STM111-Midterm-Reviewer.pdf

STM 111 (DRRR: ➔ a sudden movement of the Earth’s crust which can result Disaster Readiness and in ground shaking and rupture,...

STM 111 (DRRR: ➔ a sudden movement of the Earth’s crust which can result Disaster Readiness and in ground shaking and rupture, soil liquefaction, landslides, Risk Reduction) avalanches, fires, and tsunamis. b. Volcanic Eruption REVIEWER FOR ➔ an expulsion of gasses, ash, rock fragments, and/or molten MIDTERM lava from within the Earth EXAMINATION through a vent onto the Earth's surface or into the atmosphere. C. Hydrometeorological Hazard a. Tropical Cyclones ➔ also known as “typhoons” Lesson 1: Basic Concept of which often include multiple hazards, such as extreme Hazard, Exposure, winds, heavy rainfall, storm Vulnerability, Disaster and surge and flooding, lightning and tornadoes. Disaster Risk b. Flooding A. Hazard ➔ an overflowing of water gathers ➔ Is a Dangerous phenomenon, over areas that are typically dry. substance, human activity or condition c. Drought that may cause loss of life, injury or ➔ prolonged dry period in the other health impacts and property natural climate cycle. damage. ➔ Lack of precipitation, resulting Hazards can be categorized into different in water shortage which may types: affect health, agriculture, A. Natural hazards economies, energy, and the ➔ arise from natural processes in the environment. environment. Man-Made (Technological Hazard) B. Man-made (or technological) hazards A. Transportation Accident ➔ These occur directly due to human ➔ involves injuries occurring activities. during the operation of personal NATURAL HAZARDS and commercial motor vehicles, A. Biological Hazard bicycles, trams, and a. Pathogens motorbikes. ➔ An organism causes disease to B. War/Terrorism its host, with the severity of the ➔ unlawful use of violence creates disease symptoms referred to fear among a population, as virulence which may transmit especially against civilians to from organism to organism. achieve a specific political b. Fungi (molds) objective. ➔ Mold is a type of fungi and C. Human Error/Negligence some types of mold produce ➔ Improper disposal, leak, toxic substances known as spillage, or discharge of mycotoxins, which can cause hazardous materials or health problems when they substances poses a significant are inhaled, absorbed through threat to human health and the skin, or ingested. safety, property, and the c. Locusts surrounding environment. ➔ swarms of locusts devastate crops and cause major EXPOSURE AND VULNERABILITY agricultural damage, which can lead to famine and A. Exposure starvation. ➔ It is the presence of elements at B. Geological Hazard risk or chance of being harmed a. Earthquake from a natural or man-made hazard event. 1  B. Elements ➔ expected number of lives lost, ➔ refers to people, animals, persons injured, property property, systems, and other damage, and disruption of elements present in hazard economic activity. zones that are thereby subject F. Capacity to potential loss. ➔ combination of all strengths and Classification of Elements at Risk resources available within a community, society, or Physical elements Buildings: Urban land use, organization that can reduce construction types, building height, the level of risk, or effects of a building age, total floor space, disaster. replacement costs. ➔ The greater the capacity of a Essentials Facilities Emergency shelters, Schools, community, the lesser the Hospitals, Fire Brigades, Police effects of the disaster. G. Republic Act No. 10121 Philippine Transportation Facilities Roads, railway, metro, public Disaster Risk Reduction and transportation systems, harbor facilities, airport facilities Management Act of 2010 ➔ Section 14. Integration of Disaster Risk Life lines Water supply, electricity supply, gas Reduction Education into the School supply, mobile telephone network, Curriculum And Sangguniang Kabataan sewage system. (SK) Program and Mandatory Training Population Density of population, distribution in for the PublicSector Employees. The time, age ,gender and income DepEd and other relevant agencies shall distribution integrate disaster risk reduction and Socioeconomic Organization of population management education in the school Aspects government support, socio-economic