marriage Now married they have an ongoing responsibility for each other and their future children Allows for them to express their love Structures the lives of the couple Allows the couple to express their love and service of God Creates stability within their lives Couple becomes “one flesh” (Genesis 2:22) “Be fruitful and multiply” (Genesis) COMMUNITY Strengthens the community by adding new members to it; a couple married with a Christian church is likely to raise their children as Christians Has all present affirm their beliefs during the ceremony Allows the community to reflect on their own marriage and beliefs Acknowledges all aspects of the human condition “for better for worse” (Book of Common Prayer [Anglican]) Acknowledges the core Christian teaching of “… [Loving] your neighbour as yourself” Encourages stability within the community Page 34 of 34