STATISTICS REVIEWER.pdf

STATISTICS REVIEWER GENERAL FIELDS OF STATISTICS FATHER OF MODERN STATISTICS- RONALD ALYMER FISHER I. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS DESCRIBES AND SUMMARIZE DATA CONCERNED STRICTLY WITH DATA ON HAND, AND CAN ONLY MEASURE WHAT ALREADY EXISTS MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY MEAN – AVERAGE OF THE GIVE...

STATISTICS REVIEWER GENERAL FIELDS OF STATISTICS FATHER OF MODERN STATISTICS- RONALD ALYMER FISHER I. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS DESCRIBES AND SUMMARIZE DATA CONCERNED STRICTLY WITH DATA ON HAND, AND CAN ONLY MEASURE WHAT ALREADY EXISTS MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY MEAN – AVERAGE OF THE GIVEN DATA MEDIAN- MIDDLE NO. OF THE GIVEN DATA MODE- MOST CONSISTENT NO. OF THE GIVEN DATA II. INFERENTIAL STATISTICS DRAW CONLUSIONS USES OF STATISTICS INFORMED DECISIONS IN VARIOUS ASPECTS OF LIFE. UNDERSTANDING TREND AND PATTERNS IN DATA. PREDICTING ACCURATE OUTCOMES IN FORECASTS ECONOMICS, FINANCE MARKETING AND HEALTH CARE FOR DATA ANALYSIS AND DECISION MAKING. SOCIAL PHENOMENA AND BEHAVIOR THOUGH SURVEYS AND POLLS. COMPARISON AND BENCHMARKING IDENTIFYING AND SOLVING PROBLEMS BY PROVIDING EVIDENCED-BASED INSIGHTS. III. TYPES OF DATA 1. NUMERICAL OR QUANTITAVE COUNTS OR MEASURMENTS DISCRETE NUMERICAL RESPONSES THAT ARISE FROM A COUNTING PROCESS MUST BE A WHOLE NO. EX. HUMANS, IQ TEST, TEST SCORES CONTINOUOS ARE NUMERICAL RESPONSES THAT ARISE FROM A MEASUREMENT PROCESS CAN HAVE DECIMALS EX. TEMPERATURE, WEIGHT, HEIGHT 2. CATEGORICAL/ATTRIBUTE OR QUALITATIVE NAME CLASSIFICATIONS NOMINAL REFERS ONLY TO NAME CLASSIFICATIONS “AH CHARACTERISTICS LAN YAN” (Angel Mae Odiver, 2024) EX. HAIR COLOR, MARITAL STATUS ORDINAL DATA USED TO DESCRIBE THE ORDER OF VALUES RANKING OR ORDER OF SOMETHING EX. RANKING OF THE TOP 10 BEST NIGGAS, THE ALPHABET IN ORDER  3. CONTINUOUS INTERVAL (MEASUREMENT DATA) NUMBERS WITH KNOWN DIFFERENCES EX. TIME AND AGE RATIO NUMBERS THAT HAVE MEASURABLE INTERVAL WHERE DIFFERENCE CAN BE DETERMINED EX. TEMPERATURE, IQ WEIGHT, AND HEIGHT “Interval: Gaps Ratio: Gaps but can have 0” (ETHAN HEIGL What are the gaps? LIWANAG,2024) “The measurement that is constant between objects.” Four LEVELS OF NOMINAL ORDINAL INTERVAL RATIO MEASUREMENT CATEGORIES ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ RANK ORDER ✓ ✓ ✓ EQUAL SPACING ✓ ✓ TRUE ZERO ✓ IV. SOURCES OF COLLECTING DATA 1. DATA INFO THAT IS SYSTEMATICALLY COLECTED IN THE COURSE OF STUDY OBSERVABLE AND MEASURABLE FACTS PROVIDE INFO ABOUT THE PHENOMENON UNDERSTUDY 2. DATA COLLECTION IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH THE RESEARCHER COLLECTS INFO NEEDED TO ANSWER THE RESEARCH PROBLEM V. SOURCES OF DATA 3. PRIMARY DATA ARE THOSE WHICH ARE COLLECTED FRESH AND FOR THE FIRST TIME AND THUS HAPPEN TO BE ORIGINAL IN CHARACTER. EX. PEOPLE, OBJECTS, PROGRAMMES, INSTITUTION 4. SECONDARY DATA ARE THOSE WHICH HAVE BEEN COLLECTED BY SOMEONE ELSE AND WHICH HAVE ALREADY BEEN PASSED THROUGH THE STATISTICAL PROCESS. 5. EXAMPLES INTERNAL SOURCES SUCH AS BIOGRAPHIES, DIARIES, LETTERS, MEMORIES. EXTERNAL SOURCES SUCH AS JOURNAL, MAGAZINES, NEWSPAPERS, GOVERNMENT REPORTS, STATISTICAL ABSTRACTS, CENSUS REPORTS (PUBLISHED) AND OFFICIAL OR PATIENDS RECORD, UNPUBLISHED THESIS/DISSERTATIONS AND REPORTS (UNPUBLISHED). VI. METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA 1. DIRECT INTERVIEW MOST EFFECTIVE METHODS OF COLLECTING ORIGINAL DATA ALLOWS GREATER FLEXIBILITY BOTH INTERVIEWER AND INTERVIEWEE ARE PRESENT 2. REGISTRATION METHOD REPONDENTS GIVE INFO IN COMPLIANCE HAS CERTAIN LAWS, POLICIES, REGULATIONS, DECREES, OR STANDARD PRACTICES EX. BIRTH CERTIFICATES, MARRIAGE CONTRACTS, DEATH CERTIFICATES, MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTRATION, REAL ESTATES, VOTERS, REGISTRATION OF CORP.  3. INDIRECT/QUESTIONNAIRE EASIEST METHOD OF GATA GATHERING CONSISTS OF WELL-PLANNED QUESTIONS RELATED TO THE TOPIC UNDERSTUDY SENT BY MAIL OR HAND CARRIED TO RESPONDENTS. 