Soil Moisture Sensor Project Report (2023) - PDF

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY BELAGAVI-590018 MICRO CONTROLLERS MINI PROJECT REPORT (For Academic year - 2023-2024) BACHELOR OF ENGNEERING IN COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Submitted by:...

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY BELAGAVI-590018 MICRO CONTROLLERS MINI PROJECT REPORT (For Academic year - 2023-2024) BACHELOR OF ENGNEERING IN COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Submitted by: ISHA (1KT22CS045) BINDU B S (1KT22CS029) CHANDANA M(1KT22CS030) IQRA TAHOOR(1KT22CS044) Under the Guidance of Mrs. Aruna R Asst. Professor CS&E Department of Computer Science and Engineering Sri Krishna Institute of Technology BENGALURU - 560090.  SRI KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY No.29, Hesaraghatta Main Road, Chimney Hills, Chikkabanavara Post Bengaluru-560090. Department of Computer Science and Engineering CERTIFICATE This is to certify that, ISHA (1KT22CS045), BINDU B S(1KT22CS029), CHANDANA M (1KT22CS030), IQRA TAHOOR (1KT22CS044), the bona fide students of Sri Krishna Institute of Technology, has successfully completed the Micro Controllers Mini Project work on Soil Moisture Sensor using Arduino IDE & Proteus in fulfilment for 2nd Year B.E. in Computer Science and Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the year 2023. Prof. Aruna R Dr. Deepak S Sakkari Asst. Prof., CSE & Professor & HOD Skill Development Coordinator  ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It gives us an immense pleasure and a great sense of deepest gratitude in expressing our heartfelt thanks to all the concerned people without whom the successful completion of this Mini Project would not have been possible. We would like to profoundly thank the Management of Sri Krishna Institute of Technology [SKIT], for providing such a healthy environment for the successful completion of our Mini Project. We would like to express our sincere thanks to Dr. Mahesha K, Principal of Sri Krishna Institute of Technology for his encouragement that motivated us for the successful completion of this Mini Project. We wish to express my gratitude to Dr. Deepak S Sakkari, Professor and HOD Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sri Krishna Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, for his valuable suggestions and support. It gives us great pleasure in placing a record of deep sense of gratitude to our guide Prof. Aruna R, Department of Computer Science & Engineering for her expert guidance, initiative and encouragement that led us through our Mini Project completion. We would like to thank all the teaching and non-teaching staff members in our Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sri Krishna Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, for their support. Finally, we would like to thank all of our friends and family members for their constant support, guidance and encouragement. ISHA (1KT22CS045) BINDU B S (1KT22CS029) CHANDANA M (1KT22CS030) IQRA TAHOOR(1KT22CS044)  TABLE OF CONTENTS Sl. No Content Page No i. Certificate - 1 Abstract 1 2 Introduction 2 3 Literal survey 3 4 Existing system 3 5 Proposed system 4 6 Software 4 7 Prototype/Pretotype 5-7 8 Methodology 8-12 9 Future enhancement 13 10 Conclusion 13 11 Mini Report -  Soil Moisture Sensor using Arduino IDE & Proteus 1. ABSTRACT To write an embedded C program and simulate the performance of Soil Moisture sensor using Arduino IDE & Proteus tool and implement the circuit using Arduino Uno development board. The soil moisture sensor is one kind of sensor used to gauge the volumetric content of water within the soil. As the straight gravimetric dimension of soil moisture needs eliminating, drying, as well as sample weighting. These sensors measure the volumetric water content not directly with the help of some other rules of soil like dielectric constant, electrical resistance, otherwise interaction with neutrons, and replacement of the moisture content. The relation among the calculated property as well as moisture of soil should be adjusted & may change based on ecological factors like temperature, type of soil, otherwise electric conductivity. The microwave emission which is reflected can be influenced by the moisture of soil as well as mainly used in agriculture and remote sensing within hydrology. Figure 1: Abstract view of Soil Moisture Sensor using Arduino IDE & Proteus Department of CSE (SKIT) 1  Soil Moisture Sensor using Arduino IDE & Proteus 2. INTRODUCTION 2.1 What is IOT? Internet of Things (IOT) is an ideal buzzing technology to influence the Internet and communication technologies. IOT allows people and things to be connected anytime, anyplace, with anything and anyone, by using ideally in any path/network and any service. This project introduces a thought or an idea for home computerization voice acknowledgment, also the development of a prototype for controlling smart homes devices through IOT. Smart home or home automation can be said as the residential extension of building automation, it also involves the automation and controlling of lightings, ACs, ventilation and security which also includes home appliances such as dryers/washers, ovens or refrigerators/freezers which uses Wi-Fi for monitoring via remote for ease of use. Now a day’s speed of the processing and common through smart mobile devices at very affordable costs, to improve the life style concept relevant to smart life, like smart T.V, Smart cities, smart phones, smart life, smart school and Internet of Things. 