STS Reviewer.pdf

Science, Technology, Society Science: 4. Botany – Plants 5. Zoology – Animals A way in which answers related to 6. Ecology – Balance in nat...

Science, Technology, Society Science: 4. Botany – Plants 5. Zoology – Animals A way in which answers related to 6. Ecology – Balance in nature natural events are proposed. 7. Physical Science – Matter and Energy 8. Chemistry – Matter and its changes A way in which people can learned and 9. Physics – Forces and energy understand events of the natural world. 10. Geology – Earth’s physical nature and history Based on observable events. 11. Meteorology – The atmosphere and whether. A study of the natural world. “Scientia” means knowledge. Branches that can intertwine: a. Biochemistry – Study of matter of System acquiring knowledge based on living things. scientific method. b. Geophysics – Study of forces that affect Note: Science has two branches: Natural Earth. Science and Social Science. 6 Steps of Scientific Method: Branches of Natural Science: 1. Make and observation – Observations 1. Biological Science – The science of the based on senses or tools. living world. Ex. Sight, smell, touch, etc. Ex. Botany, Zoology, Ecology 2. Form a hypothesis – Tries to explain 2. Physical Science – The science of matter your observation or answer your and energy. question. Ex. Physics and Chemistry. 3. Test the hypothesis – Controlled 3. Earth Science – The science of our experiments are used to test. planet. a. Controlled Experiment – Tests only one factor at a time by. Ex. Geology and Meteorology. b. Independent variable – Being changed in the experiment. c. Dependent variable – Variable Branches of Social Science: being measured. 1. Psychology 4. Collect, organize, and analyze the data 2. Sociology – Utilize tools or senses: sight, smell, temp., etc. a. Data – Recorded observations or Branches of Science and its Area of Study: measurements. 1. Social Science – Human behavior 5. Draw conclusions – Decide whether the 2. Natural Science – How the whole results of the experiment support a universe behaves. hypothesis. 3. Biology – Living things Science, Technology, Society 6. Communicate the results – Results Ancient Period must be communicated in the form of a Accumulation of knowledge and passing written paper or presentation. it from generation to generation has begun when the modern humans evolved from their hominid ancestors. Technology Paved the way for advances in science Methods, system, and devices which are and technology. the result of scientific knowledge being used for practical purposes. Comes from Greek root word “techne”, Ancient Wheel – They use animals as means of meaning “art, skill, or cunning of hand”. transportation. Paper: Different Inventions and Innovations: Around 300 B.C the ancient Egyptians 1. Electricity has lighted many homes. began writing on a papyrus. 2. Transportation becomes faster. Made up from a pith of plant called 3. Communication was eased. Cyperus papyrus. 4. Farm tractors made farming easier and Shadoof: faster. 5. Different diseases which seemed A tool invented and used by ancient untreatable and have caused high Egyptians to irrigate land. mortality rate now have treatments. Hand-operated device used for lifting water. Aeolipile A.K.A. Heron’s engine - World’s first Four Common Characteristics That steam engine which spins as the water container Categorize Something as Science: at its center is heated. a. Focuses on the natural world - Science aims to explain and provide more understanding of the natural world. Medieval Period - Also known as “Dark Ages” b. Goes through experiments - Science is considered to be one of the creative periods in subjects is subject to experimentation. the history of humans and said to be the start of c. Relies on evidence - look for evidences the first industrial revolution. that will support the truthfulness of something. d. Passes through the scientific Printing Press: community - Has to go through different groups of people who would qualify the Invented by Johannes Gutenberg idea. One of the greatest inventions in the 15th century. Antecedents - precursor to the unfolding or existence of something. Mechanical Clock - Helped the people in accurately keeping the track in time. Science, Technology, Society Renaissance Period - used to refer to the period Prior to the invention of gunpowder, of rebirth as age of preparation for the 17th swords and spears were used in battles century scientific development and and wars. achievements. Steam Engine - has been around but later on Wood Printing - First came to the West from improved by Scottish James Watt (1736-1819) China in 1250 – 1350. and other inventors after 1778. Paper Making - Originated from China has reached 12th century Spain. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (18TH Paper Money - first used by Chinese in 17th CENTURY) GREATEST INVENTIONS century. WERE INTRODUCED BY AMERICAN SCIENTIST: Note: using paper money brought advantages because it is easier to keep and transport. 1. Robert Fulton’s (1765-1815) - Steamboat that used one of Watt’s Compound Microscope engines. Invented by a Dutch named Zacharias 2. Thomas Edison (1847-1931) - Invented Janseen in 1590’s. the light bulb. Used in many scientific studies in the 3. Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) - area of medicine, forensics and genetics Invented the telephone. 4. George Stephenson (1781-1848) - People During Renaissance Period: developed the first steam powered 1. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) – A locomotive. Polish mathematician and astronomer, he presented the theory of heliocentric. 19th Century - Rise of modern industry, from 2. Galileo Galilei (1564- 1642) – A major agriculture to industrial manufacturing and Renaissance scientist. He improved the technology-intensive services. telescope, discovered new celestial bodies, and found support for People In 19th Century: heliocentric solar system. Science During 19th Century: 1. John Dalton (1766 – 1844) - published Industrial Revolution - It began in Great Britain his atomic theory in 1803. Dalton also and spread across Europe, America, and even studied color blindness. Asia from 1760 to 1840 gradually. 2. Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) - Textile Manufacturing - Built by French weaver Formulated the Periodic Table. Joseph Marie Jacquard which simplifies textile 3. Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) - manufacturing. Formulated the law of Conservation of Energy in 1847. In 1851, he invented the Spinning Wheel - A machine used to transform ophthalmoscope. fiber into thread or yarn and eventually woven into cloth. Physics During 19th Century: Gun Powder: 1. James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879)- Showed the lights is an electromagnetic Around 850 A.D., Chinese alchemist wave in 1873 and was later on proved by accidentally invented the gunpowder. Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894) in 1888. Science, Technology, Society 2. Henri Becquerel (1852-1908) - 1971 - Intel developed a microprocessor that Discovered radioactivity in 1896. made computer smaller. 3. Marie Curie (1867-1934) and Pierre 1976 - Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak have Curie (1859-1906) - Discovered radium redefined the meaning of computer by in 1898. introducing Apple. 4. Joseph Thomson - Discovered the electron in 1897. Note: One of the breakthroughs during the century was the invention of Artificial People Mastered Electricity: Intelligence. 1. Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1851) - Discovered that electric current in a wire caused by a nearby compass needle to HISTORY OF S&T in the PHILIPPINES move in 1819. 2. Michael Faraday (1791-1867) - Showed 1565 - PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD that a magnet can produced electricity Early inhabitants of the archipelago had and in 1831 he invented the dynamo. their own culture, tradition, belief system 3. Samuel F.B. Mores (1791-1872) - and indigenous knowledge. Invented the electric telegraph in 1837. Use of plants &herbs as medicine to treat 4. Karl Benz (1844-1929) and Gottlieb illness. Daimler (1834-1900) – Made the first Use of writing, numerical, measurement cars in 1885 and 1886. & calendar system to facilitate trading Farming, animal-raising, fishing, mining & weaving were their first livelihood. First Automobile: 1946 - COLONIAL PERIOD: 1. Spanish Colonization The first stationary gasoline engine by Establishment of formal educations Karl Benz was a one-cylinder two stroke institutions. unit which ran for the first time on New Mandate schools to teach different Year’s Eve 1879. subjects (religion, math, and 3Rs) A lightweight car powered by a gasoline University of Sto. Tomas, the oldest engine, in which the chassis and engine University in Asia formed a single unit. The Spaniards made contributions to Engine-Powered Airplane - Invented by Orville the field of engineering by Wright and Wilbur Wright. constructing government establishments, churches, roads, Television: bridges, and forts. Invented by Scottish engineer Jhon Logie Medicine and Biology were taught in Baird in 1920s. educational and training institutions British Broadcasting Corporation used Natives were trained to use this for its earliest television innovative approaches in farming. programming in 1929. 2. American Colonization The establishment of the Bureau of Government Science - A 20th Century - Some of the greatest technological government agency to nurture the advancement during this period was the creation development in the field of S&T. of personal computer. Science, Technology, Society On December 8, 1933, the National Caracoa – A large, fast boat used particularly in Research Council of the Philippines the southern parts of the Philippine islands. was established. Developments in S&T were focused on Agriculture, Medicine and Banaue Rice Terraces – A majestic architectural Pharmacy, Food Processing, and designs which resulted from the techniques Forestry. developed by Filipino’s livelihood process. 3. Japanese Colonization Priority of opening elementary schools. Re-opening of vocational and normal Philippines During 16th Century schools in Agriculture, Medicine, Fisheries and Engineering. Agricultural industry became a good Filipinos are engaged in the sale of food source of income through practices such and medicine for aiding the soldiers. as rice farming, crop production, Government corporations were livestock raising, and fishing, and reorganized to develop the natural forestry. resources in the Philippines. Artillery was used during their battle against Spaniards. 4. Philippine Independence Note: These weapons include: bows, arrows, and swords. 1965 - POST-COLONIAL PERIOD - Contributions of the Philippine Presidents in the Development of Science and Technology Science and Technology During the Commonwealth Period: Philippines: The occupation of the Philippines by the Primitive Filipinos have simpler Japanese during the War brought technology than neighboring countries in educational and scientific activities Asia, such as China and India. practically to a halt as able-bodied Simple stones and metal tools were used, citizens joined the resistance movement. which gave rise to the development of ceramics, potteries, weavings, handicrafts, and other devices. Marcos Era (1965-1986): Note: Filipinos created good technology in shipbuilding in 1000AD. These ships were used Science and Technology played a role during this for transportation, trading, and fishing. period in several ways: Precolonial Science and Technology 1. Infrastructure Development San Juanico Bridge Many Filipinos were still living as Bataan Nuclear Power Plant (BNPP) hunters. North Luzon Express Way (NLEX) They gathered forest products to trade Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) with the lowland and coastal settlements. Complex But they also made "iron lance-points, CCP main theater, Folk Arts Theater, daggers and certain small tools used in Phil. International Convention Center transplanting." (PICC) Heart Center of the Philippines Pre-Spanish Period: Science, Technology, Society Imelda Marcos “Edifice Complex” 2. Agricultural Modernization Masagana 99 Maharlika Livelihood Complex Agricultural Credit and Cooperative Financing (ACCFA) Green Revolution 3. Nuclear Power Program located in Morong, Bataan, began in the late 1970s. It was designed to be the first nuclear power plant in Southeast Asia, with a capacity of 620 megawatts The project received financial and technical assistance from foreign countries, including the United States and West Germany The BNPP project became controversial due to safety concerns, cost overruns, and allegations of corruption. In 1986, following the People Power Revolution that ousted Marcos from power, President Corazon Aquino decided not to operate the plant due to safety and financial concerns. 4. Military Modernization Acquisition of Modern Equipment Military Infrastructure Development Military Assistance from Foreign Allies Counterinsurgency Operations Declaration of Martial Law Integration of Civilian Agencies with Military Functions