Globalization - SS 1D Chapter 1-8 Reviewer PDF

GLOBALIZATION - An economic phenomenon? - A social phenomenon? - A cultural phenomenon? - The movement towards the expansion of economic and social ties between countries through the spread of corporate institutions and the capitalist philosophy that leads to the...

GLOBALIZATION - An economic phenomenon? - A social phenomenon? - A cultural phenomenon? - The movement towards the expansion of economic and social ties between countries through the spread of corporate institutions and the capitalist philosophy that leads to the shrinking of the world in economic terms. ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION  Integration of Economies  Greater employment opportunities The increasing reliance of economies on each other  Disadvantages Of Trade: The opportunities to be able to buy and sell  Increase in gap between the rich and the in any country in the world poor The opportunities for labour and capital to  Dominance of global trade by the rich, locate anywhere in the world northern hemisphere countries The growth of global markets in finance  Lack of opportunities for the poor to be able  Made possible by: to have access to markets  Technology  Exploitation of workers and growers  Communication networks Corporate Expansion  Internet access  Growth of economic cooperation -  Multi-national or trans-national trading blocs (EU, ASEAN, etc.) corporations (MNCs or TNCs) - businesses  Collapse of 'communism' with a headquarters in one country but with  Movement to free trade business operations in a number of others  Characteristics:  Expanding revenue MULTI-NATIONAL CORPORATIONS  Lowering costs  OLD: Dutch East India Company?  Sourcing raw materials  1602 company of Dutch merchants &  Controlling key supplies independent trading companies  Control of processing  Spice trade monopoly in East Asia  Global economies of scale  Power to colonize territories & enslave indigenous people  Corporate Domination  Indonesia & South Africa  Key Issues: Damage to the environment?  Benefits of Trade: Exploitation of labour?  Increased choice Monopoly power  Greater potential for growth Economic degradation  Increase international economies of scale Non-renewable resources Damage to cultures TECHNOLOGICAL GLOBALIZATION  World Wide Web" has exploded in last 10 years  Silicon Valley is 9th largest economy in world  Computers can move money around world = "finance capital CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION  Cultural Imperialism = Dominance of one  Dominance of the English language and culture over others invasion of other languages  Hollywood movies, MacDonald's, Disneyland,  Do people all over the world have the same Starbucks taste? POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION  The United Nations: Global associations of  Whose interests does the UN represent? government facilitating cooperation in  The US and the UK were the only nations in international law, security, economic support of going to war in Iraq development, and social equity  Can a global politics with social values exist? GLOBALIZATION  refers to a multidimensional set of social processes that create, multiply, stretch, and intensify worldwide social interdependencies and exchanges while at the same time fostering in people a growing awareness of deepening connections between the local and the distant.  Qualities and Characteristics of Globalization  Creation and Multiplication  Intensification and Acceleration - of social networks and cultural activities -of human activities like the rise of  Expansion and Stretching Consumerism - Of social operations and connections  Consciousness and Awareness - reflected on how the financial markets and - Human daily actions as reflected in their trading operate around the Globe experiences Westernization - adaptation of western culture and values - Refers to the western value system as it influences countries outside of US and Europe. THEORIES ON GLOBALIZATION 1. Realism 2. Liberalism  employment of power in world domination,  forging of relationships and negotiations Market Control- financial profits  spread of democratic institutions manpower; Global economic ties, Political - military and territory International Organization (UN, ASEAN) Technology - logistics and systems  Here globalization is related Americanization and westernization to 3. Idealism  use of ethical and legal standards (appropriateness and transparency) Three Important Technological Trends that made Significant Changes in the Interaction of Nations and People:  Knowledge and technology are significant determinants of wealth and power.  The fast pace of technological change.  Dispersed knowledge and technology. Dimensions of Globalization 1. World Capitalist Economy 2. Nation-state system 3. World military World Capitalist Economy Nation-State System  Primary force of globalization.  Sovereignty of states has been emphasized  Capitalist states are the main engines of as a primary part of independence and global production and distribution of goods autonomy. and services.  The concept of sovereignty in a globalized  Capitalists engage in transnational world is understood as the best form of operation maintaining pool of resources asserting the existence and operation of a such as labor and capital. state in order to be recognized.  Multinational corporations are very powerful  It has been used as a major political unit in in controlling domestic and foreign market. international relations.  Nation-states have the right to make their own collective objectives World Military  Strengthening military power is the priority of the first world countries as well as the developing and third world countries.  Budget allotted by governments to defense and military surged hundred folds with the aim of delivering world- class defense operation and services to its people.  