Spring 2023 Walters World Civ Study Guide PDF

Spring 2023 Final Exam - Walters’ World Civ. Unit 6 Review Questions 1. What is the danger of a “single story”? ● The single story leads to stereotypes, which are incomplete, making that one story the only story, which robs people of dignity-it focuses on differences instead of similarities 2. What region(s) of Africa did major civilizations settle? What made those area(s) ideal? ● The major civilizations of Medieval Africa settled in West and East Africa: ○ West Africa: West Africa was in ideal location because of its access to water from the Niger River, it had a moderate climate, was relatively ﬂat, and had fertile soil. ○ East Africa: Civilizations of East Africa settled on the Red Sea and along the Swahili Coast. These locations were ideal because of their access to water, moderate climate, and fertile land. The Swahili Coast in particular was a great location for trade due to its access to the Indian Ocean. 3. What natural resources is Africa most rich in? ● The natural resources Africa is most rich in are oil, gold, diamonds, and salt. 4. What were Mansa Musa’s major accomplishments? ● Opened new trade routes, ● Encouraged and protected visiting caravans, and ● Maintained economic gains by keeping a standing army. 5. What goods were traded on the trans-Saharan trade routes? Imports and exports. ● Main exports were gold, ivory, salt, and textiles. ● Main imports were books, slaves, cotton cloth, iron bars, kola nuts, perfumes, beads, cowries, and copper. 6. How did Islam spread in sub-Saharan Africa (West Africa and East Africa) and what impact did it have on the region? ● Trans-Saharan trade brought Islam to West Africa. ● When Islam ﬁrst arrived in the region, most people did not convert, however the king did have religious tolerance for muslims living in his kingdom. ● The tolerance shown to muslims allowed Islam to spread, and it would eventually become the primary religion of West Africa. 7. What made Trans-Saharan Trade di cult? Explain. ● The Sahara Desert is massive, with extreme conditions and large distances between civilizations. ● Lacks vegetation or other ways of orienting yourself once out in the desert. This makes it incredibly di cult to stay oriented the right way when crossing it. Therefore, travelers can become easily disoriented and lost - which is a death sentence. ● The Sahara’s harsh conditions cause it to be extremely hot during the day and extremely cold at night, there is also little to no/water in most of the Sahara and you can go weeks without coming upon a settlement or a fresh source of water. 8. What role did Monsoons play in Indian Ocean trade? ● Monsoon winds made trading across the Indian Ocean easier because they made trading more predictable and less dangerous. ○ Without the monsoons when people could only rely on sails and ors there was the possibility that their goods wouldn't make it on time and would go bad, or that the ship would sink. ● Using ships made the transport of goods in bulk much easier, allowing for mass quantities of goods to be traded across the Indian Ocean. 9. What caused the decline of Ghana? Mali? Songhai? Aksum? Swahili Coast? ● Ghana’s Decline: As the Muslim groups came into Ghana to trade, they also spread their religion of Islam to the people. Eventually groups of converted Muslims broke away from the kingdom to form their own smaller states. ○ Around 1000 C.E. a muslim group in North Africa took over Ghana’s trade centers, weakening the empire and allowing it to fall as a stronger group entered. ● Mali’s Decline: By the mid-1300’s C.E., Mali was under attack from 3 different directions: ○ Berbers from the North; Rainforest warriors from the South; People from Songhai rebelled against the kingdom ● Songhai’s Decline: The kingdom of Songhai only lasted around 100 years due to internal problems and conﬂict after the death of Askia Muhammad. ○ His sons fought for control of the kingdom, eventually weakening it to the point that Moroccan soldiers were able to easily invade the region with their guns and cannons. ● Aksum’s Decline: ○ After barely defeating invading Islamic armies of Arabia, the Aksum had become isolated from trade with other empires. Without the interaction of trade amongst other empires, Aksum no longer had a steady income. ○ Environmental factors, most notably the degradation (decline) of soils from overuse and a decline in the abundance of rainfall, created additional pressures. ○ The Justinian Plague: The plague spread quickly throughout the land and caused the death of many of Aksum's citizens. ● Swahili Coast’s Decline: In the late 1400s the Portuguese came to the Swahili coast and attempted to control all trade and commerce in the Indian Ocean. ○ Conﬂict with the Portuguese caused a decrease in trade and eventually caused the decline of the Swahili Coast city-states. Unit 7 Review Questions 1. What cultures did the Renaissance re-introduce to Europe, and what was the result? ● It was a period when people re-discovered the art and knowledge of the “Classical” period of Greek and Roman culture. ○ The classical Ancient Greek and Roman cultures inﬂuenced Italian painters, sculptures, and architects. ● Artists often depicted religious subjects, but they used a realistic style copied from classical models. 2. Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy? ● Visible reminders of past greatness: Huge statues, art and remnants of glorious architecture like the Colosseum showed the greatness of a society that once existed during Roman times. Many Italians drew inspiration from those ancient wonders. ● Italy’s immense wealth - Italian cities such as Naples, Genoa, and Venice became wealthy trading centers between Europe and the Middle East. ○ International trade made rich bankers, merchants and lawyers - who could afford to build ﬁne houses, but more importantly use their money to buy books and employ artists and musicians. ● Cultural diffusion - Because of their location and major trade ports, cultural diffusion stemmed from the exchange of knowledge from Arab scholars from the East with writings from the Ancient Greeks. 3. What did Renaissance artists strive to reﬂect in the art? ● Renaissance artists wanted to reﬂect humanist concerns in their art, with the goal of making their work more life-like - They used perspective, shading, new oil-paints, and even studied anatomy in order to achieve more life-like works. 4. What were the 4 ways that the movable type printing press impacted Europe? ● Books printed with movable metal type were cheaper ● More people learned to read and write ● People gained access to more knowledge ● Ideas were able to spread faster throughout Europe 5. What is Humanism and how was it different from the thoughts of the middle ages? ● Humanism was the study of worldly subjects such as grammar, history, poetry, and rhetoric rather than religious subjects. ● Humanists believed in the individual's ability to think and make choices for themselves. Believing that education should stimulate the individual’s creative powers. ● During the middle ages, people listened to what they were told by the Church and those in power, and they did not question. They focused solely on getting into heaven, and endured life on earth in order to do so. 6. Why did Humanism cause a clash with the Catholic Church? ● Humanism is the focus on secular (separate from religion) human achievements rather than religious ones, like art and advancements in science that require observations and experiments. ● Humanism focused less on religion and more on worldly subjects. Many people hoped that education and the wisdom of the ancients rather than the church would increase their understanding of their own times. 7. What marks the beginning of the protestant reformation? ● The Protestant Reformation began when Martin Luther wrote the Ninety-Five Theses, which criticized the Church’s practices and demanded reforms in the Catholic Church. ○ He nailed a copy to his local church doors, and mailed a copy to the pope. 8. What role did vernacular language play in the protestant reformation? ● Before the reformation bibles were only written in Latin, a dead language that clergy members knew - Martin Luther believed that the Bible should be the focus of people’s salvation and that people should read it for themselves in their own vernacular languages. 9. What issues did Martin Luther have with the Catholic Church and what reforms did he call them to make? ● Priests were selling indulgences, or lessening people’s punishments for sins. ○ Luther claimed the church was implying people could buy their way into heaven, and that it was giving people a false sense of security, risking their salvation. ● The church’s belief that only priests could forgive sin. ○ Instead, Luther believed that the Church had no power over who went to Heaven, Hell, or Purgatory. ● The extravagant lifestyle of the Pope and other church leaders. ● Luther believed that the Bible should be the focus of people’s salvation and that people should read it for themselves. 