levels. Cultural heritage and traditions curricula of secondary and tertiary level education. Economic Activities Spatial distribution of economic H. National Disaster Risk Reduction and activities, input-output table, unemployment, economic production Management Plan or NDRRMP in various sectors. ➔ Formulated and implemented by the Environmental Ecosystems, protected areas, natural Office of Civil Defense (OCD) that sets Elements parks, environmentally sensitive out goals and specific objectives for areas, forests, wetlands, aquifers, reducing disaster risks together with flora, fauna, biodiversity. related actions to accomplish these objectives. C. Vulnerability I. Four Priority Areas of NDRRMP ➔ Is the characteristics/status of a community, system, or asset/property A. Disaster Prevention and Mitigation that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard. ➔ Prevent hazards and mitigate their ➔ Vulnerability is present in the community potential impacts by reducing or society even before a disaster vulnerabilities, and exposure and happens. enhancing capacities of communities. ➔ Situation and hazard-specific. a. Prevention D. Concept of Disaster ➔ measures seek to eliminate the impact of hazards and/or reduce susceptibility The Philippines DRR Law in 2010 adopted to them. the definition of UNISDR (2009) b. Mitigation ➔ accept that the event will occur and ➔ Disaster is a serious disruption of the seek to reduce the inevitable impact. functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, B. Disaster Preparedness economic, or environmental losses and impacts that exceed the ability of the ➔ Establish and strengthen the capacities affected community or society to cope of communities to anticipate, cope, and using its resources. recover from the negative impacts of ➔ Hazards only become disasters when emergency occurrences and disasters. they affect people who cannot cope with the impact C. Disaster Response E. Disaster risk 2 ➔ Emergency services and public c. Psychological Perspective assistance are provided during or ➔ This view refers to people's immediately after a disaster to save emotional, cognitive, and lives, reduce health impacts, ensure interpersonal responses to public safety, and meet the basic disasters. subsistence needs of those affected. d. Economic Perspective A. Disaster Risk Factors ➔ This looks into the effects of ➔ Can be influenced by different factors disasters on economic activities which may affect the impact of a in communities disaster e. Sociocultural Perspective a. BIOLOGICAL FACTORS ➔ This refers to the characteristics ➔ include flora and fauna in environment of people such as their religion, health diseases Infectious diseases are beliefs, values, customs, and the most common form of epidemic attitudes which can influence disease because of congested how they prepare, respond and evacuation areas. recover from disasters. b. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS ➔ Including the state of mental capacity Lesson 2: Earthquake and and health with kids, Adults and People with special needs? Capability to Other Geological Hazards. respond to disasters, fear, anxiety, A. Earthquake depression ➔ Earthquake is the shaking of c. ECONOMIC FACTORS the Earth's surface due to a ➔ Damage to critical economic activities sudden energy release in which include assets and liabilities, theEarth's crust, creating income. economic class seismic waves. d. POLITICAL FACTORS ➔ The Earth's crust is composed ➔ Disasters strengthen civil society. of several pieces called challenge or change the existing tectonic plates and most governance patterns which includes earthquakes occur along their government structure diplomatic issues edges. e. SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS B. How do we measure earthquakes? ➔ Include religion, social status, tradition a. Seismograph perception by society Each and every ➔ is a device used to record the person work for the nation voluntarily motion of the ground during an and earthquake. f. ECONOMIC FACTORS b. Seismogram ➔ Damage to critical economic activities ➔ is a record of the seismic which include assets and liabilities, waves from an earthquake. Income economic class c. Magnitude g. PHYSICAL/MATERIAL FACTORS ➔ A Magnitude of an earthquake ➔ Pertain to tangible objects or refers to the amount of energy infrastructure, like the availability of fire released, measured by the exits, or the sturdiness of the building, amount of ground or the presence or absence of objects displacement or shaking. that can harm you or help you. d. Intensity A. Perspectives on Disaster ➔ Intensity is the strength of an a. Biological Perspective earthquake as perceived and ➔ examines how disasters impact living felt by people in a certain organisms, including humans, animals, locality. and plants, in terms of their natural C. Different Earthquake Hazards habitats and potential risk from a. Ground Shaking/Aftershocks infectious diseases ➔ Intense Ground shaking of the b. Physical Perspective surface causing severe ➔ From this view, disaster is defined as damages to communities. the phenomenon that causes damage Additionally, aftershocks are a to physical elements such as buildings, sequence of earthquakes that infrastructure, people, and their happen after a larger mainshock properties. 3  which can still be damaging or by a strong undersea deadly. earthquake. b. Ground or Surface Ruptures b. Drawback ➔ Surface rupture happens when ➔ Before a tsunami arrives, water a fault break reaches the may recede, termed as a Earth's surface, offsetting the “drawback”, from the shoreline ground. before returning as a c. Earthquake-Induced Ground fast-moving wall of water. Subsidence c. Roaring Sound ➔ Subsidence is the lowering of ➔ A huge wall of water, abnormal the ground, occurring during ocean activity, and an earthquakes due to vertical approaching tsunami create a displacement on one side of a loud "roaring" sound similar to fault. that of a freight train or jet d. Earthquake-Induced aircraft. Landslide d. Animal Behavior ➔ A landslide is a major ➔ Zoologists hypothesize that secondary earthquake hazard some animal species like triggered by strong ground elephants have the ability to motion and includes rock falls, sense subsonic Rayleigh slope failures, and debris waves from an earthquake or flows. tsunami. e. Liquefaction E. Interpreting a Hazard Map ➔ Soil liquefaction is a a. Compass rose. phenomenon where earthquake ➔ This will give you the proper shaking reduces the strength direction. This is also called and stiffness of saturated soil. “orientation.” This occurs when the spaces b. Title. between soil particles are filled ➔ It tells what the map is about. with water. c. Legend or Key. f. Tsunami ➔ It explains the meaning of ➔ A seismic sea wave, or tsunami, symbols and color. is a series of waves caused by d. Color. the displacement of a large ➔ It highlights the important volume of water, usually due information to help interpret to earthquakes, volcanic maps. eruptions, or underwater e. Scale. explosions, and other ➔ It shows the proportion of the underwater disturbances, map and its elements to real typically in oceans or large life. lakes. f. Grid Reference. ➔ Four Necessary Conditions for ➔ These are intersecting lines to an Earthquake to Cause a help locate specific places on Tsunami. the map. In some maps, it is 1. Must occur beneath the also called “border”. ocean or cause material F. Common Earthquake/Tsunami Safety to slide into the ocean. Colors 2. At least magnitude 6.5. 3. Shallow depth, less Safety Earthquake/Tsu Possible than 70 km below the Colors nami Risk Effects seafloor. Category 4. Must cause vertical movement of the White/Blu Safe-light risk; less Less to no effect risk from potential seafloor. e/Green earthquake/tsunami D. Signs of an Impending Tsunami a. Severe Groundshaking Yellow/Gr Light-Moderate heavy furniture Risk; could move; ay ➔ If the ground shakes under experience moderate considerable shaking and risk damage to poorly your feet in a coastal region, a from tsunami built structure tsunami may have been caused 4  ➔ Be prepared for aftershocks. Brown/Or Moderate-high risk; Damage is great ange could experience in poorly built When the shaking stops, exit strong earthquakes structures. the building quickly and safely. and risk from tsunami ➔ Do not use elevators, enter damaged buildings, or use Red High risk: near major Shaking intense telephones unless necessary. active faults/trench, enough to very high risk from completely ➔ Check yourself and others for