Stress Management PDF

STRESS MANAGEMENT. Mr. VIHANG TAYDE  INTRODUCTION: Stress has been defined in many different ways over the years. The word stress is derived from English word. Originally it was used in physics and it meant an external pressure, tension, load of an object (Newhouse an...

STRESS MANAGEMENT. Mr. VIHANG TAYDE  INTRODUCTION: Stress has been defined in many different ways over the years. The word stress is derived from English word. Originally it was used in physics and it meant an external pressure, tension, load of an object (Newhouse and Treven, 2005). It was conceived as pressure from the environment, then as strain within the person.  The term stress was introduced in medicine in 1949 by Canadian endocrinologist – Hans Selye. To him, stress is described as the body’s adjustment to a new circumstance, and the body’s stereotypical and non-specific response to environmental stimuli that disrupt a personal balance, and described also as a psychosomatic mechanism to regulate and balance the tensions, which means the perception and preparation of the body to the specific loads.  About one-third of workers reports high level of stress and high level of stress are associated with the substantial increase in health service utilization. Additionally, periods of disability due to job stress tends to be much longer then disability periods for other occupational injuries and illness.  Stress affecting the nurse across the globe has been convincingly documented in the literature for more than 40 years, (Lazarus RS). Nurse’s environment includes an enclosed atmosphere, time pressure, excessive noises, no second chance, unpleasant sights and sounds, and long standing hours.  DEFINE STRESS: Stress is the “non-specific response of the body to any kind of demand made upon it”. (Selye-1956)  DEFINE STRESSOR: Stressor is any person or situation that produces anxiety response to the body. A stressor is a chemical or biological agent, environmental condition, external stimulus or an event that causes stress to an individual.  DEFINE OCCUPATIONAL OR JOB STRESS Occupational or job stress is defined as a tension arising in a person that is related to the demands of the persons role or job (McVicar, 2003)  KINDS OF STRESSORS:  External stressors:  Internal stressors:  External stressors: - Physical environment - Social interaction with people - Life events which you have no control over (death in the family)  Internal stressors: - Personal lifestyle choice - Personality traits - Individual thought process (negative, over analyzing, etc.)  TYPES OF STRESS: Stress is the ‘wear and tear’ our bodies experiences as we adjust to our continually changing environment. It has physical and emotional effects on us and can create positive and negative feelings. There are actually two types of stress; A.Eustress B.Distress A. Eustress: Eustress is the positive stress that stimulates a person to function better. This is called as friendly stress or positive stress. It has a good influence on human in terms of physical and mental ability.  It acts in a positive for the individual and the organization. It also provides the sense of urgency and alertness needed to survival when confronting threating situation. B. Distress Distress is a negative stress that may cause illness. This is also called as harmful stress. Negative stress could be also described as a burning out.  It is a contributory factor in minor condition such as headaches, insomnia, ulcers, etc CLASSIFICATION OF STRESS: Stress can be classified as ;  Short term (acute) stress:  Long term (chronic) stress:  Short term (acute) stress: Acute stress is the reaction to an immediate threat, commonly known as fight or flight response. The threat can be any situation that is experienced, even subconsciously or falsely as a danger.  Common acute stress includes – noise, crowding, isolation, hunger, danger, infection, etc.  Long term (chronic) stress: In day to day life persons faces different stressful situations, which are not short, lived. The stress becomes chronic when an individual tries to suppress it. Common chronic stressor includes;  Ongoing highly pressured work  long term relationship problems  loneliness  EFFECTS OF STRESS: The effects of stress generally fall in categories 1. Short term effects of stress: 2. Long term effects of stress: Short term effects of stress: 1.Physical changes: Physical symptoms are usually triggered by arousal of autonomic nervous system and includes increase in heart rate and blood pressure 2. Psychological changes : - It includes lack of concentration, - Muscle ache, - Headache, and - Insomnia. - Loss of memory, - Inability to make decision, - Forgetfulness, and - Confusion. - Faster breathing, 3. Emotional changes: - Emotional response may include - Anxiety, - Nervousness, - Frustration, - Anger, - Irritability, and 4. Behavioral symptoms: - Impact of stress also affects the behavior and present as pacing, - Fidgety movement, - Nail biting, - Smoking, - Drinking, and - Throwing things Long term effects of stress: 1.Behavioral changes: - The affected person becomes victim of serious behavioral disorder like. - Fearfulness, - Obesity. - Alcoholism - Drugs addiction 2. Physiological changes: - The affected person become victim of serious Physiological disorder, like - Hypertension, - Heart diseases - Skin diseases - Even cancer 3. Emotional changes: - Chronic anxiety - Depression. - The affected person become victim of serious Emotional disorder, like - Fear and phobia - Personality changes - Mental disorder 4. Cognitive changes: - The affected person become victim of serious Cognitive disorder, like - Memory problem - Obsessive thoughts - Sleep disorder  STAGES OF STRESS Hans Selye explained stress through GAS (General Adaptation Syndrome), a way that the body tries to keep balance. The GAS stages are; 1.The alarm reaction stage. 2.Stage of resistance. 3.Stage of exhaustion. 1. The alarm reaction stage: - Alarm is the first stag. - When the stressor is identified or realized, the body’s stress response is a state of alarm. - During this stage, adrenaline will be produced in order to bring about the fight or flight responses. 2. Stage of resistance - Resistance is the second stage. - If the stressor persist, it become necessary to attempt some means of coping with the stress. - Although the body begins to try to adapt to the strains or demands of the environment, the body cannot keep this up indefinitely, so its resources are gradually depleted. 3. Stage of exhaustion - Exhaustion is the third stage and final stage in the GAS model. - At this point, all the body’s resources are eventually depleted and body is unable to maintain normal function.  If stage three is extended, long term damage may result as the capacity of gland, specially the adrenal gland.  STRESS MANAGEMENT: Stress management involves the use of the coping strategies in response to stressful situations. Coping strategies are adaptive when they protect the individual from harm or strengthen the individual’s ability to meet challenging situation.  Strategies of coping with stress; a)Awareness; - The initial step in managing stress in awareness- to become aware of the factors that create stress and the feeling associated with a stressful response. As one can becomes aware of stressors, he or she can omit, avoid, or accept them. b) Got organized; - Coping with stress is all about planning. You can plan to fall or plan to sucessed. Organized time for work, family, hobbies, spiritual time, time with friends and time alone, time for exercise and time for relaxation c) Visualized the best outcome; Coping with stress knows how to deal with a stressful situation before it occurs. Rehearse how you are going to handle it. Picture yourself being successful in coping with stress d) Don’t postpone action; - One of the best strategies for coping with stress is not to put off actions until tomorrow if you can do it today. Coping with stress become more difficult when you defer. Do your least favorite chores first, followed by rewards. e) Be realistic; - Set realistic goals. Emphasize quality over quantity. Work at a leisurely pace, taking breaks often. f) Sleep, eat, and exercise; - Coping with stress is all about treating your body properly. Eat food that nourish you, exercise and get plenty of sleep. RELAXATION TECHNIQUES: Be specific when exploring your options. You might consider the following, o Going to walk, o Meeting with friends, o Reading for pleasure, o Listening to music, o Taking a bath.  Begin practicing relaxation techniques like, o Medication,- o Deep breathing exercises,- o Progressive muscles relaxation.  Deep breathing exercises,- Sit or lie down comfortably, inhale slowly through the nose and exhale through the mouth. While inhaling place one hand below the ribs.  Allow that hand to extend outwards when inhaled, let the hand fall back to its original position when exhaled. Exhalation should take twice as long as inhalation.  Progressive muscles relaxation. Muscles relaxation can be done in sitting or lying down position.  Each muscles group is tensed for 5 to 7 seconds and then relaxed for 20 to 30 seconds, during which time the individual concentrates on the difference in sensations between the two conditions. Soft, slow background music may facilitate relaxation.  UNHEALTHY WAYS OF COPING WITH STRESS - Smoking - Drinking too much - Over eating or under eating - Using pills or drugs to relax - Sleeping to much - Withdrawing from friends, family, and activities - Zoning out for hours in front of the T.V or computer. - Taking your stress out on others (lashing out, angry outbursts, physical violence)  NURSE MANAGER’S ROLE IN STRESS MANAGEMENT:  Ensure that the workload is in line with nurses’ capabilities and resources.  