US, maintains the rank as the world's most powerful military in terms of military spending THREE WORLDS 1. First World Countries - high income, high standard of living, modern infrastructures aligned with US  2. Second World Countries - Neutral and non-aligned countries not - Eastern bloc aligned with USSR economically developed 3. Third World INTERNATIONAL TRADE  International trade is the exchange of goods  Trade agreements may boost exports and and services between countries. economic growth. but the competition they  Trading globally gives consumers and bring is often damaging to small, domestic countries the opportunity to be exposed to industries. goods and services not available in their  North American Free Trade Agreement own countries, or which would be more (NAFTA) currently covers the largest free expensive domestically. trade area in the world.  The importance of international trade was  More than one-fourth of the goods traded recognized early on by political economists are machinery and electronics, like like Adam Smith and David Ricardo computers. boilers, and scientific  Still some argue that international trade instruments. actually can be bad for smaller nations,  Almost 12% are automobiles and other putting them at a greater disadvantage on forms of transportation. the world stage.  Next comes oil and other fuels contributing  Countries that export often develop 11%. companies that know how to achieve a  Chemicals, including pharmaceuticals. add competitive advantage in the world market. another 10%. TRADE THEORIES  Descriptive Theory  Prescriptive Theory - it deals with the natural order and the - it prescribes whether government, an movement of trade. It describes the pattern of important economic institution, should trade under the idea of laissez faire, a interfere and restrict with the movement of French term which means "leave alone" goods and services. THREE PERSPECTIVES ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE 1. Economic Liberals  Economic liberals explain the importance of free trade and the role of individual's preference in choosing economic activity.  It includes making decision, and choices on comparing the costs of products to be produced and traded, the availability of the product, and the efficiency of producing and buying products. 2. Mercantilists  Mercantilism is an economic theory emerged from about 1500-1800. This period was the emerging eras of nation-states and the formation of more central governments. This system flourished due to the following reasons: a. Higher export than import. b. Export more high valued product and import less high valued product. c. The benefits of colonial powers. 3. Structuralists  The Modern World System (MWS) theory developed by Immanuel Wallerstein, explains the contact of economies between core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral countries in the world. Why Countries Engage in International Trade? Economic policy  Use of Excess Capacity in Demand.  An economic policy is a course of action  Cost Reduction and Increase of Profit. that is intended to influence or control the  Cheaper Supplies. behavior of the economy. Economic policies  Addiction to Product Line. are typically implemented and administered  Reduction of Risk. by the government.  Foreign Policy Tool.  Examples of economic policies include decisions made about government on  spending and taxation, about the redistribution of income from rich to poor, and about the supply of money. TYPES OF ECONOMIC POLICIES Monetary policy That have direct effect to a country's  Monetary policy is an economic policy that relationship with Global Economy manages the size and growth rate of the money 1. Macro economic Policies supply in an economy. It is a powerful tool to a. Monetary Policy regulate macroeconomic variables such as b. Fiscal Policy inflation and unemployment. 2. Microeconomic policies  These policies are implemented through 3. Governance Policies different tools, including the adjustment of the 4. Exchange Rate Policies interest rates, purchase or sale of government 5. Trade Policies securities, and changing the amount of cash 6. Foreign Capital Investment Policies circulating in the economy 7. Migration Policies OBJECTIVES OF MONETARY POLICY  INFLATION  UNEMPLOY MENT  CURRENCY OF EXCHANGE Expansionary Monetary Policy However, it can also possibly lead to higher inflation. - aims to increase the money supply in the economy by decreasing interest rates, Contractionary Monetary Policy purchasing government securities by central - to decrease the money supply in the economy. hanks, and lowering the reserve requirements for hanks. - It can be achieved by raising interest rates, selling government bonds, and increasing the - An expansionary policy lowers unemployment reserve requirements for banks. and stimulates business activities and consumer spending. - The contractionary policy is utilized when the government wants to control inflation levels. - The overall goal of the expansionary monetary policy is to fuel economic growth. FISCAL POLICY - refers to the budgetary policy of the government, which involves the government manipulating its level of spending and tax rates (revenues) within the economy. The government uses these two tools to influence the economy. This policy represents various national economic activities where government concentrates on cutting its expenses to avoid budget deficits and attain budgetary balance. GOVERNMENT POLICY FISCAL MONETARY POLICY POLICY TAXES SPENDING INTEREST MONEY SUPPLY MICROECONOMIC POLICIES products. These include subsidies, indirect  There are a range of policy measures which are taxes, competition policy, price controls, specifically microeconomic in nature that is they environmental policies and regulation. concentrate on particular industries and  