SS2 Finals Q4 Reviewer PDF

LG 1.2 | The Role of Asabiyyah and the Effects of Empire-building Akkadian Empire - 1st empire that was established in the world - Founded in 2700 BCE, Mesopotamian Region - Later replaced by the Babylonian Empire (1790-1595 BCE) - Then succeede...

LG 1.2 | The Role of Asabiyyah and the Effects of Empire-building Akkadian Empire - 1st empire that was established in the world - Founded in 2700 BCE, Mesopotamian Region - Later replaced by the Babylonian Empire (1790-1595 BCE) - Then succeeded by the Assyrian Empire (745-612 BCE) & The Neo-Babylonian Empire (612-539 BCE) 1200 BCE - 500 CE - Empires were not limited to mesopotamia or western asia. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN EMPIRE: 1. Extensive geographic territories 2. Under 1 single ruler or political authority esp one having an emperor as chief of state. 3. Has a political center 4. Has diverse cultures Establishment of Empires was a response to the crisis of civilization during that period. Crisis: increasing militarism, wars bcs of growing population leading to territorial conflicts. - This means then that if an empire is successfully developed, this means that it was able to defeat/is stronger (than its opponents). Which means that given najud nga dapat naay i maintain nga military force/great armies. Larger Empires -> divided into smaller political units Establishment of Empires = Standardization of uniform practices (e.g. common language, universal currency, weights & measurements, tax structures & legal codes) - Also developed state religion or ideology to provide unity - The empire’s ruler or emperor also used new titles that were different from the old regimes to show their authority & power. Empire Building - U have to improve stuff ( like roads) = & when u do that u improve communication & transpo - By doing that u improve trade, migration & mobilization of manpower. = & when u do all those things, u increase intraregional contact & cultural exchange. Which increases the pace of collective power within the empire. Asabiyyah - Proposed by Ibn Khaldun (Muslim Historian & Philosopher) in his magnum opus titled Muqadimmah. - Solidarity or social cohesiveness within a group of ppl.  - Foundation of an empire - Decrease in Asabiyyah is the fall of civilizations or dynasties. 2 types of culture: 1. Primitive or the rural culture - Strong kinship ties & respect for the authority of parents, bravery, morality, unity & toughness 2. Civilized or the city culture - Fragmentation, economic & social ties, individuality, cowardice, softness. Asabiyyah = stronger during the nomadic phase than in a civilization. Deterioration of culture in the city = decrease in Asabiyyah among ppl as civilization increases. Asabiyyah Decreases bcs: 1. Development in food production & emergence of luxury goods which caused conflicts among people. 2. Continuous population growth = competition for resources 3. Social Hierarchy = unfair treatment of other social classes 4. Religions = clashes among ppl Stages of an Empire: 1. Period of Success - Dominant group which overthrew all oppositions to its power. 2. Second Stage - Period where the new ruler gains complete control over his people. - Implements laws to show authority 3. Era of Leisure and Tranquility - No significant opposition & continues to expand 4. Era of contentment & peacefulness - Stopped expanding & focus on internal affairs 5. Era of Waste and Squandering - Corruption of leaders, rebellion, disasters - Empire's Downfall What does Asabiyyah mean? - It is the social cohesiveness of a group of ppl. It is also the foundation of an Empire, the lack of Asabiyyah is the downfall of civilizations or dynasties. Why does Asabiyyah tend to decrease as civilization advances? - The culture that becomes established in city life calls for practices like competition. When the population continues to increase, people fight over things because the resources within that area cannot cater to everyone. Causing commotion & eventually the downfall.  The Development, Dynamics, And Achievements of Various Empires Throughout the World | LG 1.1 The Macedonian & The Roman Empires - established by leaders who were known for their military skills - Alexander the great led the expansion of the Macedonian empire - Octavian or Augustus, the cousin of Julius caesar, nephew of Julius Caesar, was known as the first emperor of the Roman Empire. : established the frontiers & inaugurated a new system of governing of the Roman Provinces. (half of them were in his direct control) Cultural Exchange - process where goods, products, and ideas spread across various cultures. The expansion of these empires led to the increase of Cultural Exchange = increased collective learning = innovations & inventions. Hellenistic Era - characterized by the fusion of 4 cultures: Greek & Macedonian, Egyptian, Indian, and Persian. - this era was known as the Golden Age of science w Archimedes discovering geometry of spheres & cylinders, value