Developmental Stages and Challenges in Middle and Late Adolescence PDF

Personal Development Ms. Julliene Jhorge E. Balatbat 4 Pics, 1 Word i n f a n t t e e n a g e r a d u l t h o o d e l d e r l y d e v e l o p m e n t  infant teenager adulthood eld...

Personal Development Ms. Julliene Jhorge E. Balatbat 4 Pics, 1 Word i n f a n t t e e n a g e r a d u l t h o o d e l d e r l y d e v e l o p m e n t  infant teenager adulthood elderly development  Developmental Stages and Challenges in Middle and Late Adolescence  Objectives At the end of the lesson, the students shall be able to: 1. Discuss the 8 stages of Psychosocial Development by Erik Erikson, Havighurst’s Developmental Task Theory and the challenges in middle and late adolescence; 2. Reflect on the significance of understanding one’s own development; and Why do we need to study Human Development?  It is essential to learn about human development for it will help each and every one of us to manage efficiently the different stages of our lives.  It is essential to learn about human development for it will help each and every one of us to manage efficiently the different stages of our lives. Awareness of our current stage and the life stages of others long could give us a clear picture of the challenges we are facing. Adolescence Stage The transition between Childhood and Adulthood. The term adolescence came from the Latin word “Adolescere,” which means ‘growing up.’ The adolescence stage is officially welcomed as a person undergo the process called as puberty.  Puberty Puberty is the physiological changes a child experiences that slowly turn a child into a matured individual. Puberty could also be seen as the process that leads a person to sexual maturity, fertility, and reproductive tendency. The expected year for puberty to happen is on the 8th to 14th year of the person’s existence. These changes are expected to continuously happen during the stage of adolescence. Three Stages of Adolescence Early Late Adolescence Adolescence 10-13 years of 17-20 years of age age Middle Adolescence 14-16 years of age  Some of the Expected Changes in Adolescence  Early Adolescence Physiological Cognitive Psychological Social Spiritual Hair growth in Critical thinking Gender Seeks approval Explores the armpit, improves Confusion from others different views genitals and in life face Independent Lower Self- Peers influence and self- Esteem may decisions Curious and Growth of directed efforts occur willing to learn breast for females Insecurity must be addressed Menstruation Great support for females system is expected  Middle Adolescence Physiological Cognitive Psychological Social Spiritual Growth spurt Crytstallizing Seeks supriority Peer pressure Curiosity may their knowledge may peak at grow Change of voice The opinion of this age into adult voice Tend to be others become Ideas focused on their one great Learns from undergoes Most girls have interests and stressor experiences of regular periods investigation wants others Learn to see things in a bigger picture  Late Adolescence Physiological Cognitive Psychological Social Spiritual Complete Truth is Able to Understands Spirituality physical individualized empathize with fully one’s becomes a changes others personality personal Knowledge commitment Grown and full solidifies Self-esteem Peace of mind is improves and decision adult height prioritized Muscle Respects other people’s opinion Self-love is strengthens practiced Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory  Erik Erikson was a German/American psychologist who was famous for his developmental theory and for coining the phrase “identity crisis.” His theory explained human development by categorizing our behaviors and major changes into 8 stages. In each stage, there is a crisis, or challenge that humans must overcome. Each stage in Erikson’s theory is concerned with becoming competent in an area of life. Each stage builds upon the successful completion of earlier stages. If the stage is handled well, the person will feel a sense of mastery. If the stage is managed poorly, the person will emerge with a crisis or problems in the future that serves as a turning point in development.  What does Psychosocial mean?  The term Psycho refers to the mind and the soul of a person. This involves his internal aspects such as feelings, thought, beliefs, attitudes, and values. The term Social refers to a person’s external relationships and environment.  The term Psychosocial relates to one’s psychological development in relation to his social environment. It involves both the psychological and social aspects of human development. Psychosocial approach looks at human beings as a product of their mind and how their mind identifies the self as part of the society. 8 Psychosocial Stages of Development Age/Stage Conflict Important Outcome Events Infancy Trust vs. Feeding/ Hope (birth to 18 months) Mistrust Comfort Early Childhood Autonomy vs. Toilet Training/ Shame and Will (2 to 3 years) Dressing Doubt Preschool Initiative vs. Exploration/ Purpose (3 to 5 years) Guilt Play School Age Industry vs. School/ Confidence (6 to 11 years) Inferiority Activities 8 Psychosocial Stages of Development Age/Stage Conflict Important Outcome Events Adolescence Identity vs. Social Fidelity (12 to 18 years) Role Confusion Relationships Young Intimacy vs. Intimate Adulthood Love Isolation Relationships (19 to 40 years) Middle Generativity vs. Work and Adulthood Care Stagnation Parenthood (40 to 65 years) Maturity Ego Integrity vs. Reflection Wisdom (65 to death) Despair in life Trust vs. Mistrust Infancy (birth to 18 months) During this stage, the infant is uncertain about the world in which they live, and looks towards their primary caregiver for stability and consistency of care.  Important Event Feeding is a critical activity during this stage. It’s one of infants’ first and most basic ways to learn whether they can trust the world around them. It sets the stage for their perspective on the world as being either a safe, dependable place or a place where their needs may not be met.  