SOC111 Reviewer PDF

SOC111 REVIEWER Community Definitions of community: Olsen (1968): A community is a social organization that is territorially localized through which member satisfy most of their daily needs and deal with most of their common problems. Martindale (1984): A comm...

SOC111 REVIEWER Community Definitions of community: Olsen (1968): A community is a social organization that is territorially localized through which member satisfy most of their daily needs and deal with most of their common problems. Martindale (1984): A community is a process or movement towards unity in the system of social life, an ongoing movement which is never completed and finished. A community is: Elements of community Variations of community - not as broad as a - population/groups - size society of people - population density - a localized group - area/territory - occupations - shares particular - sense of - homogeneity and territories, values, interrelatedness heterogeneity or interests, sense of - sense of social culture belongingness, interactions - social and patterns of - shared common differentiation behaviors. ties or bonds - social stratification - social mobility - solidarity (Note: All of these may be considered as elements of communities as well.) Rural-Urban Continuum Communities are often divided and classified to rural and urban communities, especially according to their unique functions and other specializations. Common Characteristics of Rural and Urban Communities (Rural-Urban Continuum) Rural Communities Urban Communities - small - refers to a quality of life that is - practice agriculture, fishing, typically found in cities (Panopio forestry, mining, food - is both a process and a place gathering, etc. - covers a large and big area (needs - home of the “peasants” (may more roads and public be fisherfolks, artisan, and transportation system) other types of workers) - population density is high - low population density - low human-to-land ratio Personal note: Credits to all sources I cited. Some were copy-pasted due to time constraints. I missed the dimensions of community of Phil Barte, PhD so read it. Strictly do not disseminate without permission. – Frances Arron M. Odog  SOC111 REVIEWER - primary groups are prevalent - issues of traffic congestion, housing - relationships are intimate and shortage, pollution, and garbage personal disposal are prevalent issues - dominant socializing agents: - typically associated with cities, family and kinship groups which are made of people coming - strong mutual relationships are from different ethnic and social prevalent backgrounds, social classes, and - high sense of neighborhood, religious organizations— melting brotherhood, and sisterhood pot of diversity - political, religious, and cultural - less likely engaged in agricultural competitions are seen practice - factionalism is present among - bounded by settlement of people residents from different places - there are occasional - defined by its size, occupation, breakouts in interfamily and density, legal community status, interpersonal conflict (family vs. socioeconomic status, and cultural family, person vs. person) heterogeneity - family structure of structure is - heterogenous likely patriarchal - composed of diverse jobs and - social institutions are small and activities less dynamic (highly related to low population density) - activities of social institutions like the family, church, and education are very related. - conformity to common values is an important factor in choosing a leader - folkways, ores, gossips, and public opinion greatly influence social control - reliant on traditional and cultural heritage - homogenous - slow cultural change Note: Do read the difference of Philippine rural and urban areas as well for better grasp of Philippine context. Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft (Ferdinand Tonnies, 1887/1988) Gemeinschaft Gesellschaft - intimate community - impersonal association - closely-knitted ties - where people more likely meet - where everyone knows everyone strangers, co-workers, and else business owners - personal ties Personal note: Credits to all sources I cited. Some were copy-pasted due to time constraints. I missed the dimensions of community of Phil Barte, PhD so read it. Strictly do not disseminate without permission. – Frances Arron M. Odog  SOC111 REVIEWER - kinship connections - lifelong friendships Mechanical Solidarity and Organic Solidarity (Emile Durkheim) Note: Durkheim came up with this term because he wanted to delve on how societies manage to create social integration. Mechanical solidarity Organic solidarity - people have the same - people are social integrated by occupations and shared values the concept of diversity in labor, and beliefs attitudes, and behaviors - tolerates less diversity in behavior, thinking, or attitudes to maintain unity Mechanical solidarity is likely found in Organic solidarity is likely found in urban rural areas areas (cities) Overall note: Tonnies’ and Durkheim’s concepts are related to each other given as well that they are both proponents of structural functionalism Kinship Types of Kinship a. Consanguineal Kinship relationships are based on bloodline b. Affinal Kinship relationships are based on marriage c. Fictive Kinship relationships that are not based on bloodline and marriage d. Social Kinship relationships that are formed through social connections. e. Tertiary Affinal Kinship refers to the social existing