Sterile Theory exercise question 😉.docx

# Sterile Theory Exercise Question ## Multiple Choice Questions 1. **Who first described the circulation of blood in the human body?** * A) Louis Pasteur * B) Joseph Lister * C) Robert Koch * D) Dr. William Harvey **Answer:** D) Dr. William Harvey 2. **What year was...

# Sterile Theory Exercise Question ## Multiple Choice Questions 1. **Who first described the circulation of blood in the human body?** * A) Louis Pasteur * B) Joseph Lister * C) Robert Koch * D) Dr. William Harvey **Answer:** D) Dr. William Harvey 2. **What year was the first official injection solution added to the National Formulary?** * A) 1665 * B) 1926 * C) 1923 * D) 1971 **Answer:** B) 1926 3. **Which scientist discovered that fevers come from pyrogens in improperly distilled water?** * A) Florence Seibert * B) Louis Pasteur * C) Sir Christopher Wren * D) Dr. William Harvey **Answer:** A) Florence Seibert 4. **What is the purpose of USP Chapter <797>?** * A) To ensure safe administration of sterile products * B) To regulate the sale of sterile products * C) To ensure safe preparation, storage, and distribution of sterile compounded products * D) To enforce clinical administration guidelines **Answer:** C) To ensure safe preparation, storage, and distribution of sterile compounded products 5. **Which of the following is an example of a medium-risk level sterile product?** * A) Reconstitution of sterile powders * B) Prefilled syringes from a sterile container * C) Batching antibiotics for multiple patients * D) Using non-sterile devices to mix sterile components **Answer:** C) Batching antibiotics for multiple patients 6. **Which of these conditions does NOT classify as a high-risk product in sterile compounding?** * A) Use of non-sterile ingredients * B) Exposure outside ISO Class 5 for more than one hour * C) Simple aseptic transfer using fewer than 3 commercial products * D) Inappropriate gloving and gowning **Answer:** C) Simple aseptic transfer using fewer than 3 commercial products 7. **Which component of sterile products is described as "absence of viable microorganisms"?** * A) Stability * B) Viscosity * C) Sterility * D) Pyrogenicity **Answer:** C) Sterility 8. **Which solution is most commonly used for sterile parenteral products?** * A) Water for injection * B) Lactated Ringers * C) Dextrose 5% * D) Bacteriostatic water **Answer:** A) Water for injection 9. **Which of the following is a characteristic of psychrophiles?** * A) Prefer high temperatures (40-70°C) * B) Thrive in cold temperatures (0-32°C) * C) Grow in oxygen-rich environments * D) Thrive in alkaline environments **Answer:** B) Thrive in cold temperatures (0-32°C) 10. **Which of the following is an example of mutualism in a symbiotic relationship?** * A) Tapeworm in the human intestine * B) Bacteria in the human colon * C) Staphylococcus on human skin * D) Tuberculosis bacteria in human lung **Answer:** B) Bacteria in the human colon 11. **What term refers to infections acquired during a stay in a healthcare facility?** * A) Community-acquired infections * B) Iatrogenic infections * C) Nosocomial infections * D) Opportunistic infections **Answer:** C) Nosocomial infections 12. **What is the primary purpose of an anteroom in a sterile compounding facility?** * A) To store hazardous materials * B) To act as a staging area before entering the cleanroom * C) To mix sterile products * D) To dispose of waste products **Answer:** B) To act as a staging area before entering the cleanroom 13. **Which method uses pressurized steam to achieve sterilization?** * A) Freeze-drying * B) Dry heat * C) Autoclaving * D) Filtration **Answer:** C) Autoclaving 14. **What type of microorganism is NOT considered a common contaminant in sterile products?** * A) Bacteria * B) Viruses * C) Fungi * D) Particulate matter **Answer:** B) Viruses 15. **Which of the following types of bacteria stains blue to purple following Gram staining?** * A) Gram-positive bacteria * B) Gram-negative bacteria * C) Anaerobic bacteria * D) Thermophiles **Answer:** A) Gram-positive bacteria 16. **Which of the following is NOT a type of physical anti-microbial method?