terms between goods which are traded internationally (tradables) and goods which are EXCHANGE RATE POLICIES produced for the domestic market (non- tradables or home goods). Moreover, exchange  A country's exchange rate policy affects its rate policy will affect the overall level of relative price structure in domestic currency domestic prices. TRADE/TARIFF POLICY discourages foreign investment in the local  Are the tax on imports or exports between economy sovereign states. It is a form of regulation of MIGRATION POLICIES foreign trade and a policy that taxes foreign  Policies that restrict or allow the movement of products to encourage or safeguard domestic people due to economic or political reasons. industry. Tariffs are meant to reduce pressure  Philippine Labor Migration Policy of the from foreign competition and reduce the trade Philippine government allows and encourages deficit. emigration. The Department of Foreign Affairs, which is one of the government's arms of FOREIGN CAPITAL INVESTMENT emigration, grants Filipinos passports that allow entry to foreign countries. The Philippine POLICIES government enacted the Migrant Workers and  Laws that covers Foreign Direct Investment Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995 (Republic Act This Act shall be known as the "Foreign 8042) in order to "institute the policies of Investments Act of 1991". RA 7042 overseas employment and establish a higher  An investment policy is any government standard of protection and promotion of the regulation or law that encourages or welfare of migrant workers and their families and overseas Filipinos in distress ECONOMIC POLICY is generally directed to achieve these major goals: 1. Stabilizing markets 3. Ensuring business development 2. Promoting economic prosperity 4. Promoting employment International Economic Institutions and Market Integration - Designed to address and enhance the level of competitiveness of member economies in trade. Free Trade is the primary consideration of regional economic integrations. Free Trade Area (FTA) is a trading bloc which involves the reduction of internal tariffs to zero of member economies while retaining different external tariff World Trade Organization - The World Trade Organization is an intergovernmental organization that is concerned with the regulation of international trade between nations. The WTO officially commenced on 1 January 1995 under the Marrakesh Agreement, signed by 123 nations on 15 April 1994, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1948. It is the Largest international economic organization in the world. It succeeded with 151 members as of 2008 and accounts for 90% of the World's Trade. GATT WTO  General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade  World Trade Organization. (WTO) replaced (GATT) aimed at initiating an international trade, GATT. WTO, which is a global organization by liberalizing policies and removing tariffs. encourages and facilitates inter- country trade GATT is a multilateral agreement, between and also helps in resolving trade disputes. several nations of the world WTO Main Functions 1. Implementation of the latest GATT agreements 2. A venue for trade negotiations 3. A dispute settlement body responsible for resolving trade problems 4. Review and assess national and international trade laws and policies 5. Assist members and developing economies by providing technical assistance and training programs What is world bank? What does it do? WORLD BANK  is an international organization dedicated to developing nations to aid their economic providing financing, advice and research to advancement.  Formed by Bretton Woods Agreement in 1944  The World Bank is run by a president and 25 with 189 member countries. executive directors, as well as 29 various vice  The world bank is one of the most powerful presidents. IBRD and IDA have 189 and 174 institution in the world. member countries, respectively. The U.S.,  World bank was created after the World War II. Japan, China, Germany and the U.K. have the IBRD- International Bank for Reconstruction most voting power. The bank aims loans at and Development. developing countries to help reduce poverty.  While post-war reconstruction was winding  The president of the World Bank is traditionally down, the World Bank shifted its focus on an American. The World Bank and the IMF are reducing global poverty, since a lot of countries both based in Washington, D.C., and work declared protectionism at that time. closely with each other.  David Malpass - current President since 2019 GOALS OBJECTIVES  Reduce extreme poverty  Reducing poverty,  Raise income of poorest 40% of each  increasing shared prosperity, country's population. Shared prosperity.  and promoting sustainable development FOUR AGENCIES INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL FINANCE MULTILATERAL ASSOCIATION CORPORATION INVESTMENT GUARANTEE AGENCY INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION MULTILATERAL INVESTMENT  This agency focuses on poor and third world GUARANTEE AGENCY economies in the world by providing financial  The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency assistance and loan program. is an international financial institution which offers political risk insurance and credit INTERNATIONAL FINANCE enhancement guarantees. These guarantees help investors protect foreign direct investments CORPORATION against political and non- commercial risks in  The International Finance Corporation is an developing countries. international financial institution that offers investment, advisory, and asset- management services to encourage private-sector INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR development in less developed countries. SETTLEMENT OF INVESTMENT DISPUTES  International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) is an