Stress and Adaptation PDF

STRESS AND ADAPTATION NELSON L. GACUTAN  INTRODUCTION:  Stress is a part of life. Everyone feels stress at one time or another. The experience of stress & the way one response to it are unique to each individual. The process of responding to stress is const...

STRESS AND ADAPTATION NELSON L. GACUTAN  INTRODUCTION:  Stress is a part of life. Everyone feels stress at one time or another. The experience of stress & the way one response to it are unique to each individual. The process of responding to stress is constant & dynamic & is essential to the person’s physical, emotional & social well being.  TERMINOLOGY:  STRESS “ It is a condition in which the human system responds to changing in its normal balanced state.stress result from a change in the environment ,that is presided as a challenge a threat or a danger and can have both negative and positive effects.” - Pender and Parsons (2006)  CONTI… 2) STRESSOR “ stressor are themselves neither positive nor negative but they can have positive and negative effects as the persons responds to the changes.” CONTI…. ADAPTATION “ when person is in a threatening situation immediate response occur.those response are often involuntary ,are called coping response. The change that take places as a result of the responses to a stressor is adaptation.” HOMEOSTASIS “The various physiologic mechanism within the body responses to internal changes to maintain relative constancy in the internal environment is called homeostasis.” (State of Balance or consistency of a system)  PHYSIOLOGIC HOMEOSTASIS  PSYCHOLOGIC HOMEOSTASIS  PHYSIOLOGIC HOMEOSTASIS  is the tendency of the body to maintain critical physiological parameters (e.g. blood glucose level, blood pressure, core body temperature) of its internal environment within specific ranges of values.  PSYCHOLOGICAL HOMEOSTASIS  the tendency of the body to seek and maintain a condition of balance of equilibrium within its internal environment, even when faced within external changes. E.g. Maintaining 37 degrees Celsius of body temperature  PHYSIOLOGIC HOMEOSTASIS  Autonomic nervous system & the endocrine system primarily control homeostasis mechanisms.  self regulatory, occur without conscious thought, & usually function to correct abnormal conditions.  Short term & long term stress can threaten the physiologic homeostasis & result in illness,  TYPES OF PHYSIOLOGICAL HOMEOSTASIS LOCAL GENERAL ADAPTATION ADAPTATION RESPONSE SYNDROME  THE REFLEX PAIN RESPONSE LOCAL ADAPTATION RESPONSE THE INFLAMANTORY RESPONSE  GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME According to “Hans Selye” Three distinct stages:-  ALARM REACTION STAGE  STAGE OF RESISTANCE  STAGE OF EXHAUSTION PLAY  ALARM RESPONSE  This is the “ Fight or Flight” response that prepares the body for immediate action PLAY  STAGE OF ADAPTATION / RESISTANCE PHASE  If the source persists, the body prepares for long-term protection, secreting hormones to increase blood sugar levels. This phase is common and not necessarily harmful, but must include periods of relaxation and rest to counterbalance the stress response. Fatigue, concentration lapses, irritability and lethargy result as the stress turns negative. PLAY  STAGE OF EXHAUSTION  In chronic stress situations, sufferers enter the exhaustion phase: emotional, physical and mental resources suffer heavily, the body experiences ‘ adrenal exhaustion’ leading to decreased stress tolerance, progressive mental and physical exhaustion, illness and collapse. PLAY PSYCHOLOGICAL HOMEOSTASIS  Each person needs to feel loved & a sense of belonging, to feel safe & secure & to have self-esteem. When these needs are not met or a threat to need fulfillment occurs homeostatic measures in the form of coping or defense mechanisms help return the person to emotional balance.  TYPES OF STRESS DISTRESS / DAMAGING STRESS / NEGATIVE STRESS POSITIVE STRESS /STRESS THAT PROTECTS HEALTH  NEGATIVE STRESS It is a contributory factor in minor conditions, such as headaches, digestive problems, skin complaints, insomnia and ulcers. Excessive, prolonged and unrelieved stress can have a harmful effect on mental, physical and spiritual health.  