** * A) Dry heat * B) Filtration * C) Moist heat * D) Alcohol **Answer:** D) Alcohol 17. **Which chemical disinfectant is known for leaving a residual film to maintain extended microbial killing time?** * A) Hydrogen peroxide * B) Alcohol * C) Phenols * D) Peracetic acid **Answer:** C) Phenols 18. **What is the maximum allowable particle count in ISO Class 5 environments?** * A) 352,000 particles per cubic meter of air * B) 3,520 particles per cubic meter of air * C) 3,520,000 particles per cubic meter of air * D) 35,200 particles per cubic meter of air **Answer:** B) 3,520 particles per cubic meter of air 19. **What is the key feature of laminar air flow in cleanrooms?** * A) Air moves in random patterns * B) Air flows in parallel, uniform layers * C) Air flows from the floor to the ceiling * D) Air is recirculated with high turbulence **Answer:** B) Air flows in parallel, uniform layers 20. **Which of the following is true about bacteriostatic water for injection?** * A) Contains no preservatives * B) Contains preservatives to prevent bacterial growth * C) Is used only for irrigation purposes * D) Cannot be used for sterile compounding **Answer:** B) Contains preservatives to prevent bacterial growth 21. **Which of the following factors is considered in the stability of sterile products?** * A) Viscosity * B) Sterility assurance level * C) Oxidation * D) Pyrogenicity **Answer:** C) Oxidation 22. **Which sterilization method is best suited for materials that cannot withstand high temperatures?** * A) Dry heat * B) Moist heat * C) Cold sterilization (using chemical agents) * D) Autoclaving **Answer:** C) Cold sterilization (using chemical agents) 23. **What is the primary concern when dealing with pyrogens in sterile compounding?** * A) They cause particles in the product * B) They lead to septic shock and fever * C) They alter the stability of the product * D) They can cause drug degradation **Answer:** B) They lead to septic shock and fever 24. **What does the term "iso-osmotic" or "isotonic" refer to in sterile preparations?** * A) pH level matching blood * B) Salt concentration similar to blood * C) Sterility of the preparation * D) Absence of particulates **Answer:** B) Salt concentration similar to blood 25. **Which type of pathogen is most commonly involved in urinary tract infections (UTIs) as nosocomial infections?** * A) Staphylococcus aureus * B) Escherichia coli (E. coli) * C) Klebsiella species * D) Streptococcus pyogenes **Answer:** B) Escherichia coli (E. coli) 26. **What is the typical pH range for injections to ensure they are safe for administration?** * A) 0-3 * B) 3-8 * C) 8-14 * D) 5-6 **Answer:** B) 3-8 27. **Which of the following describes mesophiles?** * A) Thrive in high temperatures * B) Prefer cold temperatures * C) Grow in moderate temperatures between 15-43°C * D) Require alkaline environments **Answer:** C) Grow in moderate temperatures between 15-43°C 28. **Which of the following statements is true about laminar airflow hoods (LAFH)?** * A) The air moves randomly in the hood * B) They are used to maintain a sterile, particle-free environment * C) They use HEPA filters to remove viral particles * D) They do not protect against contamination **Answer:** B) They are used to maintain a sterile, particle-free environment 29. **Which of the following is an example of an intermediate-level disinfectant?** * A) Phenols * B) Alcohol (ethyl/isopropyl) * C) Peracetic acid * D) Formaldehyde **Answer:** B) Alcohol (ethyl/isopropyl) 30. **What is the best method to prevent the introduction of pyrogens into sterile products?** * A) Sterilization of equipment and use of pyrogen-free water * B) Filtration of all product solutions * C) Use of bacteriostatic agents * D) Reducing temperature of the compounding area **Answer:** A) Sterilization of equipment and use of pyrogen-free water 31. **What is the function of HEPA filters in a cleanroom environment?** * A) Remove vapors and gases * B) Filter bacteria and particulates from the air * C) Control humidity levels * D) Provide sterile airflow for non-sterile compounding **Answer:** B) Filter bacteria and particulates from the air 32. **What temperature and pressure are typically used in autoclaving to sterilize equipment?