international arbitration institution established in 1966 for legal dispute resolution and conciliation between international investors. Criticisms  Function was limited to poverty similar to  Did not address global inequality IMF  Rampant Corruption  Concentrates on Micro Scale Projects and  Employees have high salaries micro projects affecting lives of marginalized communities International Monetary Fund (IMF)  IMF was created as the flagship institution of Membership Bretton Woods agreement with 190-member  To become a member, a country must apply countries. IMF is responsible in supervising and then be accepted by a majority of the exchange rate system, providing loan programs existing members. Upon joining, each member to economies experiencing balancing payments of the IMF is assigned a qouta, based broadly adjustments, and review domestic economic on its relative size in the world economy policies. IMF Functions Objectives of IMF  Economic And Financial Surveillance,  To promote international monetary supervise exchange rate system cooperation  Review domestic monetary policies  To facilitate the expansion and balanced  Technical Assistance and Training growth of International Trade  Provide loan to economies needing it  To promote exchange rate stability  Mandated to ensure the stability of the  To make its resources available to its international monetary system including members who are experiencing BOP exchange rates problems  To establish a multilateral system of payments Conditionality  IMF lends to its member countries, ensuring  Commitment to implement corrective measures. that, members are pursuing policies that will  To repay in a timely manner improve external payment problems. Conditions for structural adjustment of loan ▪ Cutting expenditures or raising revenues, also ▪ Balancing budgets and not overspending, known as austerity. ▪ Removing price controls and state subsidies, ▪ Focusing economic output on direct export and ▪ Privatization, or divestiture of all or part of state- resource extraction, owned enterprises, ▪ Devaluation of currencies, ▪ Enhancing the rights of foreign investors vis-a- ▪ Trade liberalization, or lifting import and export vis national laws, restrictions, ▪ Improving governance and fighting corruption, ▪ Increasing the stability of investment (by supplementing foreign direct investment with the opening of facilities for the domestic market), Conclusion  IMF mandated to ensure the stability of the international monetary system including exchange rates and international payments. IMF is keen in monitoring foreign monetary transactions as it has a direct effect on country's financial climate. It reflects on the amount owed by the country from another country as well as indicates the economic operation like what it produces, consumes, and buys with its money. GLOBAL GOVERNANCE INCLUDING EU AND ASEAN Political Globalization Global Governance  refers to intensification and increasing level of  This term refers to domestic institutions and interrelations among nations in the world. governments on how large-scale problems and These structural processes raise the issue of public policy issues are being solved at a state sovereignty, the growing implications of global level. It involves a range of actors intergovernmental organizations, and the including states, national and regional bodies prospects of regional and international that have the willingness and commitment to governance. (Steger, 2003). confront a specific problem (WHO, 2015) Global Governments  The term global government is a response on the actions of various stakeholders on finding out pressing global problems like climate change and issues on peace and security. THREE EXISTING GAPS AND ISSUES IN GLOBAL GOVERNANCE Jurisdiction Gap issues like unemployment, human rights,  The lack of global governance in taking actions peace, and crimes to problems affecting key sectors arises from the absence of authority. This involves the need to create power and jurisdiction to governments and international organizations that have the commitment in confronting Incentive Gap Participation Gap  Global governance is formed with the  Member-states sometimes disagree on issues participation of countries that have the interest that are harmful to their interests. They do not to deal problem affecting their sovereignty. It is involve in decisions that are crucial to the an issue between the rich and poor countries economic and political welfare of their of the world because of uneven distribution of sovereignty authority and control over decisions and policies. POLITICAL SYSTEMS  the set of formal legal institutions that constitute  Udayanskar(2012) identified two dimensions of a “government” or a “state.” This is the the political system. First, a country emphasizes definition adopted by many studies of the legal the importance of individualism as opposed to or constitutional arrangements of advanced collectivism. Second, a system in which a political orders. More broadly defined, however, country is either democratic or totalitarian in its the term comprehends actual as well as form of government prescribed forms of political behaviour, not only the legal organization of the state but also the reality of how the state functions. Individualism  it is a political system that values the significance of individuals over collective goals.  Freedom of the people is the primary consideration. TOTALITARIAN  Government values choices and  is built on the idea that society and citizens preferences of its people at a very personal have no right and freedom of expression. level.  