Social Psychology Themes PDF

Theme 1 - Emotions **Definition:** emotions are how we respond to certain situations, we get psychological responses from emotions **Emotion theories** Two-factor theory of emotion - - - James Lange Theory - - - Cannon-Bard Theory - - Schachter-Singer Theory - - -...

Theme 1 - Emotions **Definition:** emotions are how we respond to certain situations, we get psychological responses from emotions **Emotion theories** Two-factor theory of emotion - - - James Lange Theory - - - Cannon-Bard Theory - - Schachter-Singer Theory - - - - - - - **Is it possible to misinterpret emotions?** - - - Excitation Transfer - - - **How to label emotions?** - - - - - - - Theme 2 - Obstacle **What is the bystander effect?** - - - - Steps to providing help: 1. - - 2. - - - 3. - 4. - 5. - **Why do people help?** - - - - **Which situational factors have an effect on helping behaviour?** - - **How is helping behaviour influenced by others?** - - - - **Which features of the 'helper' and of the person in need affect the chance of (not) giving help?** - - - - Theme 3 - Conformity and Obedience **Conformity**: tendency of people to change their perceptions, opinions, and behaviour in ways that are consistent with social or group norms **Why do people conform?** - - **When do people conform?** Private conformity (true acceptance/conversion) - Public conformity (compliance) - Group size - - Gender differences - - Minority influence - Culture - Task difficulty - When not conform? - - **Conformity vs Obedience** A person changes behaviour vs follows orders from an authority figure Milgram experience - - - - - Power (capacity to influence others) - - - - - - Agentic state - unquestioning obedience Social Influence: process whereby attitudes and behaviour are influenced by the real or implied presence of other people Social Impact Theory - - - - Theme 4 - Persuasion **How are we persuaded or convinced?** There are two main ways: - - **How does persuasion work?** The Source - - - - - - The Message - - - - - - - - - - - The Audience - - - - - - - - Persuasion Techniques - - - **What is the connection between our actions and our thoughts?** Cognitive Dissonance Theory - - - - - - **What can change our opinions?** - - - - - **Can rewards influence your attitude/opinion?​ How?** - - - - Theme 5 - The individual within the group **Part A:** **What is the impact on the individual accomplishment when others are present?** - - - - - **When does your accomplishment improve or worsen when other people are present? (Are there any differences between men and women/cultures in this?)** - 1. 2. 3. - - - - - - - - - - **Part B:** **Why do people behave differently in a crowd or when they are in costume?** - - - - - - - - **What circumstances will cause them to behave differently?** - - - 1. 2. 3. - - - - - - - - - **What determines how people will behave in a crowd or when they are dressed up?** - - - **How could you investigate whether people either behave differently in a group or when they are dressed up?** **Will people always behave worse in situations like those described in the problem?** Which of the options above is not mentioned as a cause of social loafing in the Latané article? A. B. C. D. Correct option: C What is the primary effect of being in a group, according to Latane's Social Impact Theory? A. B. C. D. Correct Answer: B Theme 6 - The other **Attribution Theories** Attribution theory (Heider): motivated to understand others well enough to manage our social lives, we observe, analyse and explain their behaviour - - - Jones's Correspondent Inference Theory - - - - - - - Kelley's Covariation Theory - - - - - - - - - Theory of Naive psychologist **Attribution Biases - how do people analyse behaviour** Daniel Kahneman - the human mind operates by two different systems of thought - - Cognitive Heuristics Kahneman: social judgments are made using cognitive heuristics - information-processing rules of thumb that enable us to think in ways that are quick and easy but often lead to error - - - - Counterfactual Thinking - - - - - - - The Fundamental Attribution Error - - - - - - - **Culture and Attribution** Cultures shape in subtle but profound ways the kinds of attributions we make about people and their behaviour Culture and Fundamental Attribution Error - - - Focal Objects and Backgrounds - **Motivational Biases** - - - Illusory correlation - Actor-observer effect - **Confirmation Biases** - **Perseverance of Beliefs** belief perseverance: the tendency to retain one's initial beliefs even after they have been discredited - **Confirmatory Hypothesis Testing** Thinking someone has a certain trait, they engage in a one-sided search for information. In doing so, they create a reality that ultimately supports their beliefs. - We often resist changing our negative but mistaken impressions of others more than our positive but mistaken impressions - **The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy** - - - - The rejection Prophecy 1. 2. 3. - **Social Perception** There are two radically different views of social perception - - **Stereotypes, Prejudice and Discrimination** **Defining Our Terms** racism: prejudice and discrimination based on a person's racial background or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one racial group over another sexism: prejudice and discrimination based on a person's gender or as institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one gender over another stereotypes: beliefs or associations that link whole groups of people with certain traits or characteristics prejudice: negative feelings about others because of their connection to a social group discrimination: behaviours, especially negative, directed against people because of their membership in a particular group **Social Categories and Intergroup Conflict** social categorisation: the classification of people into groups on the basis of common attributes - - Ingroups vs Outgroups - - - - - Dehumanizing Outgroups - - Reduced Empathy for Outgroup Members - Fundamental Motives Between Groups - Motives Concerning Intergroup Dominance and Status - - Realistic Conflict Theory - **Social Identity Theory** theory that people favour ingroups over outgroups in order to enhance their self-esteem - **Reducing the Problem** **Intergroup Contact** Contact hypothesis - theory that direct contact between hostile groups will reduce intergroup prejudice under certain conditions Ideal conditions for contact to succeed: - - - - How does contact reduce prejudice? - - - **The Jigsaw Classroom** A cooperative learning method used to reduce racial prejudice through interaction in group efforts. **Shared Identities** The Common Ingroup Identity Model by Gaertner and Dovidio proposes that if members of different groups recategorise themselves as members of a more inclusive superordinate group, intergroup attitudes and relations can improve. **Theme 7 - Love** chairing Part A and B: ***Part C*** The Thrill of Affiliation need for affiliation: the desire to establish and maintain many rewarding interpersonal relationships, the desire to be in contact with others **What conditions lead people to seek out others?** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - The Initial Attraction - - - **What increases liking/attraction?** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - What is beauty? Certain faces are inherently more attractive on average than others Why are we blinded by beauty? - - **How do people get together?** Human beings all over the world exhibit mate-selection patterns that favour the conception, birth and survival of their offspring - and women and men employ different strategies to achieve that common goal - - Conspicuous Consumption - Assortative mating: a non-random coupling of individuals based on their resemblance to each other on one or more characteristics **Differences in men and women** Expressions of Love - - Jealousy - - **Types of Relationships - reinforcement or social exchange** Reinforcement-effect model - - Social Exchange Theory - - - - - - - - - - - - - Equity Theory - - - **Types of Relationships** Exchange and Communal Relationships - - Secure and Insecure Attachment Styles - - - - - - - Although styles of attachment are modestly stable over time, they are not fixed or set in stone. Close Relationships - - - - - - - - **What is love?** - Triangular Theory of Love - Robert Sternberg's There are eight basic subtypes of love and all can be derived from the presence or absence of three components. - - -  - **How many types of love are there?** (Hatfield) Passionate Love - - - - Companionate Love - - - - - - - - Culture, Attraction and Close Relationships - - - Sexuality - Sexual Orientation - - - - The Marital Trajectory - - Communication and Conflict - - - - - - Breaking Up -