10. Compare: Catholic Church Martin Luther Getting to Both faith and good works bring salvation. Only faith can bring salvation. Heaven ● Good works would include: attending worship services, praying regularly, giving generously from our ﬁnancial resources, loving our neighbors, etc. God’s View Priests and popes were closer to God than others. All Christians were equal in God’s view. The Bible The Bible should remain in Latin, and only priests should read and interpret it. The Bible should be translated so that people could read it on their own. Church Scripture is the basis, but Church Teachings tradition is also important All Church teachings must be based on the Bible. Eucharist bread/wine are not literally the body and blood of Christ, but are symbolic. bread/wine are literally the body and blood of Christ. Unit 8 Review Questions 1. What 3 civilizations ﬂourished in Mesoamerica? ● Olmec, Maya, and Aztec 2. What were the Mayans most important accomplishments and why are they important? ● The construction of their huge temples, observatories, plaza, and palaces using only ropes, logs, and obsidian blades to cut and shape Limestone bricks. ○ they had no wheels or lists to help them accomplish this. ● Priests discovered and utilized mathematics, and developed a hieroglyphic writing system. ○ Within this writing system, a picture represented a sound and/or an object, and recorded information on bark - pages and giant stone tablets. ● Mayan priests also studied the stars and used their ﬁndings to create two calendars that inﬂuenced their Northern Neighbors, the aztecs. ○ One held 365 days and suggested when to plant and harvest crops. ○ The other calendar marked signiﬁcant astrological and religious dates for ceremonies and rituals. ● The Maya were also known for their Stone carvings, especially those of their kings and one separate important events in their cities. ● Their gold and jade jewelry was highly prized throughout mesoamerica 3. What 3 factors caused the Mayan decline? ● Drought, or long periods of low rainfall I made farming di cult and would lead to starvation. ● It is believed many loyal Mayan families died out warring over land in an attempt to gain control of new food sources. ● Mayan peasants grew tired of following their rulers and rebelled against them and left. 4. What were the Aztecs most important accomplishments and why are they important? ● The Aztecs created many advancements and adaptations: ○ They created causeways, or roadways, that led to the city from the mainland. These causeways helped facilitate transportation elsewhere, making trade easier ○ The Aztec invented stone aqueducts that brought safe drinking water to the Aztecs major cities. ○ They invented ﬂoating gardens called chinampas, which allowed them to grow more food in their otherwise swampy location. 5. Describe the city of Tenochtitlan, and the advantages and disadvantages of it being located on Lake Texcoco. ● Tenochtitlan was the capital city of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in the middle of Lake Texcoco in the Basin of Mexico. ● Some of the notable features of Tenochtitlan included its massive central plaza, which was surrounded by impressive temples, palaces, and public buildings. ● The city was also known for its advanced infrastructure, including a complex system of canals and causeways that connected it to the mainland and allowed for the transportation of goods and people. Advantages of being located on Lake Texcoco: 1. Natural protection: The city's location on an island in the middle of a lake provided a natural barrier that made it di cult for enemies to attack the city. 2. Agriculture: The lake's fertile soil and abundant water supply provided a reliable source of food for the city's inhabitants. Aztec farmers developed chinampas, a system of ﬂoating gardens, to grow crops in the lake, which helped support the city's large population.\Trade: The lake provided a means of transportation for goods and people, which facilitated trade with other cities in the region. Disadvantages of being located on Lake Texcoco: 1. Flooding: The lake was prone to ﬂooding, which could damage crops and homes, and disrupt daily life. 2. Disease: The lake was a breeding ground for mosquitoes, which could spread diseases such as malaria and dengue fever. 3. Salt content: The lake being salt water, which could be harmful to crops and livestock. 6. Explain 4 reasons why the Aztec were no match for the Spaniards. ● The Aztecs weapons were no match for the Spaniards cannons and armor ● Because Tenochtitlan was on an island, it was easy for the Spaniards to cut off their supply of water and food by blocking the causeways and destroying its aqueducts. ● The Spaniards also brought diseases with them that caused the death of many Aztec. ● The Spanish gained allies in the region who gave them information, supplies, and warriors. 7. What were the Incan’s most important accomplishments and why are they important? ● Some of the most important advancements the Incas made or medical advancements. ○ They practiced trepanning (A brain surgery technique, involving drilling a hole into a patient's skull in order to relieve pressure), blood transfusions, and made use of local plants for medicinal purposes. ● Quipa: developed a system of recorded information by making knots on colorful strings ● Built cities , water canals, and religious temples using extremely precise, giant bricks. ● The Inca developed masterful skill in creating jewelry and art with gold and silver. ● The Inca dyed and spun the wool of llamas into beautiful textiles, like blankets and clothes. ● Another major achievement of the Incas was the creation of Road networks.The Incas built an extensive network of roads, spanning over 14,000 miles, that connected their empire and facilitated communication, trade, and the movement of troops. 