SSLC Biology - Soldiers of Defence Exam Notes PDF

# SSLC BIOLOGY ## Soldiers of Defense - Full Chapter * 7:30 PM MON 28 OCT •LIVE # SSLC LAKSHYA * Batch 2024-25 * Batch Fee: ₹4999 ₹3999 # Batch Fee for One Year * Fee: ₹4999 ₹3999 * 75 920 920 21 * 75 920 920 22 # Major Sandeep Unnikrishnan # Soldiers of Defense * A diagram with an outline of...

# SSLC BIOLOGY ## Soldiers of Defense - Full Chapter * 7:30 PM MON 28 OCT •LIVE # SSLC LAKSHYA * Batch 2024-25 * Batch Fee: ₹4999 ₹3999 # Batch Fee for One Year * Fee: ₹4999 ₹3999 * 75 920 920 21 * 75 920 920 22 # Major Sandeep Unnikrishnan # Soldiers of Defense * A diagram with an outline of a person with an arrow pointing to the right with the words "protect/present" and "destroy" next to it. * The words "soldiers", "defense" and a Malayalam word that means "defense" are written next to the diagram. # Defense Mechanism * Defense is the ability of the body to prevent the entry of pathogens and to destroy those that have already entered the body. * A Malayalam sentence referring to the body's defense against pathogens. # Defense Mechanism Diagram * A diagram shows a cross section of a human body * The word "lysozyme" is written on top with an arrow pointing towards the mouth and nose, with the word "earwax" written to the right of it. * An arrow pointing down from the word "lysozyme" says "saliva - lysozyme". * Another arrow pointing down says "skin". * More arrows point down saying "HCl", "mucus membrane" and "urine -lysozyme". * The word "body covering mucus membrane" is written above the mouth and nasal cavity. # Skin * Skin Diagram * The diagram shows a close up of a hair follicle with sweat glands, sebaceous glands and epidermis. * The words "skin" and the Malayalam word for "skin" are written above the diagram * The word "sebaceous gland" and "sebum" are written on the left, with the words "epidermis" and "keratin" written on the right. * An arrow pointing to the right of the diagram says "sweat gland", then down says "sweat". * A diagram shows a close up of a hair follicle with sweat glands, sebaceous glands and epidermis. * The words "epidermis", "sebaceous gland", and "sweat gland" are written next to a numbered list corresponding to the diagram. * The sentence "A protein called keratin present here prevents the entry of germs." is written next to the word "epidermis". * The sentence "Sebum produced by the gland makes the skin oily and water proof." is written next to the word "sebaceous gland". * The sentence "The disinfectants present in the sweat produced by this gland destroys the germs." is written next to the words "sweat glands" ## Nasal Cavity and Mucous Membrane * A diagram shows a cross section of a person's head, with the words "nasal cavity", "nostril" and "throat" written on the diagram. * The Malayalam word for "mucous membrane" and the phrase "mucous membrane" are written above the nasal cavity. # Body Fluids * A diagram shows a close up of red blood cells moving through a vein. * The phrase "Body fluids" and the Malayalam word for body fluids is written at the top of the diagram. * The words "blood" and "lymph" are written underneath the diagram. # White Blood Cells (WBC) * A diagram shows the relationship