of pi and archimedean screw. - it was during this era when Stoicism and Epicureanism developed as philosophies. The Romans managed to govern its vast territories, 3.5 million miles at its peak. - 50,000 miles network of paved roads, tracks, and trails. - the building of these roads also encouraged cultural exchange & trade. - The era from Augustus to the Five Good Emperors namely: Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius was also known as Pax Romana or Roman Peace. : these emperors were popular for their tolerance & diplomacy & for their support like providing scholarships for students. - this was the time when the Roman Empire enjoyed internal peace. The Roman Empires legacies that were passed down to us: 1. Roman Law: - a person is innocent until proven guilty, the right of the accused to defend themselves before the judge. 2. Roman Art: - intense realism - curvilinear forms, arch, vault, and dome. 3. Roman Literature The Empires in Southwest Asia West Asia - Achaemenid (Persian Empire) initially famous for tolerance of local customs (unlike other empires that would force religion, etc. they would allow them to follow their own traditions as long as they recognize the authority of the Emperor) During the era of Cyrus the Great, the jews were allowed to practice their religions. Pero nawala dayon soon ning policy tung ni abot si Xerxes who was known for being a tyrant and a despot. They built the Royal Road which has 111 stations, connecting Sardis and Susa. This road helped in unifying the Empire. What also helped the Persian empire in governing their empire was the introduction of local governance through instituting satraps or local governors. The Persian empire adopted Zoroastrianism as its religion. - Parthian Empire - competitor of the Byzantine Empire - initially controlled Armenia (important stopovers for caravan traders) - lost against the Romans during the rule of Marcus Aurelius. - Sassanid Empire - known as the second Persian Empire (established by Ardashir I.) - During this period, the Zoroastrian church was given special privileges. It weakened as Muslims became powerful in Southwest Asia. - Arab-Islamic Empire: conquered by the Macedonian Empire & Roman Empire - consisted of a succession of different caliphates. - these caliphates were the Umayyads, Umayyads of al-Andalus (Spain), Fatimids, and the Abbasid Caliphate. The contributions of the Empires: 1) the spread of Islam not only in SW Asia, but also in northern Africa & Europe. 2) the advancement of medicine particularly the study on smallpox and measles; 3) the invention of materials for the study of astronomy such as the accurate lunar calendar. 4) the promotion of Islamic art like calligraphy.  5) innovations in mathematics and science like the invention of algebra and scientific experimentation. They also contributed to philosophy & the preservation of Western knowledge (Important during the Renaissance period) The Empires in South Asia 1. Mauryan Empire (321-185 BCE) Founder: Chandragupta Maurya. Effective and harsh governance, well-organized bureaucracy, efficient tax collection, state-owned factories and shipyards, and a brutal secret police. Then led by Ashoka, who adopted Buddhism as the state ideology. 2. Kushan Empire (185 BCE-320 CE) Origins: Foreign invaders from Central Asia. Located in Northern India. Development of Mahayana Buddhism. 3. Gupta Empire (320-540 CE) Founder: Chandragupta I. Known as the Golden Age of India, economic prosperity, centralized government, advancements in learning and culture, crystallization of Hinduism, significant literary works (e.g., Kalidasa’s Shakuntala), and architectural achievements (temples and stupas). 4. Pushyabhuti and Chola Dynasty (700-1175 CE) These were the last local dynasties before the Muslim conquest and the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire. Empires in East Asia 1. Qin Empire (221-206 BCE) Founder: Shi Huang Di. Unified China, strong authoritarian rule, standardized weights, and measures, harsh legalist policies, and strict control over critics. 2. Han Empire (206 BCE-222 CE) Founder: Liu Bang Territories extended to Manchuria, Korea, northern India, and parts of Southeast Asia. Adoption of Confucianism, establishment of the civil service exam, technological advancements, Silk Road construction, and the arrival of Buddhism. 3. Sui Empire (589-618 CE) Founder: Yang Jian  Reunified China, constructed the Grand Canal, and rebuilt the Great Wall. Authoritarian rule and suppression of Buddhism led to rebellions. 4. Tang Empire (618-907 CE) Founder: Li Yuan. Expansion: Southern China and influence in Japan and Korea. Poetry, calligraphy, landscape painting, advancements in various fields, and a blossoming of Buddhism. 