Traditional Strategies in Education PDF

Traditional strategies 1) Lecture: Definition It is face to face presentation there is no adequate opportunity for interpersonal reaction between the speaker and audience. Characteristics of effective lecture 1-a good lecture at right time 2-present of material in clear logical sequence 3-conis...

Traditional strategies 1) Lecture: Definition It is face to face presentation there is no adequate opportunity for interpersonal reaction between the speaker and audience. Characteristics of effective lecture 1-a good lecture at right time 2-present of material in clear logical sequence 3-conise and clear 4-will prepared 5-be a knowledgeable 6-be interesting Advantages 1. Lecture is a method familiar to most teachers. 2. Lectures can be presented to large group of people. 3. Lectures can present large amounts of information and knowledge quickly. Disadvantages 1. It is a passive method of teaching giving information with little participation. 2. Students can find lecture boring causing them to lose interest. 3. Students lose attention quickly after 20 minutes. 4. Lectures require effective speaker and knowledgeable teacher. 2-Group Discussion: Discussion: is the process whereby two or more people exchange information or ideas in a face-to-face situation to achieve a goal. Group discussion: it is a method of teaching stand for the discussion held within a group, where there is interchange of ideas between students and the teacher. Types of group discussion: 1) Small – Group Discussion: small groups of 5-10 students. Advantages: 1. Provide the students with the opportunity of self-reflection. 2. Facilitates exchange of ideas and awareness of mutual concerns. 3. Promotes development of critical thinking skills. 4. Develops leadership, teamwork, communication, and collaboration skills. Disadvantages: 1. Can potentially degenerate into social conversation. 2. Can be frustrating for participants when they are at significantly different levels of knowledge and skill. 3. Increases potential for interpersonal conflicts. 2) Large – Group Discussion: The group number may reach to 30 clients. Advantages: 1. Puts the burden of education on the client and increases client involvement 2. Provides both client and health educator immediate feedback. 3. Is useful for guiding clients to higher levels of thinking. 4. Helps clients identify and build on preexisting knowledge Disadvantages: 1. Can be time-consuming. 2. Can lead to a dominant few controlling to the exclusion of fuller participation. 3. Cannot ensure full participation within a large group. Characteristics of Effective Group Discussion 1. The group should comprise not less than six and not more than twelve members. 2. There should be a person to record whatever is discussed and agreement reached. 3. the members should observe the following rules: * Express ideas clearly and concisely. * Listen to what others say. *Do not interrupt when others are speaking. *Make only relevant remarks. *Accept criticism gracefully. *Helps to reach conclusions. 3-Demonstration: is a method of presentation of skills which shows how a particular procedure is perform. Characteristics of effective demonstration 1-suitable time and place for demonstration 2-proper light arrangement 3-active participation of student 4-proper planning of demonstration 5-suitable number of student Steps of demonstration method: There are 6 steps of demonstration process: 1. Preparation and Planning. 2. Introducing the lesson. 3. Presentation of subject matter. 4. Demonstration. 5. Using teaching aids such as models, blackboard, graphs. 6. Evaluation. Advantages 1. It helps students in having a deeper understanding of the topic. 2. It helps students remain active in teaching-learning process. 3. It helps to create interest for topics among students Disadvantages 1. It can be costly as it requires costly materials. 2. It can be time consuming method. 3. Limited to small group. 4-Simulation: Is defined as imitation of the operation of a real world process or system over time. Purpose: 1.To help students practice decision making and problem-solving skills. 2. To develop human interaction abilities in a controlled and safe setting. 3. To provide a chance to apply principles and theories. 4. To transfer knowledge to the real patient care settings. Advantages: 1. It helps in developing self-confidence among them. 2. Student-teachers are given an opportunity to study and analyze critical teaching problem. 3. It helps in developing social skills 4. Simulated training provides feedback to student teachers to modify their behavior.. Disadvantages: 1. In simulation role-playing is done in artificial situations which are psychological and impracticable. 2. Simulation is like socio-drama or sort of gaming, which reduces seriousness of learning. 3. No emphasis is given on teaching skills or content-taught only the social behavior is considered. 5- Role Play: Definition is a process of acting of any imaginary person and conditions by own knowledge, ideas and experiences. Guidelines for role play: 1. Set objectives for the role play. 2. Prepare a scenario 3. Assign roles. 4. Carry out the role play. 5. Follow-up discussion. 6. A role-play should last about 20 minutes. If the action is lively and the audiences are interested, allow the play to continue Advantages: 1. Gives learners opportunity to express their ideas based on real life situation and can learn from each other. 2. Develop careful listening habit. 3. It is not expensive and can easily be conducted at different situations. Disadvantages: 1. Can be time-consuming. 2. Can lack focus unless well planned and monitored. 3. Puts pressure on client to perform, which can create embarrassment and even resistance. ❖ Definition of non-traditional methods Non-traditional methods, commonly known as innovative/modern/blended teaching methods, are methods that involve the use of the technology, animation, special effects or are generally interactive and blended in nature (for example, the use of computers and videos to enhance delivery content) Main principles of effective teaching method❖. Based on the literature and the experience of the teaching faculty, ten principles of effective teaching were recommended:  create an active learning environment,  focus attention ,  3connect knowledge  help students organize their knowledge , .provide timely feedback , .demand quality , .balance high expectations with student support , .enhance motivation to learn , .communicate your message in a variety of ways, and   help students to productively manage their time. ❖ Types of non-traditional methods of teaching  Modified lecture  Flipped classroom  Mind map  Virtual and augmented reality 1) lecture:- Advantages: Provide new information. Explain, clarify and organize difficult concepts. Affect beliefs, habits of thinking. Disadvantages: Lack of necessary skills of teachers Loss of control will lead to waste time. 2) Flipped classroom Definition: is a type of blended learning where students are introduced to content at home and practice working through it at school. Advantages : Self-paced learning Work accessibility May improve test performance. Transparency for parents Disadvantages: Depends on student preparation.  