between "blood," "WBC", "white blood cell", and "specific defense". * Following blood is an arrow that points to WBC, an arrow pointing down from WBC says "white blood cell", and an arrow pointing down from "white blood cell" says "Specific Defense". * The words "neutrophil", "eosinophil", "basophil", "monocyte" and "lymphocyte" are written branching out from the word "blood", with the word "speufie (identified)" written next to lymphocyte. * The Malayalam word meaning "white blood cell" is written to the right of "white blood cell". # Blood Composition * A diagram shows a tube with two highlighted areas. * The top portion of the tube is labelled "+55% - plasma" with arrows pointing out to "water", "proteins", and "others". * The bottom portion of the tube is labelled "45%- blood cells" with arrows pointing to "RBC", "WBC", and "platelets". ## Inflammatory Response * A diagram shows someone tending a wound with a cotton swab while another diagram shows a close up of the wound. * The words "inflammatory response", "red", "swelling", and the Malayalam words for "inflammatory response" and "swelling" are written next to the diagram. # Inflammatory Response Diagram * A diagram shows the difference between a "normal" state of skin and an "inflamed" state. * The word "injury" is written on the left and the word "inflammation" on the right, with an arrow pointing from the left to the right. * An arrow pointing to the wound on the left says "harmful things enter the body". The word "Bruelen" is written next to the arrow. * The words "pain", "warmth", "swelling" and "redness" are written next to a picture of inflamed skin. # Inflammatory Response Diagram Detail * A diagram shows a close up of a wound, with arrows pointing out to the words "damaged cells" and "water" beside the wound. * An arrow pointing down from "damaged cells" goes to "Chemicals dilation" while an arrow pointing down from the top of the wound says "red". * There are lines with the words "chemicals dilation" written on them. * An arrow points to the right towards the word "WBC". * An arrow points to the right from "WBC" to "dilate blood capillary". * The number "1" and the word "basophil" is written beside "WBC", with a line drawn to "Dilate blood capillary". * A line connecting "basophil" to "WBC" with an arrow pointing to "WBC" says "WBC". * The number "2" is written beside "Dilate blood capillary", connected by a line to the word "eosinophil" with an arrow pointing to "eosinophil". * A line connecting "eosinophil" to "chemicals destroy foreign bodies, inflammatory response" with an arrow pointing to "chemicals destroy foreign bodies, inflammatory response" says "chemicals destroy foreign bodies, inflammatory response". * The number "4" is written beside "inflammatory response". A line connecting "Inflammatory Response" with "monocyte" and "neutrophil" with an arrow pointing to "neutrophil" says "monocyte". * A line connecting "neutrophil" with "phagocytosis" with an arrow pointing to "phagocytosis" says "neutrophil". * The number "5" is written below "inflammatory response" with a connection to "lymphocyte" with an arrow pointing to "lymphocyte" says "lymphocyte". # Inflammatory Response Diagram * 4 diagrams show