totalitarian countries do not recognize the  it is built in two elements: individual freedom conduct of fair and honest election, the and expression are important in the sense presence of media, and civil liberties. that individuals just like state have  decision making of the states is exclusive sovereignty; and the pursuit of economic only on a single political party if not a ruler interest among individuals. who has full control in the political, economic, and social affairs if its government. Collectivism  The term totalitario was used by Italian  is a philosophy that stresses the importance dictator Benito Mussolini in the early of the collective goals over individual 1920s to describe the new fascist state of freedom and interests. Italy, which he further described as “all  the state, as the primary economic manager within the state, none outside the state, views collective action as the best strategy none against the state.” By the beginning of in establishing the welfare and interest of World War II, totalitarian had become the nation. synonymous with absolute and oppressive  According Plato, social stratification must be single-party government. built in order for the society and the entire economy and the government be managed properly and orderly Geopolitics the study of how a country's location, environment, and geography affects politics DEMOCRACY and international relations.  Democratic institutions and governance Power is the ability of individuals or focus on the role individuals in political institutions to influence or affect others in decision making. decisions they make. Measurement of  the practice of direct participation in modern power according to Realists: societies involves representation, where  Population of its people individuals periodically elect someone who  Resources has the ability to represent them in the  Territory government.  Economic and Military Power  in a representative democracy, competitive Unilateralism elections occur where candidates freely compete for votes through conduct of fair - An approach in international relations in and honest election. which states act without regard to the  elected officials are accountable for their interests of other states or without their actions in the government and operation of support. This allows governments to act fast the state. without having to compromise their plans  constitutional laws are provided to and disregarding other political parties. safeguard the welfare and interest of the people. Multilateralism  refers to an alliences of multiple countries pursuing a common goal Isolationism   a policy of remaining apart from the affairs attacking other nations are unethically or interests of other groups, especially the acceptable in the international political political affairs of other countries. economy. Isolationists believe that major powers and states exclude the use of force and military in the international system. War and European Unions -a political economic regional organization of 27 member-economies in Europe. Founded in 1985, European Economic Country (EEC). These countries came together to make things better, easier and safer for people. They agreed to work together and help each other. How European Union Started? - The idea to make the European Union came after two big wars happened in Europe. Countries in Europe saw that it is better to work together than fighting against each other. In the beginning, only 6 countries in Europe started working together: ▪ Belgium ▪ Italy ▪ France ▪ Luxembourg ▪ Germany ▪ Netherlands Soon, more and more countries in Europe joined them and the European Union was made. Today, 27 countries are part of the European Union. These countries are: ▪ Austria ▪ France ▪ Malta ▪ Belgium ▪ Germany ▪ Netherlands ▪ Bulgaria ▪ Greece ▪ Poland ▪ Croatia ▪ Hungary ▪ Portugal ▪ Cyprus ▪ Ireland ▪ Romania ▪ Czechia ▪ Italy ▪ Slovakia ▪ Denmark ▪ Latvia ▪ Slovenia ▪ Estonia ▪ Lithuania ▪ Spain ▪ Finland ▪ Luxembourg ▪ Sweden In June 2016 the United Kingdom decided to stop being part of the European Union. So from 31 January 2020, the United Kingdom is no longer part of the European Union.  The European Union plays an important role in the world in many ways.  For example: It sells many things and services to other countries. Also, it buys things from other countries. This way it helps the world economy keep going. It helps millions of people who live in poorer countries outside the European Union. It tries to make the world a safer place where people are treated fairly and laws are respected. United in Diversity  The European Union uses the phrase ‘united  There is nothing wrong about having different in diversity’ to show what its values are. languages or cultures.  Being united in diversity means that:  On the contrary. People with different cultures  People in the European Union may have can learn more things from each other and different cultures or languages but they stand work well together. by each other and work together in peace. European Flag How European Union Works?  The flag of the European Union is blue and  The European Commission suggests laws. has a circle of gold stars on it. It is a symbol The European Parliament and the Council of that shows that the countries of the the European Union discuss these laws and European Union are united and stand by decide if they want these laws to happen in each other. Europe. If they decide that a law must happen in Europe, all countries of the European Union must work to make this law happen in them OBJECTIVES OF EUROPEAN AND WHY IS OBJECTIVES OF EUROPEAN AND WHY IS IT ESTABLISHED IT ESTABLISHED The aims of the European Union within its borders With the aim of ending the frequent and bloody are: promote peace, its values and the well-being of conflicts that culminated in the Second World War, its citizens. offer freedom, security and justice European politicians begin the process of building without internal borders, while also taking what we know today as the European Union. appropriate measures at its external borders  ASEAN The Association