** * A) 121°C and 15 lbs/sq in for 15-20 minutes * B) 170°C for 1 hour * C) 135°C and 20 lbs/sq in for 10 minutes * D) 100°C for 30 minutes **Answer:** A) 121°C and 15 lbs/sq in for 15-20 minutes 33. **Which term refers to the process of using a chemical agent on living skin to kill microorganisms?** * A) Disinfection * B) Antisepsis * C) Sterilization * D) Cold sterilization **Answer:** B) Antisepsis 34. **What is the main advantage of using hydrogen peroxide as a high-level disinfectant?** * A) It is non-corrosive * B) It acts quickly and decomposes into water and oxygen * C) It leaves a residual antimicrobial effect * D) It requires long contact time to be effective **Answer:** B) It acts quickly and decomposes into water and oxygen 35. **Which of the following microorganisms can survive freezing and resume growth upon thawing?** * A) Viruses * B) Pyrogens * C) Fungi * D) Some bacteria **Answer:** D) Some bacteria 36. **Which of the following describes an iatrogenic infection?** * A) An infection contracted in the community * B) An infection caused by the patient's own immune system * C) An infection that occurs as a result of medical treatment or procedure * D) An infection from contaminated water **Answer:** C) An infection that occurs as a result of medical treatment or procedure 37. **Which component is commonly used to adjust the tonicity of sterile products to match that of blood?** * A) Water for injection * B) Dextrose 5% * C) Sodium chloride * D) Lactated Ringer's **Answer:** C) Sodium chloride 38. **Which of the following pathogens is Gram-negative and commonly causes respiratory infections?** * A) Klebsiella species * B) Staphylococcus aureus * C) Streptococcus pyogenes * D) Enterococcus species **Answer:** A) Klebsiella species 39. **What is the main function of an anteroom in sterile compounding?** * A) To serve as a primary workspace for sterile compounding * B) To maintain a sterile environment for compounding * C) To act as a buffer zone where personnel can don protective clothing * D) To store sterile products **Answer:** C) To act as a buffer zone where personnel can don protective clothing 40. **Which of the following sterilization methods is used for materials sensitive to heat and moisture?** * A) Dry heat * B) Autoclaving * C) Filtration * D) Freeze-drying **Answer:** C) Filtration 41. **Which of the following is the primary cause of pyrogenic reactions in sterile products?** * A) Presence of viruses * B) Presence of particulate matter * C) Presence of bacterial endotoxins * D) Use of non-sterile containers **Answer:** C) Presence of bacterial endotoxins 42. **Which of the following organisms thrive in environments with high atmospheric pressure?** * A) Barophiles * B) Acidophiles * C) Thermophiles * D) Psychrophiles **Answer:** A) Barophiles 43. **What is the purpose of the Sterility Assurance Level (S.A.L.) in sterile products?** * A) To indicate the viscosity of a sterile product * B) To measure the probability of a viable microorganism in a product * C) To ensure proper tonicity in sterile preparations * D) To measure the pH level of a sterile solution **Answer:** B) To measure the probability of a viable microorganism in a product 44. **What is the main benefit of using bacteriostatic water for injection over sterile water for injection?** * A) It contains preservatives to prevent bacterial growth * B) It has a longer shelf life * C) It is less expensive * D) It does not need to be stored in a sterile environment **Answer:** A) It contains preservatives to prevent bacterial growth 45. **Which of the following characteristics is important for ophthalmic preparations to ensure proper contact time with the eye?** * A) Sterility * B) Viscosity * C) Tonicity * D) Pyrogenicity **Answer:** B) Viscosity 46. **Which of the following types of bacteria do not require oxygen to grow and multiply?** * A) Aerobic bacteria * B) Anaerobic bacteria * C) Mesophiles * D) Psychrophiles **Answer:** B) Anaerobic bacteria 47. **What is the primary role of laminar airflow in sterile compounding environments?** * A) To remove pyrogens from the air * B) To sterilize the air * C) To maintain a clean, particle-free environment by directing air in a single direction * D) To reduce temperature in the sterile compounding area **Answer:** C) To maintain a clean, particle-free environment by directing air in a single direction 48. **Which of the following is a common source of particulate contamination in sterile products?** * A) Viral particles * B) Bacterial endotoxins * C) Rubber stoppers * D) Fungal spores **Answer:** C) Rubber stoppers 49. **What is the advantage of using a vertical laminar airflow hood (LAFH) for compounding hazardous drugs?** * A) It reduces the risk of contamination for the operator * B) It provides faster air circulation than a horizontal LAFH * C) It is more cost-effective than a horizontal LAFH * D) It allows for better access to the workspace **Answer:** A) It reduces the risk of contamination for the operator 50. **Which of the following factors does NOT affect the stability of sterile products?** * A) pH level * B) Temperature * C) Light exposure * D) Oxygen consumption **Answer:** D) Oxygen consumption 51. **Which of the following is a primary feature of sterile water for irrigation?** * A) Contains preservatives * B) Packaged in containers of 1-3 liters with a screw cap * C) Used for injection * D) Contains bacteriostatic agents **Answer:** B) Packaged in containers of 1-3 liters with a screw cap 52. **What is the role of particulate matter testing in sterile product preparation?** * A) To check for bacterial growth * B) To ensure that the product is isotonic * C) To ensure there are no visible particles such as hair, lint, or dust * D) To check for pyrogens **Answer:** C) To ensure there are no visible particles such as hair, lint, or dust 53. **Which of the following terms refers to a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected?** * A) Parasitism * B) Mutualism * C) Commensalism * D) Symbiosis **Answer:** C) Commensalism 54. **Which of the following is an example of a sterile parenteral dosage form?** * A) Oral suspension * B) Topical cream * C) IV solution * D) Nasal spray **Answer:** C) IV solution 55. **Which of the following infections is typically caused by Gram-positive cocci?** * A) E. coli infection * B) Klebsiella infection * C) Staphylococcus aureus infection * D) Neisseria meningitis **Answer:** C) Staphylococcus aureus infection 56. **Which of the following terms describes a chemical agent used to reduce microorganisms on living tissue?** * A) Disinfectant * B) Antiseptic * C) Cold sterilant * D) Pyrogen **Answer:** B) Antiseptic 57. **Which type of symbiotic relationship is exhibited by tapeworms living in a human host?** * A) Mutualism * B) Commensalism * C) Parasitism * D) Opportunism **Answer:** C) Parasitism 58. **Which of the following describes a thermophile?** * A) Organisms that grow in high temperatures (40-70°C) * B) Organisms that grow in low temperatures (0-32°C) * C) Organisms that grow in moderate temperatures (15-43°C) * D) Organisms that grow in extremely cold temperatures **Answer:** A) Organisms that grow in high temperatures (40-70°C) 59. **What is the main characteristic of barophiles?** * A) They grow in acidic environments * B) They thrive in high atmospheric pressure environments * C) They grow in cold environments * D) They are resistant to sterilization **Answer:** B) They thrive in high atmospheric pressure environments 60. **What is the recommended contact time for alcohol-based disinfectants to be effective?** * A) 5 seconds * B) 10-20 seconds * C) 30 seconds to 1 minute * D) 5 minutes **Answer:** C) 30 seconds to 1 minute 61. **Which of the following disinfectants is categorized as a low-level disinfectant?** * A) Hydrogen peroxide * B) Phenols * C) Alcohol * D) Chlorhexidine **Answer:** B) Phenols 62. **Which of the following describes pyrogens?** * A) Organic solvents that clean products * B) Fever-inducing substances often derived from bacteria * C) Microscopic particles in sterile solutions * D) A type of bacteria that survives high temperatures **Answer:** B) Fever-inducing substances often derived from bacteria 63. **Which of the following is an example of a chemical agent used as a high-level disinfectant** * A) Alcohol * B) Phenol * C) Hydrogen peroxide * D) Bacteriostatic water **Answer:** C) Hydrogen peroxide 64. **Which of the following describes a nosocomial infection?