stages of the inflammatory response with details written underneath each diagram. * 1. Germs enter through wounds * 2. Chemicals are produced * 3. Blood capillaries dilate * 4. White blood cells reach the would site through the walls of the capillaries * 5. Neutrophils and monocytes engulf and destroy germs. # Inflammatory Response Diagram in Malayalam * 4 diagrams show stages of the inflammatory response, with details written underneath each diagram. * 1. മുറിവിലൂടെ രോഗാണുക്കൾ പ്രവേശിക്കുന്നു. * 2. രാസവസ്തുക്കൾ രൂപപ്പെടുന്നു * 3. രക്തലോമിക വികസിക്കുന്നു * 4. ശ്വേതരക്താണുക്കൾ ലോമികാഭിത്തിയിലൂടെ മുറിവേറ്റ ഭാഗത്തേക്കുത്തുന്നു. * 5. ന്യൂട്രോഫില്ലുകളും മോണോസൈറ്റുകളും രോഗാണുക്കളെ വിഴുങ്ങി നശിപ്പിക്കുന്നു. # White Blood Cell Chart * A table shows a list of white blood cells, with their defense actions. * **White Blood Cells** | **Defense Action** * Neutrophil | Engulfs bacteria, synthesizes chemicals that destroy bacteria. * Basophil | Stimulates other white blood cells; Dilates the blood vessels. * Eosinophil | Synthesizes chemicals that destroy foreign bodies. * Monocyte | Engulfs and destroys germs. * Lymphocyte | Identifies and destroys germs specifically. * A table shows a list of white blood cells in Malayalam, with their defense actions. * **ശ്വേതരക്താണുക്കൾ** | **പ്രതിരോധപ്രവർത്തനം** * ന്യൂട്രോഫിൽ | ബാക്ടീരിയയെ വിഴുങ്ങിനശിപ്പിക്കുന്നു, ബാക്ടീരിയ നശിപ്പിക്കുന്ന രാസവസ്‌തുക്കൾ നിർമിക്കുന്നു. * ബേസോഫിൽ | മറ്റ് ശ്വേതരക്താണുക്കളെ ഉത്തേജിപ്പിക്കുന്നു. രക്തക്കുഴലുകൾ വികസിപ്പിക്കുന്നു. * ഈസിനോഫിൽ | അന്യവസ്‌തുക്കളെ നശിപ്പിക്കുന്ന രാസവസ്‌തുക്കളുണ്ടാക്കുന്നു. വീങ്ങൽ പ്രതികരണത്തിനാവശ്യമായ രാസവസ്തുക്കൾ ഉൽപ്പാദിപ്പിക്കുന്നു. * മോണോസൈറ്റ് | രോഗാണുക്കളെ വിഴുങ്ങി നശിപ്പിക്കുന്നു. * ലിംഫോസൈറ്റ് | രോഗാണുക്കളെ പ്രത്യേകം തിരിച്ചറിഞ്ഞ് നശിപ്പിക്കുന്നു. # Phagocytes * A diagram shows a neutrophil, a monocyte, and a bacteria. * The words "bacteria", "neutrophil", and "monocyte" are written next to a corresponding diagram. * The arrow between the two cells and the bacteria says "phagocytes". # Phabocytosis * A diagram shows a cell engulfing bacteria, then a lysosome, and finally the cell with the bacteria destroyed. * The words "Engulf", "Destroy", and "lysome" are written next to a corresponding diagram. * The words "PHAGOCYTOSIS cell" are written above the diagram. * The Malayalam word for "engulf" is written to the right of "Engulf". # Phagocytosis Diagram * A diagram shows a cell with many small "pathogens" entering the cell, with arrows pointing to the pathogen, a "membrane sac" around the pathogen, and two lysosomes that are combining with the "membrane sac". * The words "pathogen", "engulfs pathogen in the membrane sac", "lysome", "lysome combines with the membrane sac", and "The pathogens are degenerated and destroyed by the enzymes in lysome". * * A diagram shows a cell with many small "pathogens" entering the cell, with arrows pointing to the pathogen, a "membrane sac" around the pathogen, and two lysosomes that are combining with the "membrane sac". * The words "രോഗാണു", "രോഗാണുക്കളെ സ്തരസഞ്ചിയിൽ ഉൾക്കൊള്ളുന്നു." "ലൈസോസോം", "സരസഞ്ചികൾ ലൈസോസോമുമായി ചേരുന്നു", "ലൈസോസോമിലെ എൻസൈമുകൾ രോഗാണുക്കളെ ശിഥിലീകരിച്ച് നശിപ്പിക്കുന്നു," and "ചിത്രീകരണം 5.5 ഫാഗോസൈറ്റോസിസ്" are written next to a