8. List and explain what 3 factors played a major role in the Spanish defeating the Incas. ● Superior military technology: One of the most signiﬁcant factors in the Spanish victory over the Incas was their superior military technology. The Spanish had access to ﬁrearms, steel swords, and other advanced weapons that the Incas did not have. This gave the Spanish a signiﬁcant advantage in battle, allowing them to defeat the Inca armies and conquer the empire. ● Disease: Another major factor in the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire was disease. When the Spanish arrived in South America, they brought with them a range of infectious diseases. These diseases were devastating to the Inca population, many of whom had no immunity to them. The resulting epidemics killed millions of people, weakening the Inca Empire and making it easier for the Spanish to conquer. ● Political instability: The Inca Empire was also weakened by political instability at the time of the Spanish conquest. When the Spanish arrived, the empire was weak from a civil war, with two brothers vying for the throne. This conﬂict weakened the empire's leadership and military, making it easier for the Spanish to defeat them in battle. Unit 9 Review Questions 1. What were the 3 things Europeans were able to accomplish from their technological advancements during the 15th - 17th centuries? ● Able to explore and conquer new lands ● Able to establish trading networks around the world ● Able to build empires that would change the course of human history 2. What were the three motivations of European exploration? ● Gold, God, and Glory 3. What were the economic motives behind European exploration and colonization during the Age of Exploration? ● Europeans sought new trade routes and sources of wealth, such as spices, gold, and silver. ● At the time, many of these commodities were only available in the Middle East and Asia, and the existing trade routes had become expensive to trade along. ● Those high costs made European merchants eager to ﬁnd alternative routes that would allow them to remove middlemen and trade more directly with the source of these goods. 4. Who controlled the existing trade routes to Asia and the Middle East during the Age of Exploration, and why did this create problems for European merchants? ● Existing trade routes to Asia and the Middle East were controlled by the Ottoman Turks, which made it expensive for European merchants to trade on existing routes, such as the Silk Road. ● The high costs associated with trading through the Ottomans made European merchants eager to ﬁnd alternative routes that would allow them to trade more directly with the source of these goods. 5. How did competition for control of key trade routes and resources fuel exploration and colonization in various parts of the world? ● Competition with the Ottoman Turks for control of key trade routes in the Mediterranean and Middle East fueled exploration and the search for new routes to Asia. ● European countries saw the establishment of colonies as a way to increase their wealth and power, as well as their prestige among other European nations. ● By establishing colonies, European countries could control the resources and markets of those territories, and extend their political inﬂuence over the region. 6. What role did religion play in European exploration and colonization? ● European nations wanted to spread Christianity to new territories because it was seen as a religious duty and a way to extend European inﬂuence. ● Many missionaries traveled with explorers to new territories, hoping to convert the native populations to Christianity and establish Christian communities. ○ This religious motive was often used to justify colonization and the imposition of European ways of life on native populations. 7. Why did European nations want to establish colonies? And how did establishing colonies help them achieve that? ● European nations wanted to spread Christianity to new territories because it was seen as a religious duty and a way to extend European inﬂuence. ● Many missionaries traveled with explorers to new territories, hoping to convert the native populations to Christianity and establish Christian communities. ○ This religious motive was often used to justify colonization and the imposition of European ways of life on native populations. 