biological Descent relationships between people in the society Descent – used to trace an individual’s ancestry Lineage – refers to the line from which descent is traced (also called as ancestry) Importance of Kinship 1. maintains unity, harmony, and cooperation among relationships 2. Identity formation 3. Cultura transmission 4. Community Personal note: Credits to all sources I cited. Some were copy-pasted due to time constraints. I missed the dimensions of community of Phil Barte, PhD so read it. Strictly do not disseminate without permission. – Frances Arron M. Odog  SOC111 REVIEWER Filipino Family Structures (still under kinship) Types of families: 1. Conjugal family– spouses and offsprings are important and marriage is given primacy 2. Consanguineal family– gives more importance on blood relatives a. Based on internal organization/membership 1. Nuclear family – composed of a husband, wife, and their children (family of orientation and procreation) 2. Extended family – composed of two or more nuclear families b. Based on descent 1. Patrilineal descent – when you affiliate a person to the relatives of their father 2. Matrilineal descent – when you affiliate a person to the relatives of their mother 3. Bilateral descent – when you affiliate a person to their parents c. Based on Residence 1. Patrilocal residence – when a newly wedded couples lives with or near the groom’s parents 2. Matrilocal residence – when a newly wedded couple resides with or near the bride’s parents 3. Bilocal residence – a concept that gives the couple the choice where to live, whether with or near the groom’s or bride’s parents 4. Neolocal residence – a concept that allows the couple to live wherever they want 5. Avunculocal residence – when a couple lives with or near the groom’s maternal uncle. d. Based on authority 1. Patriarchal family – authority is held by the oldest male, husband, or the father 2. Matriarchal family – authority is held by the mother or the mother’s kin 3. Egalitarian family – where husband and wife share equal authority in the family 4. Matricentric family – when the husband works abroad or away from home, the mother takes the dominant role Rules of Marriage In Philippine context, marriage is a special contract of permanent union between a man and a woman entered into in accordance with the law for the establishment of conjugal and family life. Marriage in the Philippines is permanent unless there is annulment or nullity of marriage. Legally speaking, marriage in the Philippines is only legal when the following requirements are met: Personal note: Credits to all sources I cited. Some were copy-pasted due to time constraints. I missed the dimensions of community of Phil Barte, PhD so read it. Strictly do not disseminate without permission. – Frances Arron M. Odog  SOC111 REVIEWER 1. the contracting parties has legal capacity; 2. must be male and female; 3. freely given consent between the parties in the presence of a solemnizing officer; 4. at least 18 years of age, although parental consent is required for parties aged below aged 21 years old; 5. marriage should be done before an authorized solemnizing officer (a judge or priest or mayor); 6. valid marriage license (good for 120 days), but this is no longer applicable for couples who have lived for more than five years given that there is no legal impediment to their marriage; 7. a marriage ceremony with all the parties involved and an authorized solemnizing officer; and 8. mutual declaration of both parties that they take the role of husband and wife before or in the presence of at least two witnesses that are of legal age. Forms of Marriage 1. Monogamy – a man may take only one spouse 2. Polygyny – a marriage of one man to two or more women at the same time (viewed as status of symbol; dominant in Muslim communities) 3. Polyandry – a marriage of a woman to two or more men at the same time Selection of Marriage Partners 1. Endogamy – prescribes that one should marry a partner that is a member of the same clan or ethnic group 2. Exogamy – prescribes that one should marry outside one’s clan or ethnic group Levirate norm prescribes that a widow marries the brother or nearest kin of the deceased husband. Sororate norm prescribes that a widower marries the sister or nearest kin of the deceased wife. Religious practice Religion comes from the Latin word religare, which means “to bind together”. Elements of religion 1. Beliefs include values, teachings, and ideas that are commonly shared by religionists 2. The sacred and the profane (Durkheim) sacred refers to the supernatural and the beliefs about the sacred entities the sacred evokes feelings of reverence, awe, happiness, joy, sorrow, fear and ecstasy the profane refers to forms of irreverence for sacred things such as greed, selfishness, and adultery Personal note: Credits to all sources I cited. Some were copy-pasted due to time constraints. I missed the dimensions of community of Phil Barte, PhD so read it. Strictly do not disseminate without permission. – Frances Arron M. Odog  SOC111 REVIEWER 3. Rituals and ceremonies rituals are repetitive sets of actions that are performed in ceremonies rituals may be in the forms of prayer, chants, songs, dances, and food offerings. ceremonies are occasional religious activities performed and conducted by religionists ceremonies involve different rituals 4. Moral community refers to the community of believers of a certain religion who share common values and beliefs. According to Sapir: 1. Religion gives meaning and purpose to certain beliefs and provides people with a perspective for looking at the world. 