corresponding diagram. # Phagocytosis * The words "phagocytosis", "engulf & destroy", the Malayalam word for "engulf & destroy", and "phagocytoses - neutrophil, monocyte" are written next to a corresponding diagram. # Blood Clot * A diagram shows a finger with a blood clot. * The words "blood clot" are written next to the diagram. # Blood Clot Diagram * A diagram shows a vein with platelets in the process of forming a clot. * The words "Tissue", "Degenate", the Malayalam word for "Degenate", "platelets", the Malayalam word for "platelets", "Thromboplastin", "Prothrombin", "Thrombin", "Fibrinogen", "Fibrin fibers", "RBC", "Platelets", and "Blood clot" are written next to a corresponding diagram. ## Stages in the process of blood clotting * മുറിവേറ്റ ഭാഗത്തെ കലകളും പ്ലേറ്റ്ലെറ്റുകളും ശിഥിലീകരിച്ച് താം ബോപ്ലാസ്റ്റിൻ എന്ന രാസാഗ്നിയുണ്ടാകുന്നു. * പ്ലാസ്മയിലെ പ്രോത്രോംബിൻ ത്രോബോപ്ലാസ്റ്റിൻ കാൽസ്യം, വിറ്റാമീൻ k ത്രോംബീൻ ആയി മാറുന്നു. * ഫ്രൈബ്രിനോജൻ ത്രോംബിൻ ഫൈബ്രിൻ നാരുകൾ. * ഫൈബ്രിൻ നാരുകൾ ചേർന്ന് രൂപപ്പെടുന്ന വലക്കണ്ണികളിൽ അരുണ രക്താണുക്കളും പ്ലേറ്റ്ലെറ്റുകളും തങ്ങി രക്തക്കട്ടയുണ്ടാക്കുന്നു. # Wound Heating * 4 diagrams show stages of wound healing. * (a) * (b) * (c) * (d) # Fever * A diagram shows the normal body temperature of 37 degrees celcius or 98.6 degrees F, and a line drawing of a body with an arrow pointing up to show an increase in body temperature accompanied by the word "fevers". * The Malayalam word for "body temperature" is written next to the diagram. # Fever Diagram * A diagram shows a person with "toxins" inside of them with an arrow pointing to "WBC stumuter" (stimulator). * An arrow pointing down from WBC stimulator goes to "chemical" with an arrow pointing to "body T ↑ (body temperature)". * On the right side of the diagram the words "muliphinh, fale, phagocytosis" are written horizontally in that order, with arrows pointing up from "phagocytosis", and down from "muliphinh" and "fale". # Fever Diagram in Malayalam * 4 diagrams show stages of a person getting a fever. * 1. രോഗാണുക്കൾ ശരീരത്തിൽ പ്രവേശിക്കുന്നു. * 2. രോഗാണുക്കൾ ഉൽപ്പാദിപ്പിക്കുന്ന വിഷവസ്തുക്കളുടെ സാന്നിധ്യം ശ്വേതരക്താണുക്കളെ ഉത്തേജിപ്പിക്കുന്നു. * 3. ശ്വേതരക്താണുക്കൾ ഉൽപ്പാദിപ്പിക്കുന്ന രാസവസ്തുക്കൾ ശരീരതാപനില ഉയരാൻ കാരണമാകുന്നു. * 4. ശരീരതാപനില ഉയരുന്നത് രോഗാണുക്കളുടെ പെരുകൽ നിരക്ക് കുറയ്ക്കുന്നു, ഫാഗോസൈറ്റോസിസിന്റെ ഫലപ്രാപ്തി കൂട്ടുന്നു. # Fever Diagram * 4 diagrams show stages of a person getting a fever with details written underneath each diagram. * 1. Pathogens enter the body * 2. The presence of toxins produced by the pathogens stimulate the WBC. * 3. The chemical substances produced by the WBC raises the body temperature * 4. The rise in body temperature reduces the rate of multiplication of pathogens. Increases the effect of phagocytosis. # Lymphocytes * A diagram shows a lymphocyte with arrows pointing to "antibodies" and an "antigen". * The word "lymphocytes" is written above the diagram. ## Antigens * A diagram shows a lymphocyte with a line connecting to the words "bone marrow" and "maturation", with an arrow pointing from "maturation" to "B lymphocyte". * A diagram shows a lymphocyte with an arrow pointing to "born" and "Thy mus gland, materalin" with an arrow pointing from "Thy mus