2.2 Why is IOT technology important? The term "Internet of Things" has come to describe a number of technologies and research disciplines that enable the Internet to reach out into the real world of physical objects. The term "Internet of Things" has come to describe a number of technologies and research disciplines that enable the Internet to reach out into the real world of physical objects. The Internet of Things, also called The Internet of Objects, refers to a wireless network between objects. From any time, any place connectivity for anyone, we will now have connectivity for anything. Figure 2: IOT Technology Department of CSE (SKIT) 2  Soil Moisture Sensor using Arduino IDE & Proteus 3. LITERAL SURVEY Arduino's affordability and ease of use make it a popular platform for DIY soil moisture sensors. Research explores various sensor types (capacitive, resistive) and emphasizes calibration for accuracy. Integration with additional sensors and cloud platforms for data analysis and automation (irrigation systems) are promising future directions. 4. EXISTING SYSTEM A basic soil moisture detection system with Arduino utilizes a commercially available soil moisture sensor. Here's a breakdown: Hardware: o Arduino board (e.g., Uno, Mega) o Soil moisture sensor o Jumper wires Functionality: o The sensor probes are inserted into the soil. o The Arduino reads the analog voltage output from the sensor, which corresponds to the soil's moisture level (dry soil offers higher resistance, resulting in a higher voltage). o The Arduino code converts the voltage reading to a moisture percentage or a simple wet/dry indication. o The moisture level is displayed on the Arduino's serial monitor or an LCD screen (optional). This system provides a basic understanding of soil moisture but lacks automation and data analysis features. The soil moisture sensor is one kind of sensor used to gauge the volumetric content of water within the soil. As the straight gravimetric dimension of soil moisture needs eliminating, drying, as well as sample weighting. These sensors measure the volumetric water content not directly with the help of some other rules of soil like dielectric constant, electrical resistance, otherwise interaction with neutrons, and replacement of the moisture content. The relation among the calculated property as well as moisture of soil should be adjusted & may change based on ecological factors like temperature, type of soil, otherwise electric conductivity. The microwave emission which is reflected can be influenced by the moisture of soil as well as mainly used in agriculture and remote sensing within hydrology. 4.1 KEYWORDS: Arduino UNO, Soil Hygrometer, GSM Department of CSE (SKIT) 3  Soil Moisture Sensor using Arduino IDE & Proteus 5. PROPOSED SYSTEM This system builds upon the existing Arduino-based soil moisture detection system but offers additional functionalities: Moisture Level Thresholds and Automation: Define specific moisture thresholds for your plants. When the sensor reading falls below the minimum threshold, the system can trigger automated actions like activating a pump for irrigation or sending an alert notification. Sensor Calibration: Integrate calibration routines to account for variations in soil types and sensor readings over time. This ensures accurate moisture level measurements. Data Logging and Visualization: Implement data logging features to store sensor readings over time. This data can be visualized on a computer or mobile app, allowing you to monitor trends and optimize watering schedules. Wireless Communication: Incorporate wireless communication modules (e.g., Wi- Fi, Bluetooth) to transmit sensor data to a remote server or mobile device. This enables real-time monitoring and remote control of the irrigation system. 