5. Song Empire (907-1278 CE) Founder: Zhao Kuanying. Struggled against nomadic invasions. Weakening of traditional aristocracy, expanded food production, increased autocracy, cultural practices (e.g., foot binding), and development of Neo-Confucianism. Empires in Africa 1. Axum Empire (c. 100 BCE - 950 CE) Location: Present-day Ethiopia, Eritrea, and parts of Sudan. Peak: 4th to 6th centuries, extending influence to the southern Arabian Peninsula. Trading empire, with Adulis as a key port, developed its own coins, language, and a unique form of Christianity. Decline: Persian and Muslim trade interruptions. 2. Ghana Empire (c. 800-1070 CE) Location: Parts of present-day Mauritania and Mali. Productive agriculture, labor specialization, centralized administration, trading empire with significant gold resources. Capital: Koumbi Saleh, showing limited Muslim influence. Decline: Invasions by Muslim Almoravids, internal rebellions, and environmental degradation (overgrazing). RENAISSANCE - LG 4.3 era of rebirth in creativity in europe Changes: political, social, economic, cultural. pero the biggest change was how ppl viewed themselves in the world. (classical thinking) Latin = language of the Church. - During Renaissance, ni stay sad ang mathematics of Euclid, the astronomy of Ptolemy & the works of Aristotle. - Renaissance thinkers were more eager to learn about the nature life in the present, unlike sa medieval where they would debate over what happens after death. (basta adventurous ang renaissance ani nga time) Distinctive Features:  1. Re-discovery of Greco-Roman Civilization which had been neglected during the Middle Ages. 2. Reason, questioning attitude unlike medieval nga traditional, authority, and faith. 3. View life to live for urself & enjoy instead of living for the day (salvation). 4. Secular Society - nonreligious 5. Great achievements in literature, art & science. Italian Beginnings - Renaissance began in italy in the mid 1300s, spread north to the rest of europe, peaked in the 1500s. - It began in Italy kay at that time, it was the center of ancient Roman History. ‘’Glory that was Rome’’ - Italy is also diff from the rest of Europe kay its cities survived the Middle Ages. - centers of trade and manufacturing - stressed education and individual achievement. - also spent a lot to support the art. Florence and Medicis - started in Florence, and spread to other city-states in italy. - began in italy bcs of the history of rome and the roman empire, but it was also bcs italy became rich and they were willing to spend money on the artists. - Florence resembled the renaissance more than any italian city, bcs it was home to multiple artists in a short span of time. Medici - most famous for their patronage of the arts. - patronage: wealthy that supports artists, so artists didn’t have to worry ab money bcs of the medici patronage. Humanism - At the heart of the Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism. - Focused more on worldly subjects over religious issues - Renaissance art reflected humanist concerns. - Like artists of the middle ages, artists would also portray religious figures like Jesus, but would set them against greek or roman backgrounds. - Painters would also paint well-known figures of the day. - Artists learned the rules of perspective. (Making diistant objects smaller, point of view, etc.) They also drew things in 3d to make things more realistic, and they studied human anatomy allowing them to portray the human body more accurately than medieval artists had done. Literature - began w the rediscovery and translation of many ancient Roman and Greek texts. - This led to the revival of certain features of classical style, which were imitated by humanist authors and poets. - The Popes shared this love for classical literature and established the Vatican Library in 1447. The humanist scholars, who were skilled in languages, were often employed as secretaries to the Popes, princes and noblemen of the period. Initially, their letters were composed in Latin, but by the end of the 14th century, vernacular languages were beginning to take over. Many humanists were also known for their poetry. 1. Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) - Background: An Italian born in Florence, served the Florentine Republic as a secretary and diplomat. - Later Life: Dismissed from office when the Medici family was restored to power in Florence, retired to his country home to write. - Major Work: The Prince - a work on ethics and government describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong and accept the philosophy that “the end justifies the means". - Legacy: The term "Machiavellian" means "cunning and unscrupulous," often associated with totalitarian dictators. 2. François Rabelais (1494-1553) - Background: A Frenchman. - Major Work: Gargantua and Pantagruel - a romance portraying a comic world of giants. - Legacy: A humorist who satirized education, politics, and philosophy through the adventures of his characters. 3. Michel Eyquem de Montaigne (1533-1592) - Background: A Frenchman. - Major Work: Wrote a series of essays. - Philosophy: Expressed skepticism toward accepted beliefs, condemned superstition and intolerance, and urged people to live nobly. 4. Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (1547-1616) - Background: A Spaniard. - Major Work: Don Quixote - ridiculed feudal society, especially knighthood and chivalry, through the adventures of the mad knight of La Mancha. 5. William Shakespeare (1564-1616) - Background: English playwright. - Techniques: Employed dramatic techniques to probe historical events and human character. - Best Known Plays: Henry IV, Henry V, Twelfth Night, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Julius Caesar, and Macbeth. 6. John Milton (1608-1674) - Background: An Englishman. - Major Works: - Paradise Lost: Retold the Biblical story of Creation and the Garden of Eden in an epic poem. - Areopagitica: Advocated freedom of the press.  7. Molière (1622-1673) - Background: Dominated French literature as its leading comic dramatist. - Best Known Plays: The Misanthrope and The Imaginary Invalid. Science - The Renaissance opened ppls mind to the way of thinking, thus helped to create the modern scientific mentality. - Key discoveries in the middle Ages: earth was in constant motion around the Sun. First proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus & later by Galileo, led to the Copernican Revolution. - They basically realized Aristotle’s writings were wrong (i.e the discovery of the circulation of blood) meaning they finally stopped depending on Aristotle’s works, changing the overview of European thinking. - Towards the end of the Renaissance period, most European scholars were aware that if they wanted to progress, merely turning to the ancients was not enough; they needed to surpass the classical authors in their knowledge, and this knowledge could be attained through the scientific method. Thus, the Scientific Renaissance paved the way for the next age, the Age of Enlightenment. The Printing Press - The great works of the Renaissance reached a large audience. The way this was possible is through the development of printing in Europe. - Printing (i.e Books printed with movable type on rag paper) became cheaper than hand copied works. - bcs books were more accessible, ppl read more. Changes in the Arts Art drew on techniques and styles of classical Greece and Rome. Paintings and sculptures portrayed individuals and nature in more realistic and lifelike ways. Artists created works that were secular as well as those that were religious. Writers began to use vernacular languages to express their ideas. The arts praised individual achievement. Changes in Society Printing changed society by making more information available and inexpensive enough for society at large. A greater availability of books prompted an increased desire for learning and a rise in literacy throughout Europe. Published accounts of new discoveries, maps, and charts led to further discoveries in a variety of fields. Published legal proceedings made the laws clear so that people were more likely to understand their rights. Christian humanists’ attempts to reform society changed views about how life should be lived.  People began to question political structures and religious practices 🥺 LG 2.2 | The Early Mesoamerican Civilizations shoutout to Mere Marie Eugenie Iñido for helping me with this part Lol bow down : Note: Early American civilizations thrived in tropical rainforests and mountainous regions rather than river valleys Olmecs - First known American civilization - Very mysterious due to the lack of any historical evidences - Mesoamerica’s “mother culture” > because of the fact they influenced many neighborings groups and ever civilizations like maya and aztec Developed in: - Gulf of Mexico (Veracruz and Tabasco): A hot and humid region filled w swamps and jungles They managed to thrive because of: - Agriculture and extensive trade (reached to Mexico City north and Honduras south) Notable sites: > San Lorenzo (one of the ancient Mexican cities) site: - colossal stone heads that may have served as portraits of their rulers - measurements: 9 feet height, 8 tons weight > La Venta site: - 100 foot high clay structure which may have been used as a tomb for their ruler Religion: - worshipped animals: jaguars, eagles, snakes, alligators, etc (historians assume this bcs of some sculptures and carvings showing half human half jaguar creatures) - They had a snake God which influenced Kukulcan for Maya and Quetzalcoatl for Aztec Downfall:  - Over-farming - invaders - Olmecs destroyed their monuments after their rulers’ deaths MAYA Developed in: - Central America ( southern Mexico, the Yucatan Peninsula, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador) Settlements: - centered around growing crops such as corn, beans, squash and cassava Golden Age: - Classic Period, 250 A.D. City-states - independent, but still linked thru alliances and trade, ruled by god-kings - Tikal, Copan, Palenque, Uxmal, Chichen Itza - they were filled w massive stone structures ie pyramids temples and palaces dedicated to their gods and