gland, materalin" to "T lymphocyte". * Another lymphocyte is shown at the center and an arrow points from that lymphocyte to "stimulate other WBC" with a line pointing to "B lymphocyte" and then down. * The words "Lymphocyte" and "Specifie Defense" are written above the diagram. * The words "bacteris toxic", "bone marrow", "born", "lymphocytes", "B lymphocyte", "T lymphocyte", "Stimulate other, WBC", "diste rate balig", "toxin newhalire", "canerous cells", "virus a heeld cells", and "proteins" are written next to corresponding diagrams with lines connecting them. * The words "antibody" and "antigens" are written next to the diagrams. * The Malayalam word for "bone marrow" and the phrase "maturation" is written next to the bone marrow. * The Malayalam word for "thymus gland" and the phrase "materalin" are written next to the thymus gland. ## Bone Marrow * A picture of a bone with red marrow (visible) is shown. ## Thymus Gland * A diagram shows the thymus gland and the lungs in a person. # B Lymphocyte * A diagram shows a B lymphocyte. * The words "B Lymphocyte" are written to the right of the diagram. * B- Lymphocytes produce certain proteins that act against antigens. * These are called antibodies. * Antibodies destroy pathogen by 3 different ways: * Destroy the bacteria by disintegrating the cell membrane. * Neutralise the toxin of the antigen. * Destroy the pathogens by stimulating other white blood cells. # B Lymphocyte in Malayalam * A diagram shows a B lymphocyte. * The words "B ലിംഫോസൈറ്റുകൾ" are written to the right of the diagram. * ശരീരത്തിലെത്തുന്ന ആന്റിജനുകൾക്കെതിരെ ഇവ ചില പ്രോട്ടീനുകൾ ഉൽപ്പാദിപ്പിക്കുന്നു. ഇവയാണ് ആന്റിബോഡികൾ (Antobodies). * മൂന്നു രീതികളിലാണ് ആന്റിബോഡികൾ രോഗാണുക്കളെ നശിപ്പിക്കുന്നത്. * ബാക്ടീരിയയുടെ കോശസ്തരത്തെ ശിഥിലീകരിച്ച് അവയെ നശിപ്പിക്കുന്നു. * ആന്റിജനുകളുടെ വിഷാംശത്തെ നിർവീര്യമാക്കുന്നു. * മറ്റു ശ്വേതരക്താണുക്കളെ ഉത്തേജിപ്പിച്ച് രോഗാണുക്കളെ നശിപ്പിക്കുന്നു. # T Lymphocyte * A diagram shows a T Lymphocyte. * The words "T Lymphocyte" are written to the right of the diagram. * T lymphocytes stimulate other defence cells of the body. * T lymphocytes destroy the cells affected by virus. * T lymphocytes destroy cancer cells. * മറ്റ് പ്രതിരോധ കോശങ്ങളെ ഉത്തേജിപ്പിക്കുന്നു * വൈറസ് ബാധിച്ച കോശങ്ങളെ നശിപ്പിക്കുന്നു * കാൻസർകോശങ്ങളെ നശിപ്പിക്കുന്നു. # Lymph And Defense * A diagram shows a person with lymph nodes highlighted, with arrows pointing to the "lymph duct", "spleen", and "lymph node". * The words "Lymph and Defense" are written at the top of the diagram. * The lymph, formed from the blood and reabsorbed into blood. * Lymph contains plenty of lymphocytes. * They destroy the disease causing bacteria in lymph nodes and spleen. # Immunization and Vaccination * A diagram shows a person getting a vaccination. * The words "Immunization" and "Vaccination" are written above the diagram. # Immunization * Defense mechanism become slow when germs enter the body. * This cause the spread and multiplication of germs. * Immunization is the artificial method to make the defense cells alert against the attack of pathogens. * രോഗാണുക്കൾ ശരീരത്തിൽ പ്രവേശിക്കുമ്പോൾ പ്രതിരോധപ വർത്തനങ്ങൾക്ക് കാലതാമസം സംഭവിച്ചാൽ രോഗാണുക്കൾ പെരുകുകയും വ്യാപിക്കുകയും ചെയ്യുന്നു. * രോഗാണുവിന്റെ ആക്രമണം മുന്നിൽക്കണ്ട് പ്രതിരോധ കോശങ്ങളെ സജ്ജമാക്കി വെക്കാനുള്ള കൃത്രിമമാർഗമാണ് പ്രതിരോധം (Immunization). # Immunization Diagram * A diagram shows a person receiving a vaccine. * The word "warning" is written with an arrow pointing down, with the words "immune substante" and "vaccine" written next to the vaccine. * An arrow pointing to the left says "corona. dead/alive/neutralise" and an arrow pointing down says "cellular parts" and "toxins". * An arrow pointing down from "toxins" goes to "antigen". * The word "wanted" is written in a box to the right of the vaccine. # Vaccines * Vaccines are the substances used for artificial immunization. * One of the components of vaccine: * Components from Alive/Dead/Neutralized germs * Neutralized toxins / Cellular parts of the pathogen * കൃത്രിമ പ്രതിരോധവൽക്കരണത്തിനായി ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്ന വസ്തുക്കളാണ് വാക്സിനുകൾ. * 1. ജീവനുള്ളതോ മൃതമാക്കപ്പെട്ടതോ നിർവീര്യമാക്കപ്പെട്ടതോ ആയ രോഗാണുക്കൾ, * 2. രോഗകാരികളുടെ കോശഭാഗങ്ങൾ എന്നിവയിൽ ഏതെങ്കിലും ആയിരിക്കും ഓരോ വാക്സിനുകളിലെയും ഘടകങ്ങൾ. # Vaccines * These act as antigens that stimulate the defense mechanism of the body. * Antibodies are formed in the body against them. * These antibodies are retained in the body which future protects the body from the pathogen responsible for the same disease. * ഇവ ശരീരത്തിലെ പ്രതിരോധപ്രവർത്തനങ്ങളെ ഉത്തേജിപ്പിക്കുന്ന ആന്റിജനുകൾ ആയി പ്രവർത്തിക്കുന്നു. * ഇവയ്ക്കെതിരെ ശരീരത്തിൽ ആന്റബോഡികൾ നിർമിക്കപ്പെടുന്നു. * ഈ ആന്റിബോഡികൾ നിലനിൽക്കുകയും ഭാവിയിൽ ഇതേ രോഗത്തിന് കാരണമായ രോഗാണുക്കളിൽ നിന്ന് ശരീരത്തെ സംരക്ഷിക്കുകയും ചെയ്യുന്നു. # Vaccine chart * A table showing the following vaccines and their corresponding diseases. * **VACCINE** | **DISEASE** * B.C.G. (Bacillus Calmette Guerin) | Tuberculosis * O.P.V. ( Oral polio vaccine) | Polio * Pentavalent | Diphtheria, Pertusis, Tetanus, Hepatitis -b And Hib * M.M.R. | Mumps, Measles, Rubella * T. T. | Tetanus # Diagnostic Equipment * 3 diagrams show a stethoscope, a thermometer, and a sphygmomanometer * A) Stethoscope * B) Thermometer * C) Sphygmomanometer # Diagnostic Equipment Chart * A table showing the different types of diagnostic equipment and their corresponding usage. * **Equipment** | **Use** * Electro Encephalo Gram (EEG) | To record electric waves in the brain. * Electro Cardio Gram (ECG) | To record electric waves in the heart muscle. * Ultra Sound Scanner | To understand the structure of internal organs using ultrasonic sound waves. * C.T. Scanner (Computed Tomography Scanner) | To get three-dimensional visuals of internal organs with the help of computer, using X-rays. * MRI Scanner (Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scanner) | To get three-dimensional visuals of internal organs. * A table showing the different types of diagnostic equipment in Malayalam and their corresponding usage. * **ഉപകരണം** | **ഉപയോഗം** * ഇലക്ട്രോ എൻസഫലോ ഗ്രാം (EEG) | മസ്‌തിഷ്‌കത്തിലെ വൈദ്യുത തരംഗങ്ങളെ രേഖപ്പെടുത്താൻ. * ഇലക്ട്രോ കാർഡിയോ ഗ്രാം (ECG) | ഹൃദയപേശിയിലെ വൈദ്യുത തരംഗങ്ങളെ രേഖപ്പെടുത്താൻ. * അൾട്രാ സൗണ്ട് സ്ക‌ാനർ | അൾട്രാസോണിക് ശബ്ദതരംഗങ്ങളുപയോഗിച്ച് ആന്തരാവയവങ്ങളുടെ ഘടന മനസ്സിലാക്കാൻ. * സി.ടി. സ്കാനർ (കംപ്യൂട്ടഡ് ടോമോഗ്രഫി സ്‌കാനർ) | എക്സ്റേയുടെയും കമ്പ്യൂട്ടറിൻ്റെയും സഹായത്തോടെ ആന്തരാവയവങ്ങളുടെ ത്രിമാന ദൃശ്യങ്ങൾ ലഭ്യമാക്കാൻ. * എം.