POSITIVE STRESS Stress can also have a positive effect, spurring motivation and awareness, providing the stimulation to cope with challenging situations. Stress also provides the sense of urgency and alertness needed for survival when confronting threatening situations. TYPES OF STRESSOR ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESSORS SOCIAL STRESSORS THOUGHTS Health Basic and human illness need Family reaction to illness EFFECTS OF THE STRESSOR  THE SOURCE OF STRESS ❖Developmental stress ❖Situational stress FACTORS AFFECTING TYPES OF STRESSOR STRESS & EXPERIENCED ADAPTATION ❖Physiologic stressor ❖Psychological stressors PERSONAL FACTORS  ADAPTATION TO STRESS (IMBALANCE ) g Copin m c han is rces me S o u P T IO N CE PER TRESS OF S Balance  ADAPTATION TO STRESS (BALANCE ) Perception Sources Coping of stress mechanism Balance PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS ADAPTATION Mindbody interaction Anxiety Coping mechanisms  MIND BODY INTERACTION  humans react to threats of danger as if they were physiologic threats of a person perceives the threat on an emotional level& the body prepares itself to either resist the danger or to run away from it. Each person reacts in Backache  Constipation  Diarrhea  Dilated pupils  Dry mouth  Headache nausea  Sleep disturbances  ANXIETY MILD ANXIETY SEVERE MODERATE PANIC COPING MECHANISMS COMPENSATION COMPENSATION COMPENSATION DENIAL DENIAL DENIAL DISPLACEMENT DISPLACEMENT IDENTIFICATION IDENTIFICATION PROJECTION PROJECTION RATIONALIZATION RATIONALIZATION REACTION FORMATION REACTION FORMATION REPRESSION REPRESSION SUBLIMATION SUBLIMATION REGRESSION REGRESSION COMPENSATION (Substitution) – trying to make up for areas in which a lack is perceived by becoming superior in some other area. Example: Regy is not good at athletics, so he puts all his energies into becoming an academic scholar. DENIAL – refusal to recognize or acknowledge a threatening situation. ❑ Refusal to appreciate information about oneself or others Example: Ben is an alcoholic who denies being alcoholic. DISPLACEMENT – expressing feelings that would be threatening if directed at the real target onto a less threatening substitute target. Example: Sandra gets reprimanded by her boss and goes home to angrily pick a fight with her husband. IDENTIFICATION – trying to become like someone else to deal with one’s anxiety. Example: Marie really admires Suzy, the most popular girl in school, and tries to copy her behavior and dress. PROJECTION – placing one’s own unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if the thoughts belonged to them and not to oneself. Example: Keisha is attracted to her sister’s husband but denies this and believes the husband is attracted to her. RATIONALIZATION – making up acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior. Example: “If I don’t have breakfast, I can have that piece of cake later on without hurting my diet”. ❑ A habitual drinker says he drinks with his friends “just to be sociable”. REACTION FORMATION – forming an emotional reaction or attitude that is the opposite of one’s threatening or unacceptable actual thoughts. Example: Matt is unconsciously attracted to Ben but outwardly voices an extreme hatred of homosexuals. ❑ Repressing angry feelings, a person displays exaggerated friendliness. SUBLIMATION – turning socially unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behavior. ❑ Satisfying an impulse (e.g aggression) with a substitute object. In a socially acceptable way. Example: Allain, who is very aggressive, becomes a professional hockey player. REGRESSION – falling back on childlike patterns as a way of coping with stressful situation. Example: Four year old Jeff starts wetting his bed after his parents bring home a new baby. ❑ A little boy reverts to the oral comfort of thumb sucking on the way to his first day of school. REPRESSION – “pushing” threatening or conflicting events or situations out of conscious memory. ❑ Is an unconscious mechanism employed by the ego to keep disturbing or threatening thoughts from becoming conscious. Example: Elsie, who was sexually abused as a child, cannot remember the abuse at all.  INTERVENTIONS TO REDUSE ANXIETY  a). Exercise:- Regular exercises help to maintain physical & emotional health.  b). Rest and sleep:- Rest and sleep helps the body to maintain homeostasis & restore energy levels.  c). Nutrition:- It plays an important role in maintaining the body’s homeostatic mechanisms & in increasing resistance to stress. Obesity & malnutrition are major stressors & greatly increase the risk of illness.  d). Encouraging the use of support system:- Support system provides emotional support that helps a person identify & verbalize feelings associated with stress.  STRESS MANAGEMENT MEDITATION AWARENESS PROBLEM SOLVING MUSIC RELAXATION INTERPERSONAL PETS COMMUNICATION WITH CARING