of Southeast Asian Nations is a regional organization that brings together disparate neighbors to address economic and security issues, but the group’s impact remains limited. How Asean Started? ASEAN replaced the Association of South East Asia (ASA), which had been formed by the Philippines, Thailand, and the Federation of Malaya (now part of Malaysia) in 1961. Under the banner of cooperative peace and shared prosperity, ASEAN’s chief projects centre on economic cooperation, the promotion of trade among ASEAN countries and between ASEAN members and the rest of the world, and programs for joint research and technical cooperation among member governments. ASEAN Charter - To signal ASEAN’s commitment to international diplomacy, human rights, and democratic values, its member countries signed the ASEAN Charter in 2007. - Following its ratification by all 10 member states, the charter entered into force in December 2008. It also codifies ASEAN norms, rules and values; sets clear targets for ASEAN; and presents accountability and compliance. ASEAN MOTTO “One Vision, One Identity, One Community” ASEAN Flag  The ASEAN Flag is a symbol of Member  Flag – blue, red, white and yellow – represent States’ unity and support for the principles the main colours of the flags of all the ASEAN and endeavours of ASEAN and is a means to Member States. The blue represents peace promote greater ASEAN awareness and and stability. Red depicts courage and solidarity. The ASEAN Flag represents a dynamism, white shows purity and yellow stable, peaceful, united and dynamic ASEAN. symbolizes prosperity. The circle represents The colours of the the unity of the ASEAN. How ASEAN Works? ASEAN is headed by a chair—a position that rotates annually among leaders of member states—and is assisted by a secretariat based in Jakarta, Indonesia. Important decisions are usually reached through consultation and consensus guided by the principles of noninterference in internal affairs and peaceful resolution of conflicts. ASEAN STRUCTURE Objectives of ASEAN: To accelerate the economic growth of the member countries. To promote the social and cultural development of the region through co-operative programs. ASEAN's purpose is to promote economic and cultural exchange among its member countries, maintain peace and stability in Southeast Asia, and establish relationships with foreign powers with similar aims. Conclusion  The biggest similarity between ASEAN and the EU is that they are dedicated to maintaining peace in their respective regions. Another similarity is integrating the economies of its member states into a single market. The purpose of integration is to enhance the welfare of their people and to have stronger negotiating power.  The biggest difference between them is that ASEAN is an inter-governmental organization and the EU is a supranational organization. In the case of the EU, its member states have pooled their sovereignty in certain areas, such as trade and environment. They have institutions such as a Parliament, a court, a single currency and a foreign service which ASEAN does not have. In relation to Globalization… Globalization is the process of increasing economic, social, and cultural exchange on a global scale and Global governance is key to solving global problems. Without it, we may not be able to avoid weakest-link existential risks or regulate new and dangerous technologies. With it, we may be able to prosper as we never have before. It also opened global governance up to political debate and pressure that increased demands on the process of global governance to address these legitimately and effectively. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization founded in October 24, 1945. From the League of Nations to the United Nations after World War II. In 2015, the UN comprised of 193 sovereign states out of 196 countries. PURPOSE OF UNITED NATIONS 1. To maintain international peace and security. 3. To achieve international cooperation. 2. To develop friendly relations among nations 4. To be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations. Organizational Structure Of United Nations 1. GENERAL ASSEMBLY 4. INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE - The General Assembly exercises deliberative, - The International Court of Justice is the supervisory, financial, and elective functions principal judicial organ of the United Nations. relating to any matter within the scope of the Its seat is at the Peace Palace in the Hague UN Charter. Its primary role, however, is to (Netherlands). Its role includes setting legal discuss issues and make recommendations, disputes among concerned states and though it has no power to enforce its provides opinion on legal matters. resolutions or compel state action. 5. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL 2. SECRETARIAT - Also known as ECOSOC. This body is - The organ that administers and coordinates responsible for issues related to economics, the activities of the United Nation. human rights, and social matters. 3. SECURITY COUNCIL 6. TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL - United Nations Security Council United - The Trusteeship Council, one of the main Nations (UN) organ whose primary organs of the UN. was established to responsibility is the maintenance of supervise the administration of trust territories international peace and security. The as they transitioned from colonies to composition of the Security Council has been sovereign nations. The Council suspended its a contentious matter, particularly since the activities in 1994. end of the Cold war. ACTIVITIES AND IMPACT OF UNITED NATIONS 1. Peacekeeping And Conflict Resolution 6. Environmental Protection And Climate 2. Monetary And Disaster Relief Change 3. Promotion Of Human Rights 7. International Law And Justice 4. Facilitation Of Sustainable Development 8. Advocacy For Education And Gender 5. Global Health Initiatives Equality ANALYSIS ON THE UNITED NATIONS' RELATION TO GLOBALIZATION Global Governance And International which it is agreed to work together on similar Cooperation objectives or strategies, particularly in  Global governance this term refers to research or in setting industrial standards. domestic institutions and governments on how large scale problems and public policy Setting International Standards And Norms issues are being solved at a global level.  