4. OBSERVATION METHOD PROCESS WHEREBY THE RESEARCHER OBSERVES THE RESEARCH SITUATION MOST APPROPRIATELY USED IN RESEARCHERS INVOLVING TEACHING-LEARNING SITUATIONS OR GROUP INTERACTIONS 5. THROUGH EXPERIMENTATION DATA MAY ALSO BE COLLECTED FROM THIS EXPIREMENT USED WHEN THE RESEARCHER WISHES TO CONTROL THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE VARIABLE UNDER VII. POPULATION AND SAMPLES 1. POPULATION A SET OF DATA CONSISTING OF ALL CONCEIVABLE POSSIBLE OBSERVATIONS OF A CERTAIN PHENOMENON. A GROUP OF PEOPLE WITH THE SAME CHARACTERISTICS 2. SAMPLE IS A SMALLER NO. OF OBSERVATIONS TAKEN FROM THE POPULATION USED TO REPRESENT THE POPULATION 3. SAMPLE SIZE REFERS TO THE NO. OF PARTICIPANTS OR OBSERVATIONS INCLUDED IN A STUDY NO. OF PEOPLE REQUIRED TO MAKE THE STUDY VALID. 4. RESPONDENTS THE NO. OF PEOPLE WHO RESPONDED TO A SURVEY  5. SAMPLE SIZE N- POPULATION, E- MARGIN OF ERROR (5%), n-SAMPLE SIZE 6. SLOVIN’S FORMULA n=N/1+Ne2 VIII. PRESENTATION OF DATA 1. TEXTUAL FORM OF PRESENTATION COMBINES TEXT AND FIGURES USE WHEN THEY ARE ONLY A FEW NUMERICAL OBSERCATIONS INCLUDED IN THE PARAGRAPHS OF DISCUSSION 2. TABULAR PRESENTATION BETTER THAN THE TEXTUAL FORM DATA ARE PRESENTED IN A MORE CONCISE AND SYSTEMATIC MANNER, PRESENTED THROUGH TABLES CONSISTING OF VERTICAL COLUMNS AND HORIZONTAL ROWS WITH HEADINGS. THE SPACE BETWEEN A ROW AND COLUMN IS CALLED CELL. CELL CELL 3. GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION USING GRAPHS AND CHARTS MOST EFFECTIVE IN PRESENTING DATA MAKES IT EASY FOR IMPORTANT INFO TO BE GRASPED BY THE READER  A. BAR GRAPH SIMPLEST FORM OF GRAPHIC PRESENTATION GENERALLY INTENDED FOR COMPARISON OF SIMPLE MAGNITUDE B. LINE GRAPH MOST WIDELY USED PRACTICAL DEVICE EFFECTIVE IN SHOWING CHANGES IN TIME C. CIRCLE GRAPH OR PIE CHART DIVIDED INTO COMPONENT PARTS WHOSE SIZES ARE PROPORTIONAL TO PERCENTAGES THEY REPRESENT D. PICTOGRAPH USES PICTORIAL SYMBOLS SUGGESTS THE NATURE OF THE DATA BEING SHOWN 4. STATISTICAL MAPS USED WHEN QUANTITATIVE DATA HAVE TO BE SHOWN BY GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 5. SCATTER DIAGRAM PROVIDES MEANS FOR VISUAL INSPECTION OF DATA WHICH A LIST OF VALUES FOR TWO VARIABLES CANNOT. IX. SAMPLING TECHNIQUES 1. PROBABILITY SAMPLING HAS AN EQUAL CHANCE TO BE INCLUDED IN THE SAMPLE HAS A SYSTEM  2. NON-PROBABLITY SAMPLING NO SYSTEM SAMPLE DEPENDS ON SITUATION SIMPLE RANDOM SYSTEMATIC STRATIFIED CLUSTER SAMPLING SAMPLING SAMPLING SAMPLING EVERYONE HAS AN EVERY Nth MEMBER IS A PROCESS IN THE SELECTION OF EQUAL AND OF THE POPULATION WHICH CERTAIN THE SAMPLE IS BY INDEPENDENT IS SELECTED FOR SUBGROUPS OR CLISTERS OR CHANCE OF BEING INCLUSION IN THE STRATA, ARE GROUPS RATHER AS SAMPLE SAMPLE SELECTED FOR THE THAN SEPARATE SAMPLE IN THE INDIVIDUALS SAME PROPORTION AS THEY EXIST IN THE population. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING PURPOSIVE SAMPLING SAMPLES ARE BASED ON PREVIOUES BASED ON THE CONVENIENCE OF THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE POPULATION AND THE RESEARCHER SPECIFIC PURPOSE OF THE STUDY OR INVESTIGATION A CONVENIENCE SAMPLE IS A GROUP OF INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE MEMBERS OF A POPULATION AND ARE CONVENIENTLY AVAILABLE FOR STUDY OR INVESTIGATION