rulers - they also had a ball court where they played a religious + political game Uniform currency: - cacao beans How did they thrive? - agriculture (which was further improved as new farming techs were introduced) > this led to a more stable food supply, accumulation of wealth, and development of social classes Religion: - gods can either be good evil or both > these gods were worshipped thru prayers, gift offerings, blood giving, and human sacrifices (to nourish them daw and keep the world balance) - Chichen Itza cenote > this is a deep sinkhole lake where they threw captives + offerings - They believed that each day was a god whose behavior could be predicted thru calendars  > bcs of this, they developed a 260- day religious calendar and a 365- day solar calendar thru astronomical observations > these calendars helped them w agricultural planning and crowning new rulers Writing system - had 800 glyphs/symbols - recorded in a codex ( a barkpaper book) Downfall: - late 800s: they abandoned many of their cities, and Toltecs (northern invaders) occupied their lands - warfare between city-states which disrupted trade and economic development - food shortages, famine/ disease caused by population growth - over-farming AZTEC (AKA Mexica) Developed in: - Valley of mexico, where modern mexico city is located. - they arrived in the Valley around A.D. 1200 & worked as soldiers to local rulers. - Before they flourished here though, na unhan sila sa Teotihuacan and Toltec civilization. They are nomadic people from the harsh deserts of northern Mexico. In 1325, they found their own city (Tenochtitlan) - by the 1500s it had become a prosperous urban center, which had temples & government buildings. - Aztec engineers built causeways & canals to connect the city center w more rural areas. - At the heart of the city lies the market of Tlateloco, where people could buy different agricultural crops grown in chinampas - or “floating gardens.” In 1428, they joined the city-states of Texcoco & Tlacopan to form the Triple Alliance. & it dominated the Valley of mexico. In 1502, Montezuma II became the emperor. The empire started to weaken. Cs he kept asking for tributes and sacrifices. The ppl rose up against his oppression. The military struggled to suppress. Although he tried to stop this by reducing the demand for payment, naa gihapon kasuko ang mga tao.  They started their military conquests to control neighboring regions. They built an empire and exercised lose control over it, as they allowed local rulers to govern their own regions. The Aztecs based their power on their strong army and the tribute they acquired from their conquered subjects. This could be in the form of gold, jade, crops and other products. Villages that fail to pay tribute or resist against their rule were destroyed and the inhabitants were captured or slaughtered. Religion - worshiped thousands of gods - performed public ceremonies and presented rituals, dramas, songs and dances with masked performers to honor their gods and win their favor. - The most important rituals were offered to the sun god (Huitzilopochtli). They believed that this god needed human blood in order to keep the world alive. So, they did a lot of human sacrifices. - These sacrifices were usually slaves, criminals & prisoners. They had to have war often to capture them. In 1521, the Spanish, led by Hernan Cortes arrived and eventually conquered the Aztec Empire in 1521, claiming Mexico for Spain. INCA - Largest empire in the continent ( stretched from Peru to Ecuador and Chile) Location: South America, stretching from Peru to Ecuador and Chile. Origins: Established their kingdom in the Valley of Cuzco around 1200 AD. Leadership: Crowned Pachacuti as ruler in 1438, who expanded the empire through diplomacy and military force. Expansion: Used a combination of diplomacy and military force to conquer neighboring lands. Administration: Divided the empire into smaller units, administered by a central government. Language and Education: Made Quechua the official language, built schools to teach Incan ways, and promoted uniform architecture in cities. Social Structure: Based on ayllu, emphasizing community cooperation and labor tribute (mita) for capable citizens.  Infrastructure: Masterful builders, constructing cities like Cuzco with impressive architecture and a 14,000-mile road network. Record Keeping: Utilized quipu, an accounting device, for recording data. Religion: Worshiped fewer gods compared to the Aztecs, with emphasis on creator god Viracocha and sun god Inti. Ruler's Status: The Inca ruler was considered a descendant of Inti, and worship of the sun god equated to worship of the king. Sacred Sites:Temple of the Sun in Cuzco and Machu Picchu served as significant religious centers. Decline: Reached its greatest height under Huayna Capac but weakened due to civil war between his sons Atahualpa and Huascar leading to vulnerability during Spanish conquest by Francisco Pizarro in the 16th century.