ആർ.ഐ. സ്കാനർ (മാഗ്നറ്റിക് റെസൊണൻസ് ഇമേജിംഗ് സ്ക‌ാനർ) | ആന്തരാവയവങ്ങളുടെ ത്രിമാന ദൃശ്യങ്ങൾ ലഭ്യമാക്കാൻ. # Specialization chart * A table showing specializations and what they are related to. * **സ്പെഷ്യലൈസേഷൻ** | **ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട മേഖല** * കാർഡിയോളജി | ഹൃദയചികിത്സ * OPHTHALMOLOGY | നേത്രചികിത്സ * ന്യൂറോളജി | STUDY OF NEURONS * ONCOLOGY | കാൻസർ ചികിത്സ * ഇ.എൻ.ടി. | EAR, NOSE, THROAT # Antibiotics * A diagram shows a syringe, pills and the word "antibiotics". # Antibiotics * A diagram shows a pill with the word "antibiotic" next to it. * An circle with the word "bacteria" inside is next to the pill with an arrow pointing from the pill to the circle. * The words "antibiotic", "opposite", and "life" are written next to the pill. * The word "bacteria" is written next to a circle with the word "life" inside of it. # Antibiotics * A diagram shows a hand holding a red pill that is crushing a bacteria. * Medicines that are extracted from microorganisms like bacteria fungi, etc. and used to destroy bacteria are called antibiotics. * They can be used externally and internally. * ബാക്ടീരിയ, ഫംഗസ് തുടങ്ങിയ സൂക്ഷ്മജീവികളിൽ നിന്നും വേർതിരിച്ചെടുക്കുകയും ബാക്ടീരിയയെ നശിപ്പിക്കാൻ ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നതുമായ ഔഷധങ്ങളാണ് ആൻറിബയോട്ടിക്കുകൾ. * ശരീരോപരിതലത്തിലും ശരീരത്തിനകത്തും പ്രയോഗിക്കാവുന്ന ഔഷധങ്ങളാണ് ഇവ. # Side Effects of Antibiotics * Regular use develops immunity in pathogens against antibiotics. * Destroys useful bacteria in the body. * Reduces the quantity of some vitamins in the body - Vit K. * സ്ഥിരമായ ഉപയോഗം രോഗാണുക്കൾക്ക് ആന്റിബയോട്ടിക്കുകൾ ക്കെതിരായ പ്രതിരോധശേഷിയുണ്ടാക്കുന്നു. * ശരീരത്തിലെ ഉപകാരികളായ ബാക്ടീരിയകളെ നശിപ്പിക്കുന്നു. * ശരീരത്തിലെ ചില വിറ്റാമിനുകളുടെ അളവ് കുറയ്ക്കുന്നു. # Blood Groups * A diagram shows red blood cells with the word "BLOOD" written above and the word "GROUPS" written beneath it. # Blood Groups * A table shows the different blood types, their antigens and antibodies, as well as their Rh factor. * **Blood Group** | **Antigen** | **Antibody** | **Antigen O** | **Rh factor** * A | A | b | ✔️ | A+ve | * | | | ❌ | A-ve| * B | B | a | ✔️ | Btve | * | | | ❌ | B-ve| * AB | A and B | Nil | ✔️ | AB+ve | * | | | ❌ | AB-ve | * O | Nil | a and b | ✔️ | O+ve| * | | | ❌ | O-ve | # Blood Group Diagram * A diagram shows a shape that looks like a keyhole on top of another shape that is like a crescent moon. * "A antigen", "a", "B antigen", "b". are written next to the respective shapes. # Blood Transfusion * A diagram shows red blood cells with "BLOOD TRANSFUSION" written above the diagram and the Malayalam word for "blood transfusion" next to it. * The transfer of blood from one person to another is called blood transfusion. * ഒരാളിൽ നിന്ന് മറ്റൊരാളിലേക്ക് രക്തം കൈമാറ്റം ചെയ്യപ്പെടുന്നതിനെയാണ് രക്തനിവേശനം എന്ന് പറയുന്നത്. # Donor Blood Types * 4 diagrams of red blood drops with the blood type written in each drop. * AB, A, B, O. * AB, A AB, B AB, O A B AB # Notice Board * A list of rules for blood donation. * People in the age group 18-60 can donate blood * Blood donation can be done once in three months. * Blood donation causes no problem to the donor's