Social Science 4 - Lesson 1: What is Philosophy PDF

SOCIAL SCIENCE 4 12 HUMSS 3A BRILLIANCE LESSON 1: WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? MS. DELA PEÑA WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? ❖ Philosophos (lovers of wisdom) ❖ Comes from a greek words They believed th...

SOCIAL SCIENCE 4 12 HUMSS 3A BRILLIANCE LESSON 1: WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? MS. DELA PEÑA WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? ❖ Philosophos (lovers of wisdom) ❖ Comes from a greek words They believed that teaching is more Philos (love) and sophia (wisdom) than training people to win Love for wisdom arguments. ❖ Applied to SCIENCE Arguments and discussions must be Uses human reason to INVESTIGATE based on sound reasoning. the ultimate causes, reasons, and ❖ Belief principles which govern all things. “Man need not know all things in the world, but one must continue to WHERE DID IT ORIGINATE FROM? inquire and seek to understand and - Ancient Greece around the 6th century learn about the human condition. BCE. ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHERS WESTERN PHILOSOPHY THALES (624 BCE TO 546 BCE) ❖ Uncovering truth through systematic Water = the ultimate composition of all argumentation and theory things ❖ Give emphasis on reason rather than faith All things take nourishments ❖ For a Greek to be called wise – must know Heat as being generated and maintained by lots of things from various learnings. the amount of moisture in an object ❖ Love for learnings (Most notable characteristics of Greek) ANAXIMANDER (610 BCE TO 546 BCE) ❖ The pre-socratics = first philosophers Student of Thales ❖ Thales All things are created and emerged from an considered the father of western indefinite and boundless realms called philosophy apeiron (no boundaries) Earliest philosopher to inquire about ANAXIMENES (586 TO 528 BCE) the world Young associate of Anaximander Explain the composition of things Followed Thales’ view of matter being and the changes in the physical created from a single element reality Believed that air makes up all things ❖ Sophists Different elements and substances are They were teachers who traveled merely phases of air. throughout Greece and taught people Air as the source of life who wished to learn. PYTHAGORAS Taught young people in a wide array Mathematician and Scientist of subjects: grammar, mythology, Pythagorean theorem political virtue, and rhetoric Devoted to the study of religion and Excellent public speakers philosophy Eristic = way of argumentation to win arguments HERACLITUS LOGOS (higher order plan) SOCIAL SCIENCE 4 12 HUMSS 3A BRILLIANCE LESSON 1: WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? MS. DELA PEÑA Change is permanent Formulated a formal process of analyzing “No man ever steps on the same river twice” reason by using DEDUCTIVE REASONING DEMOCRITUS Lyceum Causes of natural phenomena Theorized that all material bodies are made ARCHIMEDES up of indivisibly small “atoms” Considered as the leading scientist of the ancient times DIOGENES OF SINOPE Archimedes’ inquiries into mathematics led An advocate of simple and virtuous life to development which gives rise to the “Walk the talk” Modern Calculus Emphasis on austerity and simplicity” Credited to several inventions like the Cynicism (seeing only bad things) and Archimedes’s screw Stoicism (being calm and almost without emotion) THE VARIOUS SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT EPICURUS Life of happiness EPICUREANISM (a school of philosophy which believes that wisdom and simple living will result to a life free from fear and pain) SOCRATES Made contributions to the field of ethics Not wiser but only a “midwife” Live a life virtue SOCRATIC METHOD PLATO His teaching and writings were considered the foundation of Western Philosophy “Theory of forms” (Idealism) Dialect of method of inquiry Academy ARISTOTLE Disagree with Plato’s theory of forms in interpreting reality All ideas and views are based on perceptions and our reality is based on what we can sense and perceive. SOCIAL SCIENCE 4 12 HUMSS 3A BRILLIANCE LESSON 1: WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? MS. DELA PEÑA EASTERN PHILOSOPHY Consists of schools of thought which are often closely tied with religious belief Often described as “wisdom” literature, where stories, sayings, and texts encourage people to adopt an ethical and harmonious way of life. Emphasis on social relations Family and community are considered a central aspect of life To achieve a balanced life and fine one’s role in society Classified according to theistic and nontheistic philosophies SOCIAL SCIENCE 4 12 HUMSS 3A BRILLIANCE LESSON 1: WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? MS. DELA PEÑA HOW DO WE CHARACTERIZE THE STUDY OF PHILOSOPHY?4 A way of analyzing frameworks An examination of particular area of knowledge A WAY OF ANALYZING FRAMEWORKS Framework - defined as a way of thinking about the world and is composed of the views and beliefs of a person. 1. Internal Questions - questions dealing SOCIAL SCIENCE 4 12 HUMSS 3A BRILLIANCE LESSON 1: WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? MS. DELA PEÑA with our own correctness and values. 2. External Questions - Seek to question the very frameworks upon which people base their own beliefs and views. AN EXAMINATION OF PARTICULAR AREA OF KNOWLEDGE Examination and Questioning - the central principle of Philosophy goes hand in hand with other disciplines. SEVERAL BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON - Looks into the nature of a man AESTHETICS - Philosophy that deals with beauty and what make things beautiful LOGIC - Deals with correct reasoning EPISTEMOLOGY - Discusses the nature knowledge and knowing ETHICS - Deals with moral questions and dilemmas POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY - Studies government and deals with questions of justice, power, and the rights and obligations of citizens METAPHYSICS - Deals with questions regarding reality and existence TWO IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT PHILOSOPHIZING: - Philosophy is reflective and meditative activity - Philosophy is a way of exercising critical thinking.