2. Religion integrates and maintains the fundamental values from the ultimate values of the Supreme Being to the subordinate, material, and practical values. 3. Religion allays the fears and anxieties of individuals by reassuring them of the care and protection of their deity. 4. Religion has an integrative function and is a means of social cohesion or group solidarity. 5. Religion performs welfare, education, and recreation functions. 6. Religion serves as a means of social control. 7. Religion legitimizes the foundation of the society’s culture and integrates the value system of society. Other beliefs/practices/frameworks 1. The concept of separation of church and state 2. Fold Catholicism or Folk Protestantism refers to beliefs and practices of indigenous origin that are woven into Christian practices. refers to, for example, people who have been converted to Christianity who continue to believe in traditional spirits. 3. Split-Level Christianity a situation described by Fr. Bulatao where two or more thoughts and behavioral systems, which are inconsistent with each other, coexist within the same person. 4. The Occult: Magic and faith healing (etymology of occult: occultus – mysterious things and practices related to supernatural forces beyond the five senses) practice of magic in some barrios examples: manghuhula and faith healers Personal note: Credits to all sources I cited. Some were copy-pasted due to time constraints. I missed the dimensions of community of Phil Barte, PhD so read it. Strictly do not disseminate without permission. – Frances Arron M. Odog  SOC111 REVIEWER Migrations Migration is the movement of people for permanent residency. There are push and pull factors as to why people migrate such as lack of jobs and economic opportunities, respectively. Reasons for Migration: 1. Economic: Seeking better job opportunities or improved living standards. 2. Political/Social: Escape from discrimination, persecution, or war. 3. Psychological/Religious: Desire for better life conditions or religious freedom. 4. Educational/Medical: Access to better education or healthcare. Push and Pull Factors: Push Factors: Unfavorable conditions like natural disasters, political unrest, or poverty. Pull Factors: Attractive conditions like job opportunities, peace, political freedom, and better living conditions. Types of Migration: 1. Internal Migration: Movement within a country. 2. External Migration: Movement from one country to another, often for permanent settlement. 3. Immigration (alam niyo na ito) 4. Emigration (alam niyo na ito) Educational Institutions Education structure comes in two forms: formal and non-formal education Formal Education Non-formal education (mainly administered by the government) (administered by social organizations, private companies, government offices, and other institutions) - synonymous with school - happens through interaction - sets definite objectives and goals - consists of sets of definite - achieved in these stages: pre- learning goals and objectives school, elementary, secondary, - has a more flexible curriculum and tertiary education - not covered by traditional school system - runs in short durations - focuses on teaching students a specific skill Personal note: Credits to all sources I cited. Some were copy-pasted due to time constraints. I missed the dimensions of community of Phil Barte, PhD so read it. Strictly do not disseminate without permission. – Frances Arron M. Odog  SOC111 REVIEWER Functions of Education 1. To transmit the cultural heritage 2. To help individuals select social roles and to train them for the roles they have chosen. 3. To integrate into the cultural mainstream the various subcultures and identities. 4. To serve as source of social and cultural innovation. Key issues in the Philippine Education 1. Quality of education 2. Accessibility of education 3. Government budget for education 4. Mismatch (Note: These are self-explanatory concepts) Employment Opportunities Economy refers to the structuring and functioning of the development and utilization of human and natural resources in the production processing distribution and consumption of material goods and services (Panopio et al., Sociology of the Economy Components of the sociology of the economy are: 1. Property – may be private and public, with the former being free from direct state control while the latter is subject to the control of the state 2. Technology – is composed of knowledge, skills, and attitudes important in converting available resources into object people need or want 3. Division of labor – arrangement of functions performed by the individuals in a group 4. Organization of work – concerned with the application of sociological principles to the study of economic structure Types of economic system 1. Socialism – is a political framework, ideology, and movement that promotes collective ownership of the means of production and distribution of goods. 2. Communism – is a political and economic system that promotes total public ownership of means of production and distribution of goods. 