earthquake/tsunami destroy buildings. injuries. Inspect water and electrical lines, and be cautious for spills of chemical, toxic, or G. Mitigation Strategies flammable materials. a. PREPAREDNESS (WH)AT TO ➔ Stay updated on disaster DO BEFORE. prevention instructions and ➔ Understand news from authorities. earthquake risks in ➔ Most importantly, Do not your area and assess panic. your home's structural H. Other Geological Hazard integrity. Retrofit if a. Rainfall-induced Landslide needed. ➔ Rainfall-induced landslides ➔ Participate in happen when a slope can no government earthquake longer support its weight due to drills and disaster heavy rainfall or increased preparedness training. water content. ➔ Learn the exit routes ➔ Natural Causes of Landslides: in your home and 1. Groundwater pressure frequent buildings, and destabilizing slopes. know how to use fire 2. Loss of vegetation and soil extinguishers, first aid structure (e.g., after wildfires). kits, alarms, and 3. Erosion by rivers or ocean communication tools. waves. ➔ Prepare an emergency 4. Saturation from snowmelt, kit with essentials like glacier melt, or heavy rains. non-perishable food, 5. Earthquakes add loads or water, clothing, cause liquefaction and volcanic battery-operated radio, eruptions. flashlights, and a ➔ Human Activities That Cause first-aid kit. Landslides: ➔ Share your knowledge 1. Deforestation, cultivation, and and skills with family construction destabilizing and friends. slopes. b. RESPONSE (WHAT TO DO 2. Vibrations from machinery or DURING) traffic and blasting activities. ➔ Stay indoors if your building is 3. Earthwork altering slope shape structurally sound. If not, exit or adding new loads. quickly after the shaking. 4. Removal of deep-rooted ➔ Avoid glass windows, shelves, vegetation in shallow soils. cabinets, and heavy objects. 5. Construction, agriculture, and Beware of falling items. forestry activities changing ➔ If outside, move to an open water infiltration. area b. Sinkhole ➔ Those who are in a moving ➔ Sinkholes are common vehicle should stop and get in areas with limestone, out. Do not attempt to cross carbonate rock, salt bridges, overpasses, or flyovers beds, or other soluble which may have been rocks. damaged. ➔ The land surface c. RESPONSE (WHAT TO DO remains intact until the DURING) spaces become too large to support the 5  weight above, leading 7 Most Common Signs a Sinkhole may to a sudden collapse. Appear: Types of Sinkholes Round circular depression in the a. Solution sinkholes earth: Before void collapse, it tends to ➔ Solution sinkholes form where droop or depress. limestone is exposed or Localized subsidence or depression: covered by thin soil and An area that has dropped relative to the permeable sand. surrounding land. ➔ The dissolution of limestone or Circular lake or deep puddle: Indicates dolomite is most intense where a sinkhole that has opened and been water first contacts the rock filled with water. b. Cover-subsidence sinkholes Foundation settling: If part of the ➔ Cover-subsidence sinkholes structure starts dropping down and tend to develop gradually where cracking, it could be a sinkhole forming the covering sediments are under a house or building. permeable and contain sand. Cracks in roads or pavement: Cracks c. Cover-collapse sinkholes in asphalt and pavement could indicate ➔ Develop abruptly (over a period issues developing in the subgrade. of hours) and cause Sudden drop of well water levels: A catastrophic damages. They drop in well levels could indicate a occur where the covering sinkhole opening and changing the sediments Contain a significant water table beneath the site. amount of clay. Rainwater disappearing into ground Where do sinkholes commonly occur? openings: A small opening in the ➔ The Karst Subsidence Hazard Mapping ground that rainwater seems to conducted in 2018 has identified disappear into could indicate an hundreds of sinkholes from 2018-2022 underground void. scattered in all three barangays in A. Mitigation Strategies of Geological Boracay, Philippines. Boracay Island is Hazard. entirely limestone. Its chemical LANDSLIDE MITIGATION STRATEGIES composition, which is calcium a. PREPAREDNESS (WHAT TO carbonate, gradually melts when it DO BEFORE) comes in contact with acid, especially ➔ Secure clearance