6. SOFTWARE For developing this project, we mainly used software is Arduino IDE 1.8.19. The Arduino IDE is an open-source software, which is used to write and upload code to the Arduino boards. The IDE application is suitable for different OS that has (Operating Systems) such as Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. It supports the programming languages C and C++. Here, IDE stands for Integrated Development Environment. Department of CSE (SKIT) 4  Soil Moisture Sensor using Arduino IDE & Proteus 7. PROTOTYPE/PRETOTYPE 7.1 COMPONENTS Arduino UNO R3 The Arduino Uno is an open-source microcontroller board based on the Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller (MCU) and developed by Arduino.cc and initially released in 2010.The microcontroller board is equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and other circuits. The board has 14 digital I/O pins (six capable of PWM output), 6 analog I/O pins, and is programmable with the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment), via a type B USB cable.It can be powered by a USB cable or a barrel connector that accepts voltages between 7 and 20 volts, such as a rectangular 9-volt battery. It has the same microcontroller as the Arduino Nano board, and the same headers as the Leonardoboard. The hardware reference design is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and is available on the Arduino website. Layout and production files for some versions of the hardware exists. Department of CSE (SKIT) 5  Soil Moisture Sensor using Arduino IDE & Proteus The soil moisture sensor is one kind of sensor used to gauge the volumetric content of water within the soil. As the straight gravimetric dimension of soil moisture needs eliminating, drying, as well as sample weighting. These sensors measure the volumetric water content not directly with the help of some other rules of soil like dielectric constant, electrical resistance, otherwise interaction with neutrons, and replacement of the moisture content. The relation among the calculated property as well as moisture of soil should be adjusted & may change based on ecological factors like temperature, type of soil, otherwise electric conductivity. The microwave emission which is reflected can be influenced by the moisture of soil as well as mainly used in agriculture and remote sensing within hydrology. A jump wire (also known as jumper, jumper wire, DuPont wire) is an electrical wire, or group of them in a cable, with a connector or pin at each end (or sometimes without them – simply "tinned"), which is normally used to interconnect the components of a breadboard or other prototype or test circuit, internally or with other equipment or components, without soldering. Individual jump wires are fitted by inserting their "end connectors" into the slots provided in a breadboard, the header connector of a circuit board, or a piece of test equipment. There are different types of jumper wires i.e., solid tips, crocodile clips, banana connectors, registered jack, RCA connectors, RF connectors, RF jumper cables. Department of CSE (SKIT) 6  Soil Moisture Sensor using Arduino IDE & Proteus Current Arduino boards are programmed via Universal Serial Bus (USB), implemented using USB-to-serial adapter chips such as the FTDI FT232. What does USB cable do in Arduino? The USB port serves two purposes: First, it is the cable connection to a computer which allows you to program the board. The USB cord will also provide power for the Arduino if you're not using the power port. Arduino boards can operate satisfactorily on power that is available from the USB port. It provides 5V DC voltage and can be sourced from the port from a PC, wall socket adapter or portable power bank. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to software on the computer. Department of CSE (SKIT) 7  Soil Moisture Sensor using Arduino IDE & Proteus 8. METHODOLOGY 8.1 FLOWCHART Department of CSE (SKIT) 8  Soil Moisture Sensor using Arduino IDE & Proteus 8.2 CODE const int sensor_pin = A1; void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); } void loop() { float moisture_percentage; int sensor_analog; sensor_analog = analogRead(sensor_pin); moisture_percentage = ( 100 - ( (sensor_analog/1023.00) * 100 ) ); Serial.print("Moisture Percentage = "); Serial.print(moisture_percentage); Serial.print("%\n\n"); delay(1000); } Department of CSE (SKIT) 9  Soil Moisture Sensor using Arduino IDE & Proteus 8.3 3D MODEL Department of CSE (SKIT) 10  Soil Moisture Sensor using Arduino IDE & Proteus 8.4 WORKING 1. Soil Moisture Sensor: This sensor typically consists of two exposed metal probes. When inserted into the soil, the electrical resistance between the probes varies depending on the moisture content. Dry soil offers higher resistance due to less water to conduct electricity, while wet soil allows for easier current flow, resulting in lower resistance. 2. Connecting the Sensor: Using jumper wires, connect the sensor's: o VCC pin to Arduino's 5V pin (to power the sensor) o GND pin to Arduino's GND pin (common ground) o Signal (SIG) pin to an analog pin of Arduino (e.g., A0) - This pin reads the voltage output from the sensor. 