2 Week Exam Notes - Research and Replication History PDF

**EXAM NOTES WEEK 2 RESEARCH AND REPLICATION HISTORY** **History of Social Psychology** - **Aristotle:** Society shapes human development - **Comte:** Its people who cause and are the consequence to society, they are the products and producers of social environment **1879 Wilhelm Wundt**...

**EXAM NOTES WEEK 2 RESEARCH AND REPLICATION HISTORY** **History of Social Psychology** - **Aristotle:** Society shapes human development - **Comte:** Its people who cause and are the consequence to society, they are the products and producers of social environment **1879 Wilhelm Wundt** - First Lab - Separates Psychology from Philosophy and Biology **1898 Norman Triplett** - Started Social Psychology - Wrote first paper - Founded: Social Facilitation Theory **John Dewey:** - In collectivist work, shaping society benefits the masses. **1908 McDougal:** - First Social Psychology textbook **Ross:** - Social Psychology Textbook **1920-1930 Floyd Allport** - Called the father of Social Psychology and Experimental Psychology - Focus on Individual dispositions, not society - Great Depression Research: community ties a protective factor against bad things. **Sumners:** - Criticised treatment of African Americans - Criticised IQ test Western scale on other cultures - Father of Black Psychology **1930-40s-50s Festinger** - World War 2 - Conformity, obedience and authorities studies - Experimental lab research, controlled conditions - Okay to trick participants **Skinner:** - Behaviourist - Mental States are preconditioned **Cognitive Revolution** - Against behaviourism,, we act because of what we think **Lewin** - Interactionalism perspective: behaviour and attitudes interact between a person and environment personality + social psychology - Research outside the lab ( field studies ) - Research resistance to propaganda - Worked for the government not people - *[Discovered subjective experience are more impactful than objective experiences]* - *[Government, Military and law enforement]* **1960-70s Big change In Social Psychology** **Milgram:** Prison experiments **Zimbardo:** Obedience simulation **Crisis:** - Questioning whether lab observations apply to real life. - Experiment Ethics: not treating participants ethically **1970-2000s** **Pluralism** - Lab research combined with correlation research - Allowed measurement for more variables and a better measure - Not well controlled - Field studies popular - Inclusion of diverse participants and cultures - Psychology from other cultures - Ethical standards created and adhered too - Re-focus on oppressed groups - Cultures - Informed consent - **Collectivist perspective in psychology** **SOCIAL FACILITATION** ***[The presence of others enhances performance]*** **Norman Triplett** **Aerodynamic Theories** - Suction Theory - Shelter Theory **Psychological Theories** - Hypnotism: by the wheels in front for endurance - Encouragement Theory: friends lift your spirit and performance - Brain Worry Theory: Worry if your fast enough increases performance - Automatic Theory: Body of front rider takes the physical force - Dynamogenic Theory: The presence of others arouses competitive instincts **( Social Facilitation )** **Fishing Line Kids Test:**  - Kids pulled In fish faster In social groups Vs solo **Floyd ALLPORT 1924 " SOCIAL FACILITATION"** - coined the term - the presence of others enhances performance - other people in the area influence behaviour **Bayer 1929** - Chickens eat more food around other Chickens **Chen 1937** - Ants excavate more dirt when other ants are around **PESSIN 1933** - Memorise 3 letter made up words - Alone with lights and buzzing - While another person is watching: the social group had the most errors - Control: alone and quiet: performed the best **SOCIAL INHIBITION & DRIVE THEORY** ***Reduced performance when others are around us*** **Drive theory 1** **ROBERT ZAJONC 1965** - Arousal facilitates the performance of the dominant response - Arousal (others ) inhibits the performance of non-dominant responses - We do better with people around if the task is easy and we are good at it - We do worse with people around if the task is new and difficult - Performance is impacted by environmental influences **Drive theory 2** **Michaels Et al 1982** - Looked at pool players - The novice did worse with the audience - The expert did better with the audience **Drive Theory Criticisms and Limitations** - **No objective criteria** for determining if a task is difficult or easy - If the task is hard to do for a person assumption is a difficult task - **Limited meta-analytic support** - The presence of people only accounts for 3% variance in the difference of performance of difficult or easy tasks - **Inconsistency and contradictory results** - **Dispositional Factors:** individual differences in participants are ignored and they can impact how a person performs and in front of who **Individual and Dispositional FACTORS NOT environment influence social