An international standard is a document that Countries can collaborate between has been developed through the consensus governments, businesses or individuals in of experts from many countries and is  approved and published by a globally and the rule of law, gender equality, market- recognized body. Such as Freedom, peace orientation policies, and an overall and security, domestic stability, respect for commitment to just and democratic societies human rights, including the right development, are also essential and mutually reinforcing. Addressing Economic And Social Facility Sustainable Development Challenges  The United Nations launched its sustainable  Economic and social issues, including near- development agenda in 2015, reflecting the term prospects and risks for the world growing understanding that a development economy, frontier technologies, inequality, model that is for this and future generations migration, issues associated with countries. Maintaining Peace And Security Mediating Global Trade And Economic  The United Nations accomplished this by Policies working to prevent conflict, helping parties in  The UN influences global trade through conflict make peace, deploying peacekeepers, entities like the UN Trade and Development and creating the conditions to allow peace to (UNCTAD). With this, the UN mediates and hold and flourish. helps to make sure that the global trading and Advocacy And Awareness economic policies are inline and helping to  The United Nations raises awareness and balance out the effects of globalization. does advocates that they can implement to enhance the positive outcomes in globalization. Conclusion  The UN's work has a significant impact on global peace, security. development. and human rights. By addressing a wide range of global concerns, the UN promotes international collaboration and helps to achieve a more sustainable, and peaceful world. GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETIES DEVELOPMENT  refers to the array of organizations, groups, and  in this context pertains to the socio-economic networks that operate independently of progress and improvements in quality of life for government and business. These entities, people, particularly in less developed regions. It including NGOs, community groups, and encompasses efforts to reduce poverty, advocacy organizations, play a vital role in enhance education, and improve healthcare. promoting social change, human rights, and  Historically focused on economic growth, but community development on a global scale. now increasingly includes social and  Emerged in response to globalization and the environmental dimensions. Emphasizes need for advocacy on various issues. Plays a inclusive growth and the participation of crucial role in holding governments accountable marginalized communities. and influencing policy. DIVIDE  often refers to the disparities between different regions or social groups, such as the gap between developed and developing countries, or inequalities within nations. This divide can be economic, social, or technological, impacting access to resources and opportunities.  Highlighted by disparities in wealth, access to education, healthcare, and technology. Recognizes the importance of addressing these divides to achieve sustainable development. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS  are a set of 17 interconnected global goals global partnerships and collective action to established by the United Nations in 2015. tackle challenges that transcend national They aim to address pressing global borders. challenges, including poverty, inequality,  In summary, global civil societies, climate change, and environmental development, and the divide are interrelated degradation, with a target date of 2030 for concepts focused on promoting equitable achieving these goals. growth and addressing global inequalities,  Developed as part of the 2030 Agenda for with the SDGs serving as a framework for Sustainable Development, building on the collective action toward sustainable Millennium Development Goals. Encourage progress. Civil Society Global Civil Society (GCS)  refers to the networks of non-governmental  These organizations play a significant role in organizations (NGOs) and civil society groups addressing various social, political, and that operate independently of government economic issues on a global scale. control.  NGOs are essential because they advocate for transparency, accountability, and justice. They help bring attention to critical global issues such  as human rights violations, environmental like Amnesty International fight against injustice degradation, and poverty. worldwide. The independence of NGOs is what  GCS and NGOs work through different methods, makes them effective in promoting global such as lobbying governments, raising public change. awareness, providing services like disaster  They are not influenced by government relief, and representing the voices of agendas, which allows them to focus on their marginalized groups. missions and advocate for the public good.  For example, environmental NGOs like These organizations often collaborate with Greenpeace and World Wildlife Fund (WWF) international institutions, including the United advocate for the conservation of the planet’s Nations (UN), to push for reforms and enforce resources, while human rights organizations global standards.  