** * A) Infection acquired from the community * B) Infection acquired in a healthcare setting * C) Infection caused by parasites * D) Infection due to improper hygiene **Answer:** B) Infection acquired in a healthcare setting 65. **What is the purpose of "first air" in a laminar airflow hood?** * A) To provide non-sterile air for non-critical sites * B) To provide HEPA-filtered air directly to critical sites * C) To clean the air before entering the room * D) To remove particles from the compounding area **Answer:** B) To provide HEPA-filtered air directly to critical sites 66. **Which of the following is a key characteristic of isotonic solutions used in sterile products?** * A) pH level below 4 * B) Same tonicity as blood * C) Higher viscosity than water * D) Contains pyrogens **Answer:** B) Same tonicity as blood 67. **Which type of sterilization involves dehydration and freezing in a vacuum?** * A) Autoclaving * B) Freeze-drying (Lyophilization) * C) Dry heat sterilization * D) Filtration **Answer:** B) Freeze-drying (Lyophilization) 68. **What is the main role of a pre-filter in a laminar airflow hood?** * A) To remove all microorganisms from the air * B) To filter out large particles and contaminants before air passes through the HEPA filter * C) To sterilize the air before entering the hood * D) To increase air velocity in the hood **Answer:** B) To filter out large particles and contaminants before air passes through the HEPA filter 69. **Which of the following pathogens is Gram-negative?** * A) Staphylococcus aureus * B) Streptococcus pyogenes * C) Escherichia coli (E. coli) * D) Enterococcus species **Answer:** C) Escherichia coli (E. coli) 70. **Which of the following best describes a cleanroom?** * A) A room where sterile products are packaged * B) A controlled environment where air is filtered and maintained to prevent contamination * C) An area for washing and cleaning equipment * D) A room used to store sterile products before distribution **Answer:** B) A controlled environment where air is filtered and maintained to prevent contamination 71. **What is the ideal pH range for injections to ensure compatibility with the human body?** * A) 1-3 * B) 3-8 * C) 7-14 * D) 5-9 **Answer:** B) 3-8 72. **Which of the following conditions is necessary for proper storage of low-risk level compounded sterile products at room temperature?** * A) 48 hours or less * B) 30 hours or less * C) 24 hours or less * D) 72 hours or less **Answer:** A) 48 hours or less 73. **Which of the following best defines sterile compounding?** * A) The preparation of oral medications * B) The preparation of sterile medications using aseptic techniques * C) The mixing of hazardous chemicals * D) The process of sterilizing medical equipment **Answer:** B) The preparation of sterile medications using aseptic techniques 74. **What is the function of a buffer area in sterile compounding?** * A) It is the primary area where sterile compounding is performed * B) It stores all non-sterile materials used in the compounding process * C) It serves as a space where personnel can prepare for entry into the cleanroom * D) It contains air handling systems for non-sterile compounding **Answer:** A) It is the primary area where sterile compounding is performed 75. **What is the maximum allowable storage time for high-risk compounded sterile products in a solid frozen state without sterility testing?** * A) 24 hours * B) 7 days * C) 45 days * D) 60 days **Answer:** C) 45 days 76. **Which of the following is an example of an isotonic solution commonly used in sterile compounding?** * A) Water for injection * B) Sodium chloride 0.9% * C) Bacteriostatic water * D) Sterile water for irrigation **Answer:** B) Sodium chloride 0.9% 77. **What is the purpose of NAPRA's "Model Standards for Pharmacy Compounding of Non-Hazardous Sterile Preparations"?** * A) To provide guidelines for the administration of sterile products in hospitals * B) To establish minimum practice and quality standards for pharmacies compounding sterile products * C) To regulate the import and export of sterile pharmaceutical products * D) To monitor pharmaceutical manufacturing processes **Answer:** B) To establish minimum practice and quality standards for pharmacies compounding sterile products 78. **Which of the following describes the term "particulate matter" in sterile products?