8. Compare and contrast Portuguese and Spanish exploration and its result: Spanish Both Portuguese Looked for a faster route to Asia by traveling West through the Atlantic Ocean. Both countries sought to expand their empires and increase their wealth through trade and colonization. Looked for a faster route to Asia by traveling south, around Africa and then north, through the Indian Ocean. Both wanted to ﬁnd a faster route to Asia, and looked towards maritime travel as the answer. The Portuguese built trading posts along the coasts of Africa and Asia In looking for a faster route to Asia, the Spanish discovered the American continents. Both saw themselves as Christian nations with a mission to convert "heathen" peoples to Christianity. The Portuguese were able to maintain their dominance in the Indian Ocean for several centuries, controlling key ports and trade routes. Unit 10 Review Questions 1. What was the primary reason for Europeans to use coerced labor in the Americas? ● The primary reason for the use of coerced labor in the Americas by Europeans was to exploit the vast resources of the New World for their own economic gain. 2. Why did Europeans turn to the enslavement of Africans to work on plantations? Why not use the indigenous population? ● Europeans turned to the enslavement of Africans to work on plantations because the indigenous people were dying due to disease, warfare, and forced migration, resulting in a signiﬁcant decline in their population. 3. Explain the European justiﬁcation for the enslavement of Africans. ● The European justiﬁcation for the exploitation of enslaved Africans was the belief that certain races were naturally inferior and therefore suited to manual labor. Europeans used a variety of rationalizations, including religious justiﬁcations, to justify their actions and to maintain their control over the people they enslaved. 4. Describe the conditions of the ships traveling the middle passage. ● Ships traveling the middle passage had terrible conditions. ○ Once on board enslaved Africans were shackled together and sent below deck (where they would stay the remainder of the journey) where it was cramped, often to the point the enslaved Africans could only lie on their sides. ○ Once below deck, the enslaved peoples were chained to the ground in order to prevent them from breaking loose and jumping overboard. ○ The enslaved peoples on board suffered from heat, dehydration, and the consequences of poor hygiene and unsanitary conditions below deck - Diseases killed many enslaved on board, particularly smallpox and the white ﬂux. 5. What was indentured servitude, what beneﬁts would indentured servants receive, and how did it differ from slavery in the British colonies? ● Indentured servitude was a labor system used in the 17th and 18th centuries in the Americas, where young people, often from Europe, would work for a certain number of years in exchange for transportation, room and board, and sometimes land or money. ● It was a form of temporary bondage and not as brutal or dehumanizing as slavery, as indentured servants had some legal rights and could eventually earn their freedom. 6. What were the 4 major factors that contributed to the Commercial Revolution? ● Growth of trade and commerce, Mercantilism, Joint-stock companies, and Government interventions 7. What was the impact of the Commercial Revolution on trade and commerce in Europe? ● The Commercial Revolution led to the expansion of trade networks and the growth of industries, particularly in textiles and manufacturing. It also led to the development of new technologies and innovations in transportation and communication. 8. How did joint-stock companies contribute to the Commercial Revolution? ● Joint-stock companies were a form of business organization that allowed for large-scale investment and the spread of risk ○ Large-scale investment in commercial ventures, which helped fuel the growth of overseas trade and colonization. ○ The pooling of resources and the sharing of risk among investors, which made it easier for smaller investors to participate in commercial ventures. 9. How did government subsidies support economic growth during the Commercial Revolution? ● Subsidies are payments made to support businesses/industries a gov. thinks are beneﬁcial ○ Used to encourage the development of industries considered vital to the economy ○ Used to support the development of new industries or to help struggling businesses ○ Provided a way for the government to inﬂuence the economy ● Subsidies supported economic growth during the Commercial Revolution because they made industries that would be otherwise too expensive for many people to enter, accessible. Subsidies encourage people to start businesses in those industries, which stimulates the economy. 