Speech Mech Ch 1+2 Redo Notes + Ch 3, Ch 4 PDF

Ch 1+2 Redo Notes and Ch 3+Ch 4 9/5/24 Anatomy Terminology Review Anatomy - the study of the structural components of an organism Examples - developmental, pathological, microscopic, etc. Physiology - the study of the science that deals with the function of a living organism Examples - cel...

Ch 1+2 Redo Notes and Ch 3+Ch 4 9/5/24 Anatomy Terminology Review Anatomy - the study of the structural components of an organism Examples - developmental, pathological, microscopic, etc. Physiology - the study of the science that deals with the function of a living organism Examples - cellular, pathologic, general Morphology - the study of form and structure Anatomy studies the structure of a living organism and how the parts relate to each other, morphology looks at an organism’s form and structure as a whole, and physiology deals with how a living organism functions. Related fields to aid in understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the speech mechanism. Cytology - study of cells Histology - study of tissues and organs Osteology -study of bones Myology - study of the muscles Parts of the body Thorax - chest region Abdomen - anterior abdominal wall Thorax and abdomen together make up the trunk and/or torso Dorsal trunk - back Pelvis - middle structure area of the hip bones Cranium - portion of the skull that houses the brain Upper extremities - arms, forearm, wrist, hand Lower extremities - legs, ankles, feet Anatomical position This is used as a reference for descriptive purposes Body is standing erect, palms of hands facing forward General Terms Ventral - away from the backbone or toward the front of the body Dorsal - toward the backbone, away from the front of body Anterior - toward the front (synonym with ventral) Posterior - toward the back (synonym with dorsal)  Superficial - towards the surface Deep - away from the surface Superior - upper Inferior - lower Cranial - toward the head Caudal - toward the tail External - toward the outer surface Internal - toward the inner surface Medial - toward the midline Lateral - away from the midline Proximal - toward the body or root of a free extremity Distal - away from the body or root of a free extremity Central - pertain to or situated at the center Peripheral - toward the outward surface or part Prone - lying on the belly or abdomen Supine - lying on the back Flexion - bending at a joint toward a ventral (anterior) surface Extension - opposite of flexion - pulling two ends apart Plantar - sole of the foot Palmer - palm of the hand Planes of Reference Sagittal - vertical plane that cuts the body in half (mirror images- two equal parts) Frontal - vertical plane that is parallel to the forehead - creates a front and back Transverse - a horizontal plane which divides the body into upper and lower parts Tissues Epithelial tissue - forms the linings for different cavities in the body and the external surface of the body ○ Formed by closed approximated cells that have very little intercellular substance ○ The different types of epithelial tissue are grouped based on functional demands and location Connective tissue - tissues that connect and bone structure together ○ Supports the body and aids in bodily maintenance ○ Large amount of intercellular substance compared to epithelial tissue Muscular tissue ○ Principal mediator of all movements ○ Cells are elongated and characterized by contractile properties ○ Responsible for all voluntary and a good portion of involuntary behavior  ○ Muscle fibers contain a protein called myoglobin (similar to hemoglobin in the blood) which binds oxygen and increases the rate of diffusion into the muscle fiber ○ Three types of muscle fibers - striated (skeletal), smooth (visceral), and cardiac (heart). Nervous tissue ○ Highly specialized ○ Consists of neurons or nerve cells ○ Transmits info throughout the body (body tissues are used to form larger structures) An organ is formed by 2 or more tissues working together to serve the same function Fascia - surrounds and protects organs Ligaments - typically bind bone to bone or bone to cartilage Tendons - attach muscle to bone or cartilage Joints - typically unite bone with other bone or cartilage with other cartilage Classified by how much movement they allow Diarthrodial (synovial) - high mobility Amphiarthrodial (cartilaginous) - limited mobility Synarthrodial (fibrous) - no mobility Muscles Bound groups of muscle fibers with functional unity Muscular form will vary based on function A muscle can contract to almost 50% of its original length The origin is the point of attachment that is the least mobile, the insertion point is the most mobile portion of the muscle ○ Three types of muscles Agonist - muscles that move a structure Antagonist - muscles that oppose movement Synergist - muscles that stabilize structures ○ Muscles can have a sensory component that provides info to the CNS concerning the state of the muscle ○ All muscles have an origin, and insertion point, and are all innervated by a single nerve 9/10/24 Body systems Group of organs that combine to serve a functional purpose ○ Muscular system  ○ Skeletal system ○ Respiratory system ○ Digestive system ○ Reproductive system ○ Urinary system ○ Endocrine system ○ Nervous system Speech systems respiratory system Phonatory system Articulatory and respiratory system Nervous system What is