Increased screen time Time and effort for teacher May not cover everything required for a test. 3) Mind map Definition: A mind map is a diagram that is ideal for brain storming, planning, information gathering, data presentation, and many other uses Mind map is a highly effective way of getting information Disadvantages of mind maps: Can't incorporate large content of text. Creating the map may take time. When you've personalized your map, it can be difficult for others to understand 4) Virtual Reality And Augmented Reality (VR &AR) Advantages: VR and AR create a realistic world. They enable user to explore places. Allow for self-guided exploration Through virtual reality user can experiment with an artificial environment. They make the education more easily and comfort. Make the learning process engaging and exciting Very helpful method with e-learning. Used in education as well as medical field, navigation and many other fields.  Disadvantages: Very expensive Consists of complex technology  can cause mental health issues Introduction : Evidence-based practice (EBP) is a blend of professional knowledge reinforced with research and data that drives change in practice. EBP represents the scientific way of providing best practice. Healthcare professionals may resist implementing EBP without proper guidance. The nurse leader role is key in guiding nursing staff towards embracing EBP. There are logical steps nurse leaders may implement to guide staff in achieving EBP change and sustainability. Defining EBP Defining Evidence Based Practice is a combination of professional knowledge supported by patient data and clinical research based on evidence that results in best practice and best patient outcomes. The elements of evidence based practice: Clinical expertise The ability to use our clinical skills and past experience to rapidly identify patient health state , diagnosis ,their individual risks and benefits of potential interventions and their values and expectations. Research evidence The results of scientific studies to find out which treatment ,diagnostic methods ,or ways of predicting a patient outcome work best. Patients needs /values The unique preference , concerns and expectation each patient brings to the clinical encounter and which must be integrated into clinical decision if they are to serve the patient. Importance of EBP: 1-for the nurse:  Keep nurse updated by reading the published literature.  Increase nurse ability to provide safe and effective services.  Improve their knowledge ,skills ,performance and confidence for health team.  Saves their time and energy.  Reduce variation in treatment and care. 2- For health care sitting:  Significant cost saving.  EBP allows healthcare organizations to position themselves in the market as quality institutions.  Provide tools for education and research.  Facilitate communication. 3 -For patient :  Decrease cost.  Decrease length of stay in hospital.  Increase patient satisfaction. 4 For the community:  Reduce disparity and geographical variation in the delivery of care.  EBP limits the amount of disability throughout the community by ensuring the most current and effective care.  Promote health profile of community.  Avoidance of wasting resources on the delivery of ineffective treatment. Examples of evidence based practice: 1)Infection control:   The last thing a patient wants when going to a hospital for treatment is a hospital-acquired infection. Nurses play a key role in helping to prevent illness before it happens by adhering to evidence-based infection-control policies. worth the effort. 2)Oxygen therapy with COPD patient: For patient health and safety, it is essential that nurses follow evidence- based practice in nursing when it comes to giving oxygen to patients with COPD. 3)Intravenous Catheter Size and Blood Administration: Nurses should follow EBP when using intravenous catheters to administer blood for packed red blood cell transfusions (PRBC). The protocol indicates that nurses should use a smaller-gauge catheter, which increases patient comfort. 4) Measuring Blood Pressure Noninvasively in Children: Nurses should measure blood pressure according to evidence-based practice because accurate measurements are an essential part of effective treatment. 5)Preventing intestinal blockage after abdominal therapy. 6)Stress reduction in nurse. Successful implementation of EBP is dependent upon several factors as:  Easy access to library and IT resources.  Finances to support treatment strategies.  Adequate number nurses with appropriate skills.  Full cooperation between nurses ,managers and other professions. EBP Steps : There are five formalized steps to reach EBP change. 1. Clinical inquiry starts step1:( Asking) From clinical question to identify problem.  2. The second step2: (acquiring) systemically search for best evidence. 3. The third step3 : (appraising) critically appraise the evidence. 4. The fourth step4:( Applying) apply evidence in clinical practice. 5. The fifth step5: ( Assessing) disseminate outcome.  Pico formulate is used to construct clinical question specifically. picot refers to  P  Patient or problem  I  Intervention  c  Comparison  O  outcome  T  Time Example of PICOT format: For patient 65 and older (P),how does the use of an influenza vaccine (I)compared to not received the vaccine (C)influence the risk of developing pneumonia (O)during flu season (T). Barriers to implement evidence based practice: A) Individual barriers:  Lack of value for research in practice.  Lack of knowledge needed to interpret statistical analysis.  Lacking sufficient time on the job to implement new ideas.  Lack of awareness about research or EBP and research process.  Communication gap between researcher and nursing staff. B) Organizational barriers:  Difficulty in changing practice.  Lack of administrative support to integrate EBP fully into organization.  Inadequate staff.  Research articles are complex.