10. How did mercantilism shape economic policy during the Commercial Revolution? ● Mercantilism was often associated with a strong central government that controlled economic policy and promoted national interests. ○ Mercantilists sought government intervention in the form of policies that encouraged exports and discouraged imports - They believed in protecting domestic industries by imposing tariffs and other trade barriers on foreign goods. ● In Mercantilism, governments played an active role in the economy, using subsidies to support the development of key industries and promote economic growth. Unit 11 Review Questions 1. What was the Battle of Kosovo, and what strategic advantage did it give the Ottomans over the Byzantines? ● The Battle of Kosovo was fought on June 15, 1389, between the Ottoman Empire and an alliance of Serbian nobles. ● Despite signiﬁcant casualties, the Ottomans emerged victorious, allowing them to gain control over much of the Balkans and expand their empire into Europe. ● The battle marked the beginning of the decline of the Byzantine Empire and left it vulnerable to Ottoman expansion - particularly the conquest of Constantinople. 2. What is the signiﬁcance of the Ottoman capture of Constantinople in 1453? ● The Ottomans capturing Constantinople marked the end of the Byzantine Empire and the beginning of Ottoman dominance in the region. ○ It gave the Ottomans control of a strategic location on the Bosphorus Strait and access to the Black Sea - allowing them to control trade between Europe and Asia 3. The Ottoman Empire was strategically placed between what two continents? What impact did their location have on their empire? ● The Ottoman Empire was strategically positioned between Europe and Asia ● Its location contributed to its cultural and economic richness, as well as its military and political signiﬁcance. ○ In particular, its control of major trade routes including the Silk Road and the Mediterranean Sea played an important role in the exchange of goods, ideas, and culture. 4. How did the Ottoman Empire establish power and expand their empire? ● The Ottoman Empire rose to power through military conquest, strategic alliances, and administrative reforms. ○ Their use of gunpowder and advanced military tactics, along with a highly centralized and professional army, allowed them to defeat larger, better-equipped armies. ○ They gradually expanded their empire through conquest and alliances, encompassing parts of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. 5. Explain the social hierarchy of the Ottoman Empire. ● The Ottoman Empire was a hierarchical society, with a rigid social structure ○ At the top was the ruling class, which included: the Sultan, his family, and high-ranking government o cials. ○ Below the ruling class were the ulema (Islamic scholars), who played an important role in interpreting and applying Islamic law. ○ The middle class was made up of merchants, artisans, and other urban professionals. ○ The lower class was composed of peasants and urban workers ● The empire's social structure was also divided along gender, ethnic, & religious lines. ○ Turks and other Muslims enjoyed greater status and privileges than non-Muslims ○ Women were generally lower status than men, and they had limited opportunities for education and employment. 6. Under the Ottoman Empire, Islamic law and customs were applied to all Mulsims in the Empire. What was expected non-Muslims? How were they treated? ● Under the Ottoman Empire, non-Muslims were allowed to practice their own religions but they were required to pay a special tax (jizya), were prohibited from holding certain government positions, and were subject to various social and economic restrictions. ● Christian families in the empire were at risk of having their sons enslaved by the empire, forcibly converted to Islam, and taken and trained as Janissaries. ○ The Janissaries were exempt from many of the legal and social restrictions faced by non-Muslims, but they were also subject to strict discipline and were often used to suppress rebellions and uprisings within the empire. ● While non-Muslims were generally able to live and work within the Ottoman Empire, they did experience occasional outbreaks of violence and persecution. 7. What is the Taj Mahal, who built it, and why? ● The Taj Mahal is a mausoleum in Agra, India, commissioned by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal who died during childbirth in 1631. ● Construction began in 1632 and took over 20 years to complete. Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal are buried in the Taj Mahal, making it their ﬁnal resting place and a symbol of love and devotion.

Spring 2023 Walters World Civ Study Guide PDF

Document Details

Tags

Related

Summary

Full Transcript

Upgrade to continue