respiration? Exchange of gasses between an organism and the environment Inspiration (breathing in) brings oxygen to the cells Expiration eliminates the waste as we breathe out Our respiratory system works as a system of pressures. We create a greater space with our muscles of inspiration which causes there to be a negative pressure condition and the air rushes in, we allow those muscles to relax and sometimes engage the muscles of expiration to decrease the space and create a positive pressure condition. Respiratory Passage Components Nasal and oral cavities Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchial tubes ○ Our respiratory passage is an open passage that is continuous and goes from the outside to the lungs Vertebral column - composed of segments to form a strong but flexible column. ○ Five divisions Cervical vertebrae (C1-C7) Thoracic vertebrae (T1-Y12) Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5) Sacral Vertebrae (S1-S5) - fused mass known as the sacrum Coccygeal vertebrae - fused unit known as the coccyx The vertebral column has 33 segments of bone Attaches to numerous muscles by means of the spinous and transverse processes(bony protrusion) on both sides Some other common landmarks include: ○ Vertebral foramen (spinal cord passes through)  ○ Intervertebral foramina (spinal nerve passageway) ○ Superior and inferior articular facets Terms Process - bony protrusion Foramen - big hole typically in bony structure Foramina - small passageway (opening) Pectoral girdle This structure provides the point of attachment for the upper extremities Structures of the pectoral girdle include: ○ Scapula (shoulder blade) ○ Clavicle (collar bone) Connects to the sternum 9/12/24 Pelvic girdle Our legs are attached to the axis of the vertebral column by way of the pelvic girdle Structures of the pelvic girdle include: ○ Illium - large winglike structure responsible for the bulk of support of abdominal musculature ○ Sacrum ○ Pubic bone ○ Ischium Ribs and Rib Cage Twelve pairs of ribs Three classes of ribs - true, false, and floating ○ True ribs have a direct attachment to the sternum ○ False ribs indirectly attach to the sternum via cartilage ○ Floating ribs do not attach to the sternum ○ The Rib cage is strong with elastic properties and provides protection to the heart and lungs. Larynx A modification of the uppermost tracheal cartilages Highly specialized mechanism that can allow for an open or closed air passageway Serves as a protective function. A sudden release of the valvular mechanism will produce a pressurized exhalation that will clear the passageway of any foreign object, excess of mucus that may disrupt the breathing process  The valvular mechanism also permits thoracic fixation that may be necessary during tasks such as heavy lifting, vomiting, etc. It is also capable of using expired air for the production of voice 9-17-24 Trachea Extends from the larynx at the level of the 6th cervical vertebra to the bronchi below at the level of the top of the 5th thoracic vertebrae ○ Flexible tube ○ 16-20 horseshoe shaped rings Made of hyaline cartilage that allows for flexibility Placed one above the other and separated by a small space filled with fibroblastic material Rings are incomplete in the back Fibrous membrane ○ 2 layers ○ Mucous membrane is continuous with the larynx and the bronchi Cartilaginous framework ○ Provided rigidity to prevent collapse ○ Ligaments and membranes provide the flexibility and mobility that permit it to be stretched, twisted, and compressed The last cartilage section bifurcates(splits in 2) and is the start of the mainstem bronchi. The bronchi They are the tubes which extend from the trachea to the lungs ○ They are divided into three basic groups Mainstem - connect the trachea to the lungs Secondary bronchi - serve the lobes of the lungs Tertiary bronchi - serve the segments of each lobe The tertiary bronchi divide repeatedly and give rise to the bronchioles ○ Terminal bronchioles Alveoli - where the gas exchange occurs in the respiratory system The lungs Located in the thoracic cavity Two irregularly cone shaped structures Composed of spongy, porous but highly elastic material Pleural lining  ○ Produces a mucous solution Diaphragm ○ Has a pleural lining that maintains contact with the lungs Muscles of Inspiration (Inhalation) Quiet inspiration (primary muscle in use is the diaphragm) Forced inspiration (involves the diaphragm and many other muscles to support the effort) ○ Diaphragm Primary muscle of inspiration Separates the abdominal and thoracic cavity ○ Sternal head (sternum) ○ Costal head (ribs) ○ Vertebral head (vertebral column) Muscles of inspiration - Anterior thoracic muscles External intercostal muscles - when contracted they raise the rib cage Lies between the 12 ribs of the thorax Provide a unified surface of striated muscle Covered with a thin intercostal membrane Originates on the inferior surface of ribs 1-11 Inserts into the upper surface of the rib immediately below Internal intercostal muscles Origin - inferior margin of the ribs 1-11 Insertion - superior surface of the rib below Function - elevation of ribs 1-11 Posterior thoracic muscles Levator costarum - shortening these muscles will elevate the rib cage ○ Brevis ○ Longis Seratus posterior superior ○ Origin - spinous process of C7 and T1-T3 ○ Insertion - just beyond the angles of the 2nd through 5th rib ○ Function - elevate the 2nd through 5th rib 9/19/24 Muscles of Respiration Clarification - Internal Intercostal Muscle This muscle has segmented activity (different parts can serve different purposes)  The cartilaginous portion of the muscle (the part that is nearest to the sternum) is active during inspiration and the osseous portion is active during expiration Muscles of Inspiration cont. Accessory Muscles of the Neck Sternocleidomastoid - direct attachment to the sternum ○ Function - elevate the sternum and rib cage ○ Origin- mastoid process of the temporal bone ○ Insertion - at the sternum and clavicle Scalenus (anterior, posterior and medius) - muscles of the neck. When contracted they elevate the 1st and 2nd ribs ○ Source of stability and control of neck flexion and extension ○ Facilitate rotation ○ Potentially can increase the vertical dimension of the thorax Muscles of the upper arm and shoulder ○ May assist the external intercostals in elevation of the thorax via their attachment to the sternum and the ribs ○ May be able to potentially increase the dimension of the thorax Pectoralis Major and Minor ○ Major Large fan shaped muscle Origin - greater tubercle of the humerus Inserts into from two heads ○ Sternal head ○ Clavicular head Function - elevates the sternum and increases transverse dimension of the rib cage ○ Minor Origin - anterior surface of ribs 2-5 Insertion - scapula Function - increase transverse dimension of rib cage Serratus Anterior ○ Fibers arise from ribs 1-9 along the side of the thorax, traveling to the inner vertebral border of the scapula ○ Function - elevates ribs 1-9 Levator Scapulae ○ Provides neck support ○ Originates from the transverse process of C1-C4 ○ Inserts into the medial border of the scapula Trapezius  ○ Origin - spinous process of C2-T12 ○ Insertion - scapula and superior surface of the clavicle ○ Contraction of the muscle aids in elongation of the neck and head control. It also provides support of the vertebral column which aids in respiration Forced Expiration Active expiration implies that we are forcing air out of the lungs in some way Forced expiration is achieved by contracting abdominal muscles which will move the diaphragm further into the thoracic cavity and that will in turn force air out of the respiratory tract Muscles of the Thorax Internal intercostal muscle (interosseous portion) ○ Origin -inferior margin of ribs 1-111 ○ Insertion - superior surface of the rib below ○ Function - depresses ribs 1-11 Innermost intercostal ○ Deepest of the muscles ○ Fibers run between the inner costal surfaces ○ Origin - inferior margin of ribs 1-11 ○ Insertion - superior surface of the ribs below ○ Function- depresses ribs 1-11 Serratus POsterior Inferior ○ Origin - spinous process of T11, T12, and L1-L3 ○ Insertion - Lower margin of ribs 7-12 ○ Function - contraction of the muscles pull the rib cage down and help support expiration in this way Abdominal Muscles - expiration Transverse Abdominis ○ Deepest of the anterior abdominal muscles ○ Origin - posterior abdominal wall ○ Insertion - Transverse abdominis aponeurosis and inner surface of the ribs 6-12 ○ Function - compress the abdomen Internal Oblique Abdominis ○ Located between the external obliques and the transverse abdominis Originates - inguinal ligament Insertion - cartilaginous portion of the lower ribs Function - rotate trunk, compress abdomen and flex trunk External oblique Abdominis ○ Most superficial and largest muscle of this group  ○ Origin - osseous portion of the lower seven ribs ○ Insertion - iliac crest, inguinal ligament and abdominal aponeurosis ○ Function - bilateral contraction of these muscles will flex the vertebral column and compress the abdomen. Unilateral contraction will result in trunk rotation Rectus abdominis ○ Prominent midline muscles ○ Origin - pubis inferiorly ○ Insertion - xiphoid process of the sternum and the cartilage of the last true rib and false ribs ○ Function - flexion of the vertebral column Quadratus Lumborum ○ Located in the dorsal aspect of the abdominal wall ○ Origin - iliac crest ○ Insertion - transverse process of the lumbar border of the 12th rib ○ Function - unilateral movement assists in the lateral movement of the trunk ○ Bilateral contraction would fix the abdominal wall in support of abdominal compression Latissimus Dorsi ○ Origin - lumbar, sacral, and lower thoracic vertebrae ○ Insertion - humerus ○ Function - moving the upper extremities and also plays a part in chest stability and in turn expiration. All of these allow stability for the thoracic cavity 9-24-2024 Physiology of Respiration Review of respiration Requires muscular effort Can be both quiet and forced (passive and active) The goal of respiration is to oxygenate the blood and eliminate carbon dioxide Variables that impact respiration include: ○ Activity ○ Age ○ Health status Expiration ○ expiration that is passive is driven by forces of torque, elasticity and gravity ○ We can use our muscles to force air out of our lungs beyond what would be expelled in passive expiration  Inspiration ○ Inspiration involves exerting force to overcome gravity ○ Expiration uses torque, elasticity and gravity to its advantage as a means to reclaim the energy expended during inspiration Tools and measurement of respiratory ○ Spirometer - measures respiratory flow, volume, and capacity It is a tube connected to a container opened