Social Problems PDF

## Social Problems ### Definitions - **Social problem:** A social condition that disrupts or damages society, such as crime, racism, etc. - **Juvenile delinquency:** The violation of a law committed by a person prior to their 18th birthday, which would have been a crime if committed by an adult....

## Social Problems ### Definitions - **Social problem:** A social condition that disrupts or damages society, such as crime, racism, etc. - **Juvenile delinquency:** The violation of a law committed by a person prior to their 18th birthday, which would have been a crime if committed by an adult. - **Overpopulation:** The human population exceeding the carrying capacity of the ecological setting. In overpopulated environments, the number of people may exceed the available resources for survival, such as transport, water, shelter, food, or social amenities. - **Child Labour:** Work that is mentally, physically, socially, or morally dangerous and harmful to children, interfering with their schooling by depriving them of the opportunity to attend school, obliging them to leave school prematurely, or requiring them to combine school attendance with excessively long and heavy work. - **Poverty:** A condition in which individuals or groups are unable to maintain a minimum standard of living, measured in terms of basic needs such as food, clothing, shelter, and access to essential services. - **Social disability:** Non-medical impairments that limit employability when combined with a medical disability. ### Juvenile Delinquency #### Causes - **Family environment:** Dysfunctional families, domestic violence, neglect, poor parenting practices, lack of supervision, and emotional availability. - **Economic factors:** Poverty and lack of economic opportunities. - **Peer influence:** Highly susceptible to peer pressure and influence. - **Educational challenges:** Negative school environments and school failure, lack of engagement. - **Substance abuse:** Drug and alcohol usage, impaired judgment, drive to fund substance use. - **Psychological factors:** Mental health issues, ADHD, BPD, trauma-related disorders. #### Effects - **Criminal record** - **Psychological consequences** - **Educational disruption** - **Emotional and financial strain** - **Family relationship** - **Increased crime rates** - **Strain on the justice system** #### Remedies/Solutions - **Family Support and Counseling:** Parental education programs, family counseling. - **Extracurricular activities** - **Youth Development Programs** - **Job training and employment** - **Rehabilitation over punishment** - **Accessible counseling** - **Substance abuse programs** ### Overpopulation #### Causes - **Decline in mortality rates:** Advancements in medicine. - **High birth rates:** Lack of family planning. - **Lack of education:** Insufficient Reproductive Health knowledge - **Economic factors:** Children as economic assets, labor needs. - **Poverty and Inequality:** Limited access to resources. #### Effects - **Environmental degradation** - **Unemployment and underemployment** - **Inflation** - **Widening income gap** - **Resource depletion (food + water + land)** - **Increased carbon emissions.** #### Remedies/Solutions - **Promote family planning and reproductive health** - **Education and empowerment** - **Expand access to health care** - **Sustainable resource management** - **Economic development and poverty alleviation** - **Urbanization and infrastructure planning** - **Government policies:** - National Family Planning Program (1952): Contraceptive distribution. - "Hum Do, Hamare Do" campaign. - "Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao". - National Health Mission (NHM): ASHAS (Accredited Social Health Activists). - National Population Policy 2000. ### Child Labour #### Causes - **Poverty:** Economic hardship, limited financial resources. - **Lack of access to quality education** - **Economic exploitation:** Cheap labor demand. - **Family structure and orphanhood** - **Lack of awareness** - **Weak enforcement of child labor laws** #### Effects - **Physical health problems:** Chronic illness, malnutrition. - **Educational setbacks** - **Psychological and emotional impact:** Trauma, abuse, stress, and anxiety. - **Social isolation** - **Cycle of poverty** - **Limited future opportunities** #### Remedies/Solutions - **Right to Education Act (RTE) (2009)** - **Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)** - **Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 (amended in 2016)** - **Mid-day meal scheme** - **Integrated child protection scheme (ICPS)** - **Recreational centers** - **Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao** ## Poverty #### Causes - **Unemployment and underemployment** - **Economic recession:** Job losses, inflation, etc. - **Limited educational opportunities** - **Health issues:** Chronic illnesses, health care crisis, pandemics. - **High population growth** - **Environmental factors:** Natural disasters. - **Infrastructure deficiencies** #### Effects - **Health issues:** Increased disease vulnerability, malnutrition. - **Limited access to education** - **Limited employment opportunities** - **Economic and social inequality** - **Mental and emotional impact** - **Increased crime rates** - **Exploitation and child labor** - **Homelessness and access to health care** #### Remedies/Solutions - **Economic policies:** - Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana. - Startup and MSME support. - **Healthcare access:** - Ayushman Bharat - Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana. - Nutrition programs. - **Empowerment initiatives:** - Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao. - Self-help groups (SHGs). - Maternity benefits. - **Education and literacy programs:** - Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009. - Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA). - Scholarships and support programs. - **Infrastructure development:** - Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (housing). - Electrification and sanitation (Saubhagya scheme and Swach Bharat mission). - **Collaboration with NGOs and international agencies**