from the Mines and acid rain. And sinkholes are formed in Geosciences Bureau (MGB) on limestone. potential landslides. And, prepare family I. Signs of Impending on other members for evacuation as directed Geological Hazard by authorities and maintain a list of 8 Warning Signs a Landslide Might Soon emergency contact numbers. Occur: ➔ Participate in planting grasses on 1. Spring, seeps, or saturated ground in slopes or building riprap to prevent soil areas that typically haven’t been wet erosion and join regular evacuation previously. drills to promote public awareness 2. Sudden decrease in creek water level and involvement in landslide mitigation. even though rain is still falling or just ➔ Develop a family preparedness and recently stopped. evacuation plan. 3. Movement of soil away from b. RESPONSE (WHAT TO DO foundations. DURING) 4. Tilting or cracking of concrete floors ➔ Evacuate immediately if warned of an and foundations impending landslide or mudflow. 5. Tilting or moving of other parts of the ➔ Stay away from the path of landslide house such as rooms, decks, and debris or seek refuge behind a sturdy patios. tree or boulder. 6. Leaning electric or telephone poles and ➔ Leave the house immediately if you hear post, walls and fences rumbling sounds from upstream or feel 7. Unusual sounds, like trees cracking or groundtremors, indicating a possible rocks knocking together, that might mudflow. indicate moving debris ➔ Run across a slope, not downward. 8. Faint rumbling noise that gets louder as c. REHABILITATION (WHAT TO the landslide nears. DO AFTER) 6  ➔ Thoroughly examine the damaged possibility that it may erupt parts and utilities of the house before soon. reoccupying it. b. Dormant or inactive volcano ➔ Stay away from the landslide area to ➔ is one that has not erupted in a avoid potential additional landslides long time but there is a and carefully check for injured and possibility it can erupt in the trapped persons future. ➔ Listen to local radio or TV stations for c. Extinct volcano the latest emergency information and ➔ is one which has erupted seek the advice of a geotechnical thousands of years ago and expert to evaluate the landslide. there’s no possibility of an SINKHOLES MITIGATION STRATEGIES eruption. a. PREPAREDNESS (WHAT TO DO BEFORE) ➔ Check if the area is prone to sinkholes before purchasing land or a house. ➔ Carry a whistle daily as a signaling B. Volcanic Hazards device and If you live in an area with frequent sinkholes, consider relocating Volcanic Phenomena Negative Impacts/ to a safer place. Why it is b. RESPONSE (WHAT TO DO DURING) Hazardous ➔ If trapped in a sinkhole, make noise without tapping or Lava flows are rivers of Lava flows pose digging to avoid triggering molten rock moving downhill minimal direct threat from an eruption vent. to human life due to further soil erosion. their slow movement ➔ If you have a cell phone and Low silica magma flows but present move slowly and cautiously, call quickly due to low viscosity, significant hazards for help and stay calm, while high silica magma flows by burying, crushing, conserve your energy, and wait slowly due to high viscosity and burning for passersby to call for help everything in their path. and rescue. c. REHABILITATION (WHAT TO DO The intense heat can AFTER) melt and scorch ➔ If you escape a sinkhole, check surfaces, including yourself for injuries and seek forests and buildings. help immediately. Report the Ashfall, or tephra fall 1. Agricultural incident to the authorities. consists of volcanic particles Losses: Crop ➔ If you discover a sinkhole, ejected during eruptions that damage and reduced report it promptly to the settle downwind, forming productivity. authorities blankets. 2. Airborne Particles: Lesson 3: Volcano Related Clogs filters, affects Hazard. machinery, and poses health risks. A. Volcanoes 3. Aircraft Safety: ➔ are openings in Earth's crust Engine failure risks that allows the energy from the from abrasive ash. interior of Earth to escape to the surface. 