3. Arduino Code: The code running on the Arduino performs the following: o Defines variables to store sensor readings and calculated moisture percentage. o Reads the analog voltage value from the chosen analog pin (connected to the sensor's signal pin). o Converts the voltage reading to a moisture percentage using a conversion formula. This formula may vary depending on the specific sensor model and needs calibration for optimal accuracy. (Calibration involves testing the sensor in known dry and wet soil conditions to establish the corresponding voltage readings.) o Displays the calculated moisture percentage on the Arduino's serial monitor (accessible through the Arduino IDE software) or controls an LED (connected to a digital pin) to indicate moisture level (e.g., brighter for wetter soil). Here's a simplified breakdown of the conversion formula (might need adjustments): Moisture Percentage = (1023 - Sensor Reading) / 1023 * 100% 1023 represents the maximum value of a 10-bit Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) on the Arduino Uno, corresponding to completely dry soil (high resistance). Sensor Reading is the actual voltage value read from the sensor. Additional Notes: This is a basic setup. You can enhance it by: o Implementing thresholds for watering automation (e.g., trigger pump when moisture falls below a certain level). o Including an LCD screen to display the moisture percentage visually. Department of CSE (SKIT) 11  Soil Moisture Sensor using Arduino IDE & Proteus Advantages 1. Cost-Effective: Arduino boards and soil moisture sensors are relatively inexpensive, making it a cost-effective solution for monitoring soil moisture. 2. Easy to Use: Arduino is user-friendly, especially for beginners. There are many resources, tutorials, and community support available to help with the setup and programming. 3. Customization: Arduino allows for high levels of customization. Users can tailor the system to specific needs, such as integrating with other sensors or automating irrigation systems. 4. Real-Time Monitoring: Provides real-time soil moisture data, which can be crucial for efficient water management and ensuring optimal plant growth. 5. Integration with Other Systems: Arduino can be easily integrated with other systems, such as IoT platforms, enabling remote monitoring and control. 6. Educational Value: Using Arduino for soil moisture measurement can be a great educational tool, helping students and hobbyists learn about electronics, programming, and environmental science. Disadvantages 1. Accuracy and Reliability: Low-cost soil moisture sensors may not be highly accurate or reliable over time. They can be affected by soil type, salinity, and other environmental factors. 2. Maintenance: Sensors and Arduino boards require maintenance. Sensors might need regular calibration and cleaning to maintain accuracy. 3. Limited Range: Arduino boards have limited communication range. For large agricultural fields, additional hardware such as wireless modules or repeaters may be needed. 4. Power Supply: Arduino-based systems require a consistent power supply. In remote or large-scale applications, this can be challenging and may require battery solutions or solar panels. 5. Environmental Durability: Arduino boards and sensors may not be durable in harsh environmental conditions without proper enclosures, which can increase costs and complexity. Department of CSE (SKIT) 12  Soil Moisture Sensor using Arduino IDE & Proteus 9. FUTURE ENHANCEMENT There are many exciting possibilities for enhancing our Arduino Mini soil moisture sensor project! We could: integrate additional sensors to monitor factors like temperature and light, connect to the cloud for remote data access and visualization, automate irrigation based on sensor readings, or develop a machine learning model to predict watering needs based on historical data. 10. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the soil moisture sensor integrated with Arduino offers an efficient solution for monitoring and managing soil moisture levels in various applications such as agriculture, gardening, and environmental monitoring. Through this project, we've successfully demonstrated how to build a simple yet effective system that provides real- time data on soil moisture levels. By interfacing the sensor with Arduino, we can collect, process, and visualize the data, enabling timely irrigation or other necessary actions to maintain optimal soil conditions for plant growth. This project not only enhances our understanding of Arduino programming and sensor interfacing but also highlights the importance of soil moisture management in ensuring healthy plant growth and efficient water usage. Further improvements could include wireless communication for remote monitoring, integration with automated irrigation systems, or data logging for long-term analysis. Overall, this project serves as a foundation for developing more advanced and customizable soil moisture monitoring solutions. Department of CSE (SKIT) 13