facilitation** ***Personality impacts performance*** **UZIEL 20027** - **Individuals who are self-assured and comfortable** in social situations show enhanced performance in the presence of others, Extraverted, high self-esteem - **Individuals with negative and social inhibition**: do worse in social situations show inhibited performance in the presence of others: neurotic, socially anxious, low self-esteem: negative orientation - **Personality and social orientation are important factors that influence a task** **Replication Crisis** **John Ioannidis 2005** - Why most Published Research findings are false due to scientific practices **Daryl Bem 2011** - ESP: The ability to predict the future - Feeling the future - Experimental evidence for anomalous retroactive influences on cognitive effect **Open Science Collaborative 2015** - Few studies can be replicated 1. Replications Crisis 2. Reproducibility Crisis **Galak and Nelson 2010** - Tried to replicate 8 of Bems studies and failed **WAGENMAKER et al 2011** - Said Bem failed because he used liberal statistical analysis to make the results look more significant - Bem used different statistical methods to predict the future - Said we must change the way we examine data - Found flaws in BEM **REPLICATIONS** - Prevent false positives - Increase confidence that results in accuracy **TWO TYPES OF REPLICATIONS** - **EXACT/DIRECT** - Tries to copy the previous study with the same set of methods and conditions. - **CONCEPTUAL** - Tries to confirm previous findings with different method for test but same idea - Testing the theoretical idea behind the study - Findings become generalisable **PROBLEMS WITH REPLICATIONS** **OPEN SCIENCE COLLABORATION 2015** - Did 100 replications in 2008 - Tested BEMS ESP findings - Tested **Psychological Science BEM ESP Findings** - **[Tested Journal of Personality and Social Psychology ]** - **Tested Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition** - Direct replications - 25% could not be replicated - 47.4% effect size was different - 39%Confidence interval different **Studies only replicated once so needed to be checked again** **Reasons for Non-replication Bad Research** - **Original Data was falsified** - 'Publish or perish' - File-drawer problem - Journals only publish significant results pushes researchers to push and change or hide results. - **Small sample sizes** - Answers not representative of the population - Large samples rule out chance - Doesn't reflect the populations - **Effects are not universal** - Effects are contingent on culture or world events - Might only be true to some groups but not enduring or universal - **Quality of the replication** - Methodology not exactly followed - Small sample size - Journals sometimes leave things out - Some methods are not reported and replications guess what was done - **Data Dredging P-Hacking :** when you change or write the hypothesis after the research is conducted to make it seem right - **Conflict of interest from funding or pharma** - **Working solo without combining efforts** **Priming Theory** - phenomenon whereby exposure to one stimulus influences a response to a subsequent stimulus, without conscious guidance or intention - Michael Mosely Test - Examples - Priming older person words - Priming ideas of stereo-typical behaviour professor - Not supported by hotpack **LYNOTT et al 2014** **Measure to ensure replicability and reliability** - Methods used - Reporting and dissemination - Reproducibility - Evaluation - Incentives **Aim:** - Increase transparency - Reproducibility - Efficiency of scientific research - Increase knowledge of research methods - Enable practice of critical analysis skills - Enable practice of application skills - Use reasoning ability to explain unusual results **WAYS TO IMPROVE RESEARCH** 1. **Protecting against cognitive biases** - Self-deception - Use Blinding when testing for the researcher, data collection, participants of the research hypothesis 2. **Improve Methodological training** - Misinterpretation of P-value, null hypothesis, and effect size is common due to a lack of training - Make learning methods easy and simple 3. **Implementing independent methodology support** - Use multidisciplinary trials and teams - Committees - Conflict of interests remove 4. **Collaboration and Team Science** - Low statistical power increases false positive results - Collaboration gives high-powered designs and testing generalisability across sample populations 5. **Promoting Study pre-registration** - Improve quality - Improve transparency in reporting research - Reporting guidelines 6. **Reproducibility** - Describe method clearing so it can be replicated correctly - Provides transparency - Social Enterprise - Collaborative group work is good for the public - Creditability to scientific claims 7. **Incentives** - Positive, novel and clean results are more likely to be published - Replications not likely published - These incentives increase the likelihood of false positives being published