While globalization has contributed to economic infrastructure, allowing them to thrive in a growth and international cooperation, it has also globalized world. In contrast, many developing deepened inequalities between developed and nations face challenges like poverty, lack of developing countries. infrastructure, and limited access to education  The Global Divide refers to the unequal and healthcare. distribution of wealth and resources, where  This disparity is often referred to as wealthier nations, particularly in the Global maldevelopment, where the benefits of North, benefit more from globalization, while globalization are concentrated in wealthier poorer countries, mostly in the Global South, nations, while poorer nations suffer from its struggle to keep up. negative effects.  Development is understood as the process of  Despite efforts to bridge the gap, many improving a country’s economic, social, and countries in the Global South remain trapped in political conditions. However, this development poverty and underdevelopment, unable to is not distributed equally. compete with the economic giants of the Global  Developed nations have access to more North. This divide presents a significant resources, advanced technology, and challenge to achieving global equity and prosperity. The United Nations (UN) established the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015 to address the global divide and promote equitable development. The SDGs have 17 objectives that aim to create a more just, equal, and sustainable world by 2030. These goals focus on solving major global issues, such as poverty, hunger, inequality, and climate change. Here are the 17 SDGs: 1. No Poverty – End poverty in all its forms 10. Reduced Inequalities – Reduce inequality everywhere. within and among countries. 2. Zero Hunger – End hunger, achieve food 11. Sustainable Cities and Communities – Make security, and promote sustainable agriculture. cities safe, inclusive, and sustainable. 3. Good Health and Well-being – Ensure healthy 12. Responsible Consumption and Production – lives and promote well-being for all. Ensure sustainable consumption and 4. Quality Education – Ensure inclusive and production patterns. equitable quality education. 13. Climate Action – Take urgent action to combat 5. Gender Equality – Achieve gender equality climate change and its impacts. and empower women and girls. 14. Life Below Water – Conserve and sustainably 6. Clean Water and Sanitation – Ensure use the oceans and marine resources. availability and sustainable management of 15. Life on Land – Protect and restore terrestrial water and sanitation for all. ecosystems and forests. 7. Affordable and Clean Energy – Ensure 16. Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions – access to affordable, reliable, and sustainable Promote peaceful and inclusive societies, energy. provide justice for all, and build strong 8. Decent Work and Economic Growth – institutions. Promote inclusive and sustainable economic 17. Partnerships for the Goals – Strengthen growth, employment, and decent work. global partnerships to achieve the SDGs 9. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure – Build resilient infrastructure and foster innovation. These goals are designed to be comprehensive and interconnected. However, achieving the SDGs is no easy task, especially for developing countries that lack the necessary resources and infrastructure. ANALYSIS OF THE TOPICS’ RELATION TO GLOBALIZATION  The Analysis of the relationship between Globalization and Global Civil Society, Development & Divide, as well as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are interconnected, as each concept influences and shapes the others within the global context. Globalization creates development opportunities, but also generates inequalities and divides between countries, particularly between the Global North and the Global South.  Global civil society, consisting of Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and activist groups, they respond to the inequalities globalization creates by advocating for human rights, equity, and sustainability. They work to address the negative impacts, ensuring that marginalized communities are heard and supported.  The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are closely tied to globalization, as they aim to address the inequalities and challenges caused by globalization, promoting inclusive and sustainable development. They seek to ensure that the benefits of globalization are shared more equitably while reducing poverty, inequality, and environmental harm globally.  The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Global Civil Society, and Development and divide are all impacted by globalization because it brings with its opportunities and problems like inequality, which the latter seeks to resolve through promoting sustainability and human rights.  In response to the negative effects of globalization, the SDGs support sustainable and inclusive development. These factors collectively influence how the advantages and difficulties of globalization are handled internationally. Through open markets and the promotion of international trade, globalization opens up chances for people to pursue their economic goals, but it also widens the gap between rich and poor globally.  By promoting social justice, sustainability, and human rights, global civil society, which includes NGOs, addresses these inequalities. In addition, the SDGs address the problems caused by globalization by encouraging sustainable and inclusive growth, which helps to ensure that the advantages of globalization are distributed more fairly while also having a positive impact on the environment, poverty, and inequality, helping people all over the world