3. Capitalism – a political and economic system that promotes private ownership of means of production and distribution of goods. Types of capitalism: 1. Laissez-faire capitalism – advocates for a free market and oppose government intervention in the economy Personal note: Credits to all sources I cited. Some were copy-pasted due to time constraints. I missed the dimensions of community of Phil Barte, PhD so read it. Strictly do not disseminate without permission. – Frances Arron M. Odog  SOC111 REVIEWER 2. Regulated capitalism – advocates for poicy-oriented economic activities 3. State capitalism – advocates for the government’s ownership and control over resources. 4. Corporate capitalism – advocates for the existence and dominance of corporations in the economic Convergence of Capitalism and Socialism 1. Mixed Economies – combines private and public ownership; balances freedom and government regulations 2. Social Democracy – balances government regulations with personal freedoms; focuses on public services and market forces 3. State-led Capitalism – involves government guidance and regulation of the market economy; highlights the role of state-owned enterprises in development Functions of the economy 1. provides physical subsistence necessary for group survival in a society; 2. generates social changes for the continuity of society; 3. maintains a balance with the other social system and its social subsystem in the production processing distribution and consumption of economic goods and services; and 4. indicates the nature of social stratification in the society social class and mobility differences. Social Class and Inequality to Access to Healthcare Social Class - refers to a status or position in a society - refers to the grouping of individuals in a stratified hierarchy based on wealth, income, education, occupation, and social network - reflects disparities in access to resources like healthcare, education, and power Philippine’s social class structure (per PIDS) 1. Low-income class Income - Php 10,957 to Php 21,914 per month Population - 38.4% (low-income class) and 16.7% (poorest of the poor) (PSA) Occupations – informal workers, laborers, low-wage employees Characteristics – limited access to education, healthcare, and stable employment, financial insecurity, and high poverty rates are prevalent 2. Middle-income class Income – Php 43,828 to Php 76,666 per month Population – 43.5% of Filipinos Personal note: Credits to all sources I cited. Some were copy-pasted due to time constraints. I missed the dimensions of community of Phil Barte, PhD so read it. Strictly do not disseminate without permission. – Frances Arron M. Odog  SOC111 REVIEWER Occupation – professionals, skilled workers, entrepreneurs, and small business owners Characteristics – more stable finances, better education opportunities, access to essential services 3. High-income class Income – Php 131,483 to Php 219,140 per month (PIDS) Population – 1.4% of Filipinos Occupations – business tycoons, high-ranking politicians, and elite professionals Characteristics – access to exclusive education, luxurious lifestyles, significant societal influence Inequality of Access to Philippines Rural Health and Nutrition - People living in those areas died due to respiratory, gastrointestinal, and communicable diseases; there is an alarming incidence of malnutrition despite the increase in food production. - Low food consumption and the consequent malnutrition in the rural areas are linked to poverty - There are estimated 5.7 million rural people nutritionally-at-risk. The nutritionally-at-risk rural households are those of the hunters, loggers, the small-subsistence or hired fisherfolk, and the seasonally hired farm workers - Health services are concentrated in the cities rather than the rural areas. - They have greater trust on the faith healers and herbal medicine rather than the medical practitioners and their prescribed medicines. Authority and Philippine Politics Philippine Government Structure (1987 Philippine Constitution) Executive Branch Legislative Branch Judiciary Branch (executes/implements (legislates laws and (adjudicates cases and laws and policies) policies) interprets laws) - President - Senators (Senate) - Chief of Justice - Vice President - Congresspersons (1) - Cabinet (House of - Associate Secretaries (e.g., Representatives) Justices (14) DepEd secretary, - Judges/Attorneys DOH secretary, etc.) - Supreme Court - Local Government - Office of the Heads (Governors, Solicitor General Personal note: Credits to all sources I cited. Some were copy-pasted due to time constraints. I missed the dimensions of community of Phil Barte, PhD so read it. Strictly do not disseminate without permission. – Frances Arron M. Odog  SOC111 REVIEWER Mayors, and - Office of the Captains) Ombudsman - Court of Appeals - Court of Tax Appeals - Sandiganbayan - Regional Trial Courts - Municipal Trial Courts - Shari’a Courts What is a revolution? Revolution is basically the overthrow of the existing government together with the economic system. Common grounds for revolution: 1. Rising expectations (demands for better life, freedom, and other rights are heightened) 2. Unresponsive government (self-explanatory) 3. Establishment of a new legitimacy (happens when corruption and abuse of power) Sources: - Raymundo and Panopio (2004). Sociology Focus on the Philippines. - Henslin (2012). Essentials of Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach, 10th edition. – - Class reports Personal note: Credits to all sources I cited. Some were copy-pasted due to time constraints. I missed the dimensions of community of Phil Barte, PhD so read it. Strictly do not disseminate without permission. – Frances Arron M. Odog