Structure of a Cell PDF

CELL Fundamental unit of life  LEARNING OBJECTIVES To know that there are special structures within cells that are responsible for specific functions. Able to identify different structures within a cell. Able to explain each structure’s function within a cell. table of...

CELL Fundamental unit of life  LEARNING OBJECTIVES To know that there are special structures within cells that are responsible for specific functions. Able to identify different structures within a cell. Able to explain each structure’s function within a cell. table of 01 02 contents: Cell. Types of cells: components. 03 04 Structure and basic functions. Protein synthesis. 05 06 Energy supply. Cellular digestion. 07 08 Support and movement. Storage and transportation.  Cell Basic and fundamental unit of life, it possesses a highly organized structure that enables it to carry out its vital functions.  Prokaryotic Prokaryotic Dispersed genetic material Lack a defined nucleus in the cytoplasm. Plant Types Cellulose cell wall; chloroplasts and vacuoles. of Cells Animal Rigid cell wall; may have flagella. Eukaryotic Have a defined nucleus Protist They can have a cell wall, without differentiated tissues. Fungal Chitin Cell Wall; they are heterotrophs. DO YOU REMEMBER THE DEFINITION OF ORGANELLES?  WHAT IS AN ORGANELLE? Organelles are the different structures inside a cell that each have different jobs or functions to complete within the cell.  Composed of several fundamental components Ribosome Rough endoplasmic Cell membrane Nucleus Golgi Apparatus reticulum. Lysosome and Mitochondria Chloroplasts peroxisome Centriole Microtubules LET’S LOOK AT THE TYPES OF ORGANELLES  Structure and basic functions These components work together to maintain cellular homeostasis and perform essential life activities.  Cell membrane Outer layer of the cell, composed of a double layer of phospholipids in which protein are embedded Its primary role lies in regulating the passage of substances, including nutrients and waste materials. The cell membrane acts as a “security guard” as it has small holes that let some molecules in but keeps out any harmful molecules..  CELL MEMBRANE IN PLANTS LIES IMMEDIATELY AGAINST THE CELL WALL IN PLANTS  cell wall The outer layer of plant cells that helps keep everything inside the cell protected. The cell wall is made of very strong materials that can keep anything harmful outside of the cell.  Cytoplasm The living matter within the cell and has a fluid and jelly-like substance called hyaloplasm. The cytoplasm is a gel-like matrix containing water, salts, proteins, and other molecules. It occupies the intracellular space between the cell membrane and the nucleus.  Cell nucleus Separated by a porous nuclear membrane within the hyaloplasm, has a liquid portion called karyolymph An organelle that houses DNA, located in the center of eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to store and safeguard genetic information, controlling gene expression and DNA replication. It also contains the NUCLEOLUS, which is involved in ribosome synthesis.  Nucleus The “control center” of both plant and animal cells that controls growth and reproduction.  Nucleolus The part of both plant and animal cells that is found inside the nucleus. The nucleolus is made of RNA and protein. It looks like a nucleus inside of a nucleus.  Protein Synthesis Building and repairing cellular structures, regulating biological processes, and expressing specific characteristics of each organism.  Ribosome Ribosomes are essential organelles for cellular functioning and survival. They synthesize protein molecules that maybe used to build cell structures or to function as enzymes Ribosomes are located in the cytoplasm and the rough endoplasmic reticulum.  ribosomes Ribosomes are found in both plant and animal cells and are known as the “protein builders” of the cell.  Endoplasmic reticulum A network of interconnected membranes that extends from the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane. It plays a fundamental role in the transport, processing, and distribution of proteins and lipids within the cell. There are two main types of ER: The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) is studded with ribosomes and is involved in the synthesis and modification of proteins. The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) specializes in lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and detoxification.  Golgi apparatus Composed of a series of flattened sacs called cisternae, it acts as the 'shipping center' of the cell, sorting and packaging proteins into vesicles for transport and distribution. Key in the processing and packaging of proteins and lipids produced in the endoplasmic reticulum.  Energy Supply To carry out vital functions and necessary metabolic processes essential for the proper functioning of the cell and/or organism.  Mitochondria Present in eukaryotic animal and plant cells. Their primary function is energy generation through cellular respiration (ATP production). The double membrane of mitochondria allows for the organization of various stages of the respiratory chain, making it crucial for cellular function and survival.  Chloroplasts Exclusive to plant cells and photosynthetic organisms, chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis, converting solar energy into chemical energy. During photosynthesis, they synthesize glucose and other organic compounds using carbon dioxide and water, releasing oxygen as a byproduct. They are responsible for the crucial production of oxygen that sustains the planet. Cellular Digestion It involves breaking down molecules and unwanted materials, enabling the recycling of nutrients and cellular maintenance.  Lysosomes Peroxisomes Detoxify harmful molecules and the They contain digestive enzymes that enzymes produced are involved in the break down molecules and unwanted oxidative deamination of amino acid cellular materials. and breakdown of hydrogen peroxide Responsible in digestion of nutrients, Additionally, they play a role in the bacteria and damaged cells or synthesis and degradation of lipids programmed cell death during and bile acids, regulating lipid embryonic development metabolism and overall homeostasis.  Support and Movement Maintaining cellular shape, enabling cellular movement and division, are essential for its functioning and survival.  Cytoskeleton It is composed of protein filaments (microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments) and provides support and enables movement in eukaryotic cells.  Flagella and cilia Specialized structures for movement. They are elongated and enable locomotion in liquid environments, whereas cilia are shorter and create coordinated flow on the cell surface. Centrosomes Helps the cell divide during mitosis and meiosis. Found in animal cells which help to organize spindle fibers.  Microtubules Helps provide structure to the cell and also helps with cell division. Microtubules are only found in animal cells.  Storage and Transportation They manage nutrients, eliminate waste, and regulate metabolic processes.  Vacuoles Membrane-bound organelles found in plant cells and some animal cells. They store nutrients, water, ions, and waste materials, regulating turgor pressure and osmotic balance. Vacuoles can also be involved in the digestion of substances and serve as a defense mechanism against predators by containing toxins. Vesicles and endosomes Membranous vesicles that transport specific materials between organelles and the cell membrane. Vesicles: They transport materials from the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus to other destinations. Endosomes: They capture and distribute materials for degradation, recycling, or their incorporation into metabolic pathways.  THAT’S ALL OF THEM! HERE’S A QUICK TIP...  THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CELLS Plant cells Animal cells have cell don’t have a walls. cell wall - only a cell membrane. Plant cells Animal cells have larger have vacuoles. centrioles. Plant Cell Animal Cell Thank you! Any questions?