Conflict Trust Mistrust If the caregiver is If the caregiver fails to reliable, consistent, provide consistent, and nurturing, the adequate care and child will develop a affection, the child may sense of trust, develop a sense of believing that the mistrust and insecurity. world is safe and that This could lead to a people are belief in an dependable and inconsistent and affectionate. unpredictable world.  Outcome Success Failure Success in this stage Failing to acquire the will lead to the virtue of virtue of hope will lead hope. By developing a to the development of sense of trust, the fear. It may result in infant can have hope anxiety, heightened that as new crises insecurities, and an arise, there is a real over-feeling mistrust possibility that other in the world around people will be there as them. a source of support.  Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Early Childhood (2 to 3 years) During this phase, young children begin exploring the world around them. They learn more about their environment and their place within it. Children at this stage are focused on developing a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence.  Important Event Toilet Training / Potty Training This is when children start to exert their independence, taking control over their bodily functions, which can greatly influence their sense of autonomy or shame and doubt.  Conflict Autonomy Shame and Doubt If encouraged and On the other hand, if supported in their children are overly increased controlled or criticized, independence, children they may begin to feel will become more ashamed of their confident and secure in autonomy and doubt their ability to survive. their abilities. They will feel This can lead to a lack comfortable making of confidence, fear of decisions and have a trying new things. sense of self-control.  Outcome Success Failure Suppose children are Success in this stage criticized, overly will lead to the virtue of controlled, or not given will. If children in this the opportunity to stage are encouraged assert themselves. In and supported in their that case, they begin to increased feel inadequate in their independence, they ability to survive and become more confident. may then become overly dependent upon others. Initiative vs. Guilt Preschool (3-5 years)  During the initiative versus guilt stage, children assert themselves more frequently through directing play and other social interaction.  Important Event Exploration / Play During this period, the primary feature involves the child regularly interacting with other children at school. Central to this stage is play, as it allows children to explore their interpersonal skills through initiating activities. The child begins to assert control and power over their environment by planning activities, accomplishing tasks, and facing challenges.  Conflict Initiative Guilt When caregivers If caregivers encourage and discourage the pursuit support children to of independent take the initiative, they activities or dismiss or can start planning criticize their efforts, activities, accomplish children may feel guilty tasks, and face about their desires and challenges. initiatives.  Outcome Success Failure If given the opportunity, If this tendency is children develop a squelched, either sense of initiative and through criticism or feel secure in their control, children ability to lead others develop a sense of and make decisions. guilt. The parents will Success at this stage tend to punish the child leads to the virtue of and restrict his initiative purpose. too much. Industry vs. Inferiority School Age (6-11 years)  In this stage, as children grow in independence, they become increasingly aware of themselves as individuals. They begin to compare themselves with their peers to gauge their abilities and worth.  Important Event School Activities Children are at the stage where they will be learning to read and write, to do sums, and to do things on their own. Teachers begin to take an important role in the child’s life as they teach specific skills. At this stage, the child’s peer group will gain greater significance and become a major source of the child’s self-esteem.  Conflict Industry Inferiority If children are encouraged by If children receive parents and teachers negative feedback or to develop skills, they are not allowed to gain a sense of demonstrate their skills, industry—a feeling of they may develop a competence and sense of inferiority. belief in their skills.  Outcome Success Failure Success leads to the virtue of competence. If this initiative is not encouraged, if parents If children are or teacher restricts it, encouraged and then the child begins to reinforced for their feel inferior, doubting initiative, they begin to his own abilities, and feel industrious therefore may not (competence) and reach his or her confident in their ability potential. to achieve goals. Identity vs. Role Confusion Adolescence (12-18 years)  The famed term “identity crisis” comes from this period of development. During this stage, adolescents’ main goal is to answer the question “Who am I?”. During this stage, adolescents search for a sense of self and personal identity, through an intense exploration of personal values, beliefs, and goals.  Important Event Social Relationships Given the importance of social relationships during this stage, it’s crucial for adolescents to have supportive social networks that encourage healthy exploration of identity. It’s also important for parents, teachers, and mentors to provide guidance as adolescents navigate their social relationships and roles. The child now feels the need to win approval by demonstrating specific competencies valued by society and develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments.  