4. Hazardous ➔ The energy in the magma Gases: Toxic gasses and acids harm (composed of molten rocks health and cause from Earth's mantle) that goes acid rain. out is in the form of lava, ash, and gas. 5. Structural Volcanoes are classified as: Damage: Building a. Active volcano collapses, roof cave ➔ is one that's currently in a state ins, and infrastructure of regular eruptions or has disruption recently erupted and there is a 7  2. Steaming activity intensifies, Pyroclastic Density Current They can destroy (PDC) or Pyroclastic Flow anything in their path with steam color changing to are mixtures of fragmented through direct gray due to ash. volcanic particles, hot impact; incinerate 3. Crater glow indicates magma gasses, and ash that rapidly areas with hot rock presence. descend volcanic slopes or debris; ignite forests 4. Ground swells, tilt, and fissures spread outward from a vent. and farmlands, from magma intrusion. destroying crops and 5. Landslides and rockfalls buildings, cause burns; asphyxiation occur in the summit area. from inhaling hot ash 6. Vegetation dries up around and gasses, upper slopes. abrasions, impact 7. Higher temperatures noted in from dynamic hot springs, wells, and crater pressure, and burial lakes nearby. in volcanic material. 8. Changes in chemical Lahars or volcanic Lahars destroy composition of nearby springs mudflows, are mixtures of infrastructure such as and lakes. volcanic sediment, debris, bridges,roads, and 9. Springs and wells dry up and water that flow down houses, block around the volcano. slopes via rivers and streams creating 10. New thermal areas appear or channels lakes that can submerge villages, old ones reactivate, including and bury valleys and solfataras. communities in D. Alert Levels of PHIVOLCS debris. a. Alert Level 0 ➔ No alert. Volcanic Gases - Gases and Sulfur dioxide (SO2), b. Alert Level 1 aerosols emitted into the carbon dioxide atmosphere include water (CO2), and hydrogen ➔ Abnormality observed. There is vapor, hydrogen sulfide, fluoride (HF) are low seismic activity and no sulfur dioxide, carbon dangerous volcanic imminent eruption. monoxide, hydrogen chloride, gasses that harm c. Alert Level 2 and hydrogen fluoride. people and animals. ➔ There is increasing unrest. Moderate levels of seismic Ballistic Projectiles are Ballistic projectiles fragments of solid fluid endanger life and activity are observed and volcanic materials directly property by the force probable magma movement ejected from the volcano’s of impact of falling could eventually lead to vent with force and trajectory. fragments, but this eruption. occurs only close to d. Alert Level 3 an eruption vent ➔ There is an increasing tendency Volcanic Tsunami - Sea These tsunamis towards eruption. Relatively waves or wave trains that are differ from those high and increasing unrest are generated by sudden caused by large recorded and there can be a displacement of water (could offshore possible eruption within two be generated during earthquakes, which weeks. undersea eruptions or debris generate long period e. Alert Level 4 avalanches). waves due to fault ➔ Hazardous eruption is displacement or seafloor deformation. imminent. There is an intense unrest which includes A debris avalanche or It destroys earthquakes. Moreover, there is volcanic landslide involves infrastructure, alters a possible eruption within 24 the abrupt collapse of a landscapes by filling hours. volcano, usually set off by a valleys and f. Alert Level 5 volcanic earthquake or redirecting rivers, and eruption. can generate lahars ➔ Hazardous eruption is in and tsunamis if it progress. enters water. E. Interpreting Volcanic Hazard Map a. Observe the color legend C. Signs of Impending Volcanic Eruption 1. Increased volcanic Safety Color Risk Possible Effect earthquakes with rumbling Category sounds and tremors. 8  ➔ Pack essentials for Dark Red Very high risk Severe effects from volcanic evacuation: gas mask or clean eruption such as cloth, candles, matches, PDC, ballistic flashlight, extra batteries, and a projectile, lava disaster kit in advance. flow thick ash b. RESPONSE (WHAT TO DO DURING) fall. ➔ Avoid all low-lying places Red High risk Significant because lava flows and effects from mudflows are more likely to volcanic eruption passhere. such as ➔ Immediately seek cover in extensive PDC, case of ash or rock falls. Wear lava flow, ash fall glasses to protect your eyes and etc. and avoid all low-lying places. Yellow Moderate risk Minimal to ➔ Use masks and cover your moderate effect mouth and nose to avoid from