Clearly define the nurse’s role and responsibility.  Planned orientation programmes for the newly joined staff.  Give nurses the opportunities to participate in decision making and actions in patients care. Improve the communications and provide supportive environment  Provide opportunities for social interaction among the nurses.  Organize group meeting to solve the problems.  RESEARCH ARTICLES ON STRESS MANAGEMENT 1. A Study On Stress Management Among The Employees Of Nationalised Banks  Harish Shukla and Ms. Rachita Garg (12/2013)  ABSTRACT Banking, like other services, has become one of the highly competitive sectors in India. The banking organizations, since the beginning of this decade, have been facing greater challenges in terms of technological revolution, service diversification and global banking. Stress is unavoidable on the part of the employees as the systems, procedures; techniques are getting complicated with the use of advance technology. Every employee cannot cope with such rapid Changes taking place in the jobs. This will lead to arising of stress among employees. An attempt has been made through this research paper to know the reasons of stress among the bank employees and the ways used by employees to cope with the stress generated at workplace. It is found that maximum number of employees in banks remains in stress. Majority of the employees try to find solution to relieve  Also the measures are also suggested in the paper to overcome stress that affects their physical and mental health.  Findings and Conclusion Most of the employees fear with the fact that lack quality in their work puts stress on them. It is found that maximum number of employees in banks remains in stress. 50% employees feel that they are overloaded with work. 44% employees feel tensed due to their non- achievement of their target of work. 38% employees accepted that they will obey the order of their boss by sacrificing their important domestic function. It indicates fear and stress among employees. 24% employees feel stress due to their family related problems. Half of the employees accepted that there is conflict among the employees. It is a concern for top management. Only 48% employees feel that strategies used by banks to manage stress of employees are effective. Majority of the employees try to find solution to relieve them from stress.50% employees use YOGA or other ways to relieve them from stress. In spite of stress, majority of the employees balance in their social life. 2. Studies on Stress Management: A Case Study of Avatar Steel Industries, Chennai, India o Geeta Kumari and K. M. Pandey ABSTRACT In this work the analysis has been done on stress management of Avtar steel industries, Chennai.Asample size of 100 is taken for the purpose of analysis made from primary and secondary data. Out of the total sample most of the respondents are male and many are between 50 and above.  Most of the respondents are under graduate and have professional qualification. Most of the respondents have 10-15 years of long association with the organization. Almost all the respondents are satisfied with the physical and psychological working condition of the organization, and only fewer respondents are dissatisfied with the psychological working condition of the organization. The opinion about the training programs conducted by the organization is almost better, according to majority of the respondents.  CONCLUSION: About one-third of workers reports high level of stress and high level of stress are associated with the substantial increase in health service utilization. Additionally, periods of disability due to job stress tends to be much longer then disability periods for other occupational injuries and illness. Stress is the “non-specific response of the body to any kind of demand made upon it”. SUMMERY:  BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1. Principles And Practices Of Nursing Management And Administration For B.Sc. And M.Sc. Nursing, Jogindar Vati, JAYPEE Publication, Pg No: 532-535 2. A Guide To Mental Health And Psychiatric Nursing, R.Shreevani, 3rd Edition, Pg No:259 3. Mental Health For Nursing, Lalit Batra, PEEPEE Publishers, Pg No:31 4. Leadership And Nursing Care Management, Diane L. Huber, Fourth Edition, Pg No: 131) 5. Text Book Of Psychiatric Nursing, Anbu.T, EMMESS Publication, Pg No: 198, 200 6. Voice of Research, Vol. 2, Issue 3, December 2013. http://www.voiceofresearch.org/doc/Dec-2013/Dec-2013_20.. 7. International Journal of Innovation Management and Technology, Vol. 2, No. 5, October 2011, By Geeta Kumari and K. M. Pandey. Thank you….