Conflict Identity Role Confusion If adolescents are If adolescents are supported in their restricted and not given exploration and given the space to explore or the freedom to explore find the process too different roles, they are overwhelming or likely to emerge from distressing, they may this stage with a experience role strong sense of self confusion. and a feeling of This could mean being independence and unsure about one’s control. place in the world.  Outcome Success Failure Success in this stage However, if adolescents will lead to the virtue of don’t have the support, fidelity. time, or emotional Fidelity involves being capacity to explore their able to commit identity, they may be oneself to others on left with unresolved the basis of accepting identity issues, feeling others, even when unsure about their there may be roles and uncertain ideological differences. about their future. Intimacy vs. Isolation Young Adulthood (19 to 40 years )  During this stage, the major conflict centers on forming intimate, loving relationships with other people.  Important Event Intimate Relationships During this stage, we begin to share ourselves more intimately with others. We explore relationships leading toward longer-term commitments with someone other than a family member.  Conflict Intimacy Isolation Individuals who If individuals struggle to successfully navigate form these close this stage are able to relationships, perhaps form intimate, due to earlier unresolved reciprocal relationships identity crises or fear of with others. rejection, they may They can form close experience isolation. bonds. Intimacy Isolation refers to the involves the ability to inability to form be open and share meaningful, intimate oneself with others. relationships  Outcome Success Failure Successfully However, if individuals navigating this stage struggle during this develops the virtue of stage and are unable to love. Individuals who form close relationships, develop this virtue they may feel isolated have the ability to form and alone. This could deep and committed potentially lead to a relationships based on sense of disconnection mutual trust and and estrangement in respect. adulthood. Generativity vs. Stagnation Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years)  During this stage, individuals focus more on building our lives, primarily through our careers, families, and contributions to society.  Important Event Work and Parenthood Both work and parenthood are important in this stage as they provide opportunities for adults to extend their personal and societal influence. In this stage, individuals often focus heavily on their careers. Meaningful work is a way that adults can feel productive and gain a sense of contributing to the world. Through parenthood, adults can feel they’re making a meaningful contribution to the future.  Conflict Generativity Stagnation If individuals feel they If individuals feel they are making valuable are not making a contributions to the positive impact, they world, they will feel a may experience sense of generativity. stagnation. Generativity involves Stagnation involves concern for others feeling unproductive and the desire to and uninvolved, lack of contribute to future growth, and feelings of generations. emptiness.  Outcome Success Failure Successfully navigating this stage We become stagnant develops the virtue of and feel unproductive care. Individuals who by failing to find a way develop this virtue feel to contribute. These a sense of contribution individuals may feel to the world, typically disconnected or through family and uninvolved with their work, and feel satisfied community and with that they are making a society as a whole. difference. Ego Integrity vs. Despair Maturity (65 years to death)  It is during this time that we contemplate our accomplishments and can develop integrity if we see ourselves as leading a successful life.  Important Event Reflection in Life This stage takes place after age 65 and involves reflecting on one’s life and either moving into feeling satisfied and happy with one’s life or feeling a deep sense of regret.  Conflict Ego Integrity Despair If individuals feel they If individuals feel have lived a fulfilling regretful about their past, and meaningful life, made poor decisions, or they will experience failed to achieve their life ego integrity. goals, they may This is characterized by experience despair. a sense of acceptance Despair involves of their life as it was, feelings of regret, and a sense of wisdom bitterness, and and fulfillment. disappointment with one’s life.  Outcome Success Failure Erik Erikson believed if Success in this stage we see our lives as will lead to the virtue of unproductive, feel guilty wisdom. Wisdom about our past, or feel enables a person to that we did not look back on their life accomplish our life with a sense of closure goals, we become and completeness, dissatisfied with life and and also accept death develop despair, often without fear. leading to depression and hopelessness.  Summary Age/Stage Conflict Description Trust vs. Trust (or mistrust) that basic Infancy needs, such as nourishment (birth to 18 months) Mistrust and affection, will be met Early Childhood Autonomy vs. Develop a sense of (2 to 3 years) Shame and independence in many tasks Doubt Take initiative on some Preschool Initiative vs. activities—may develop guilt (3 to 5 years) Guilt when unsuccessful or boundaries overstepped School Age Industry vs. Develop self-confidence in (6 to 11 years) Inferiority abilities when competent or sense of inferiority when not  Summary Age/Stage Conflict Description Adolescence Identity vs. Experiment with and develop (12 to 18 years) Role Confusion identity and roles Young Adulthood Intimacy vs. Establish intimacy and (19 to 40 years) Isolation relationships with others Middle Adulthood Generativity vs. Contribute to society and be (40 to 65 years) Stagnation part of a family Maturity Ego Integrity vs. Assess and make sense of life (65 to death) Despair and meaning of contributions