volcanic breathing in ashes. eruption ➔ When notified, immediately evacuate to safer grounds. White No to Low Minimal effect risk from volcanic Stay in the evacuation center eruption. until further instructions. Do not attempt to leave the place unless told to do so. b. Locate your home and work c. RESPONSE (WHAT TO DO DURING) areas on the map ➔ Wear masks when cleaning. ➔ Review volcanic hazard maps ➔ After removing the ash, clean from local authorities or the roof and gutter with water geological surveys to identify to prevent corrosion. the risks to your home and ➔ Shake loose the ash from workplace. This will help you plants, furniture, and windows understand potential dangers before cleaning them with during an eruption. water. Cover your nose while c. Identify a safe emergency cleaning. evacuation route ➔ Wait for further ➔ Identify primary and alternate announcements related to the evacuation routes from your volcanic eruption. home and work in case roads are blocked by volcanic activity. Locate nearby emergency shelters or safe zones outside hazardous areas to protect against ash and other volcanic dangers. F. Volcano Hazards Mitigation Strategies a. PREPAREDNESS (WH)AT TO DO BEFORE. ➔ Recognize signs of an impending eruption: more frequent volcanic quakes, rumbling sounds, changes in steam color, and drying vegetation or water sources. ➔ Stay informed on community safety plans, advisories, and evacuation sites. Prepare your family's go bag and know the danger zones. 9 Practice Test d) The integration of disaster risk reduction education in schools. The answer key of the questions is located in the 11th page of the reviewer. Good luck! 6. Which of the following is an example of a man-made hazard? 1. What is a hazard? a) Flooding a) A natural phenomenon that occurs without any impact on human life. b) Volcanic Eruption b) A dangerous phenomenon, substance, c) War/Terrorism human activity, or condition that may cause loss of life, injury, or other health impacts and d) Tropical Cyclone property damage. 7. What is the primary goal of disaster c) A beneficial event that improves community prevention and mitigation? well-being and safety. a) To provide emergency services during a d) A preventive measure to avoid accidents or disaster. disasters. b) To prevent hazards and mitigate their 2. Which of the following is NOT a category potential impacts by reducing vulnerabilities and of hazard? exposure. a) Natural hazards c) To establish and strengthen the capacities of communities to cope with disasters. b) Technological hazards d) To assess the economic impact of disasters. c) Man-made hazards 8. Which perspective on disaster examines d) Environmental hazards the impact on living organisms and their natural habitats? 3. What is a biological hazard? a) Psychological Perspective a) An earthquake that causes ground shaking and tsunamis. b) Economic Perspective b) A pathogen that causes disease to its host c) Biological Perspective and may transmit from organism to organism. d) Sociocultural Perspective c) A transportation accident involving personal vehicles. 9. What does the term "capacity" refer to in disaster risk management? d) A volcanic eruption expelling ash and lava. a) The ability of a community to generate 4. What type of hazard involves extreme economic profit. winds, heavy rainfall, and storm surge? b) The combination of all strengths and a) Geological Hazard resources available to reduce the level of risk or effects of a disaster. b) Hydrometeorological Hazard c) The number of people affected by a disaster. c) Man-made Hazard d) The total damage caused by a hazard. d) Biological Hazard 10. What type of hazard is characterized by 5. What is meant by the term "vulnerability" prolonged dry periods leading to water in the context of disaster risk? shortages? a) The ability of a community to withstand and a) Flooding recover from disasters. b) Drought c) Volcanic Eruption b) The characteristics/status of a community d) Earthquake that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard. c) The presence of elements at risk from a natural or man-made hazard. 10 ANSWER KEY 1. B 2. D 3. B 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. B _______________________________________ Prepared by: Abraham Kalim Anya Shine Macaso 11