at the bottom and place inside another container of water Measures lung volume - when an individual breathes into the tube, water is displaced (gives an estimate of how air flow is occurring) ○ U-tube manometer - measures difference in air pressure A person will blow into a tube which causes the water in the tube to rise, the more force exerted the higher the water will rise 9/26/24 Respiratory Process Essential gas exchange occurs during breathing Our bodies have needs that need to be met both for intaking oxygen and getting rid of carbon dioxide Measuring the rate at which this occurs and the volumes associated with the process gives us a better understanding of overall health status and the respiratory system Defining the volumes and capacities that are present also aid in our understanding ○ Volumes Tidal Volume - volume of air inspired and expired in one cycle of quiet respiration Inspiratory Reserve Volume - the volume of air that can be taken in beyond tidal inspiration Expiratory Reserve - air expired beyond tidal expiration Residual Volume - air that remains in our lungs after maximal expiration Dead Air - air that does not undergo gas exchange ○ Capacities Vital Capacity - volume of air that can be inspired after maximal expiration (tidal volume, inspiratory and expiratory reserve) - all of the volumes of air that are within our voluntary control Functional Residual Capacity - air that remains in the body after passive expiration. (Expiratory reserve and residual volume) Total Lung Capacity - Sum of all lung volumes Inspiratory Capacity - Volume of air that can be inspired from resting lung volume (Tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume) Four Stages of the gas exchange of respiratory Ventilation - movement of air in the respiratory pathway Distribution - air distributed to the alveoli Perfusion - migration of a liquid or gas across a boundary Diffusion - gas exchange across the alveolar/capillary membrane - Adults will complete 12-18 cycles of respiration per minute - Oxygen requirements will increase as a function of increasing physical activity and effort Respiration (birth - adulthood) Lungs develop significantly prenatally The cartilaginous conduction airway is complete at birth The number of alveoli increase from 25 million at birth to 300 million which we maintain throughout our lives at 8 years of age Conducting airway (trachea) will grow in diameter and length until thorax growth is complete. The thorax will expand to a greater degree than the lungs. As the thorax expands the lungs will stretch to fill the cavity Adults have a considerable volume of air that is never expelled that is kept in reserve that children and infants do not have Infants have to breathe more frequently to meet their needs Posture and Speech Body positive has a significant effect on respiration When then body moves from sitting up to supine, the relationship between the physical structures of respiration and gravity changes Resting lung volume is reduced from sitting to supine because the ability to completely inflate the lungs is affected This will impact speech by increasing the amount of effort it will take to produce a sound 10/3/24 The Respiratory System operates at two basic levels during speech: Level One - a relatively constant supply of subglottal pressure is required to drive the vocal folds, to produce sustained voicing of a stable intensity Level Two - as the constant pressure is maintained, we must also be able to enable “micro-control” of the respiratory flow as needed based on the demands of the speech segment we are producing In normal respiration, inhalation is about 40% of the cycle, leaving 60% for expiration In speech, inhalation is about 10% of the cycle, leaving 90% for expiration ○ The volume of air for both can be relatively the same Common conditions that impact the respiratory system  Asthma Allergies and the common cold Patients who smoke are at higher risk for bronchitis and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) Emphysema Lung Cancer Anatomy of Phonation Spoken Communication ○ Uses both voiced and voiceless sounds Voiced sounds are produced when the vocal folds are set into motion Voiceless sounds are produced by a source that creates a disturbance in a medium such as air outside of the vocal folds ○ Phonation is the product of the vibrating vocal folds ○ Respiration is the energy source that permits phonation to occur Larynx ○ Musculo-cartilaginous structure ○ Located at the superior end of the trachea ○ There are 3 unpaired and three paired cartilages Bound by ligaments Lined with mucous membrane ○ Unpaired Cartilages Cricoid Thyroid Epiglottis ○ Paired Cartilages Arytenoid cartilages Corniculate cartilages Cuneiform cartilages - reside with the aryepiglottic folds ○ Hyoid Bone - articulates(interact) with the thyroid cartilage by means of a pair of superior processes of the thyroid cartilage The vocal folds are suspended between the arytenoid and thyroid cartilage ○ Phonation - inner larynx The cavity of the larynx is a smooth and aerodynamic surface Cartilages of the tube are connected through sheets and cords of ligament and membrane The entire structure is lined with a wet, mucous membrane Less than 50 questions, diagrams, T/F, multiple choice, fill in the blank, short answer - 1 or 2 sentences, speech chain (these are the muscles of inspiration/expiration)