** * A) Bacteria or viruses that contaminate the product * B) Non-sterile ingredients used in the product * C) Microscopic particles such as dust, fibers, or rubber in the product * D) Chemicals used for sterilization **Answer:** C) Microscopic particles such as dust, fibers, or rubber in the product 79. **Which type of infections are caused by organisms like tapeworms or scabies that live at the expense of the host** * A) Mutualistic infections * B) Commensalistic infections * C) Parasitic infections * D) Opportunistic infections **Answer:** C) Parasitic infections 80. **Which of the following components are used as vehicles in sterile products to serve as solvents and carriers?** * A) Active ingredients * B) Preservatives * C) Aqueous and non-aqueous solutions * D) Pyrogens **Answer:** C) Aqueous and non-aqueous solutions 81. **What is the common storage condition for medium-risk level sterile compounded products under refrigeration?** * A) 9 days or less * B) 14 days or less * C) 24 hours or less * D) 48 hours or less **Answer:** A) 9 days or less 82. **Which of the following is a key factor in preventing contamination during sterile compounding?** * A) Using only non-sterile ingredients * B) Wearing appropriate protective garb (gowns, gloves, masks) * C) Mixing non-sterile solutions in clean environments * D) Avoiding the use of preservatives **Answer:** B) Wearing appropriate protective garb (gowns, gloves, masks) 83. **Which of the following best describes a mutualistic relationship in microbiology?** * A) One organism benefits while the other is harmed * B) Both organisms benefit from the relationship * C) Neither organism benefits * D) Both organisms are harmed **Answer:** B) Both organisms benefit from the relationship 84. **What is the main characteristic of "hypertonic" solutions in sterile compounding?** * A) They have a lower salt concentration than blood * B) They have a higher salt concentration than blood * C) They are the same as isotonic solutions * D) They are used only for ophthalmic products **Answer:** B) They have a higher salt concentration than blood 85. **Which of the following best describes the use of freeze-drying (lyophilization) in sterile compounding?** * A) To reduce microbial contamination * B) To remove moisture and extend the shelf-life of a product * C) To prevent oxidation of the product * D) To enhance the viscosity of the product **Answer:** B) To remove moisture and extend the shelf-life of a product 86. **Which of the following bacteria is Gram-positive?** * A) Escherichia coli (E. coli) * B) Neisseria meningitis * C) Staphylococcus aureus * D) Klebsiella species **Answer:** C) Staphylococcus aureus 87. **What is the role of an ISO Class 5 environment in sterile compounding?** * A) To filter non-sterile air for cleanroom use * B) To maintain an ultra-clean environment for compounding sterile products * C) To monitor the humidity and temperature of the compounding area * D) To store sterile products before use **Answer:** B) To maintain an ultra-clean environment for compounding sterile products 88. **Which of the following infections is commonly associated with surgical wounds in healthcare facilities?** * A) Urinary tract infections * B) Lower respiratory infections * C) Bloodstream infections * D) Nosocomial infections **Answer:** D) Nosocomial infections 89. **What is the main advantage of using moist heat sterilization (autoclaving)?** * A) It is faster than other sterilization methods * B) It is ideal for dry materials like powders * C) It is highly effective for sterilizing aqueous solutions * D) It does not require pressure **Answer:** C) It is highly effective for sterilizing aqueous solutions 90. **Which of the following terms refers to a sporadic infection?** * A) A widespread infection across multiple countries * B) An infection that occurs infrequently and irregularly in a population * C) An infection that regularly occurs in a specific geographic area * D) An infection acquired through a medical procedure **Answer:** B) An infection that occurs infrequently and irregularly in a population