health. * Pregnant women and breast feeding mothers should not donate blood. * Persons with communicable diseases (transmitted through blood) should not donate blood. # Notice Board in Malayalam * A list of rules for blood donation in Malayalam. * 18 നും 60 നട്ടം ഇടയിൽ പ്രായമുളളവർക്ക് രക്തം ദാനം ചെയ്യാം. * മൂന്നുമാസത്തിലൊരിക്കൽ രക്തം ദാനം ചെയ്യാം. * രക്തദാനം ദാതാവിന് യാതൊരു ആരോഗ്യപ്രശ്നവുമുണ്ടാക്കുന്നില്ല. * ഗർഭിണികൾ, മുലയൂട്ടുന്ന അമ്മമാർ എന്നിവർ രക്തം ദാനം ചെയ്യരുത്. * രക്തത്തിലൂടെ പകരുന്ന രോഗമുള്ളവർ രക്തം ദാനം ചെയ്യരുത്. # Antigen and Antibody * The words "antigen" and "antibody" are written with "donor" and "recieves" underneath. * The Malayalam words for "donor" and "recieves" are written to the right of the words "donor" and "recieves". # Antigen and Antibody Diagram * A person is shown with an arrow pointing down from the head to the body with "antigen" written above the arrow and "recieves" written below the arrow. * "Antibody" is written above the body with an arrow pointing to the right. # Blood Transfusion Diagram * A curved arrow pointing from the word "donor" to "antigen A" with "antigen A" written in a box. * An arrow pointing down from "antigen A" goes to another box written with "antigen B". * The word "A" is written next to a circle with "antigen A" written within it. * An arrow points to the left from the circle and says "antibody b". * The word "B" is written to the right of "antigen B", with a circle next to it that says "antigen B". * An arrow pointing to the left from that circle says "antibody a". # Blood Group Chart * A table showing the blood types and their corresponding antigens and antibodies. * **Blood group** | **Antigens** | **Antibodies** * A | A | b * B | B | a * AB | A and B | Nil * O | Nil | a and b # Defense Mechanism in Plants * A picture of a rose stem with thorns is shown, with the words "Defense Mechanism" written in a red box and the words "in Plants" below it. # Defense Mechanism Diagram * A diagram shows a plant with leaves and a cross section of the stem showing the cell wall. * The words "wax covering" and "cuticle" are written with an arrow pointing down to the words "prevents the entry of germs through leaves". * The words "bark" are written with an arrow pointing down to the words "protects the inner cells from direct contact of pathogens". * The word "cell wall" are written with an arrow pointing down to the sentence "Well equipped resistant coat. Chemicals substances such as lignin, cutin/suberin etc. provide rigidity to the cell wall". * The sentence "The germs that have crossed the cell wall are prevented from entering through the cell membrane by callsoe, a polysaccharide formed in the cell wall" is written beneath the diagram. # Defense Mechanism in Plants * A diagram shows a plant stem, leaves and a cell wall with words describing the different parts of the plant written down below. * **ചിത്രീകരണം 5.9 സസ്യങ്ങളിലെ പ്രതിരോധമാർഗങ്ങൾ** * **മെഴുക് ആവരണം, ക്യൂട്ടിക്കിൾ** | ഇലകളിലൂടെയുള്ള രോഗാണുപ്രവേശനത്തെ തടയുന്നു. * **പുറംതൊലി** | ഉള്ളിലുള്ള കോശങ്ങളെ നേരിട്ടുള്ള രോഗാണു സമ്പർക്കത്തിൽ നിന്നും സംരക്ഷിക്കുന്നു. * **കോശഭിത്തി**| സുസജ്ജമായ പ്രതിരോധ കവചം. ലിഗ്നിൻ, ക്യൂട്ടിൻ, സ്യൂബെറിൻ എന്നീ രാസഘടകങ്ങൾ കോശഭിത്തിക്ക് ദൃഢത നൽകുന്നു. *