Soc.-Scie Midterm Chapter 4 PDF

A WORLD OF IDEAS CHAPTER FOUR WORDS TO GO BY 1. GLOBAL MEDIA – Corporation or entities globally engaged in media production and/or distribution. 2. IMAGINED COMMUNITY – a community formed by like-minded individuals bound by common interests, shared aspirations, collective identity and the like. 3....

A WORLD OF IDEAS CHAPTER FOUR WORDS TO GO BY 1. GLOBAL MEDIA – Corporation or entities globally engaged in media production and/or distribution. 2. IMAGINED COMMUNITY – a community formed by like-minded individuals bound by common interests, shared aspirations, collective identity and the like. 3. DIGITAL DIVIDE – gap in technological skills between those who have ready access to computers and other digital devices; and those who do not. WORDS TO GO BY 3. DIGITAL DIVIDE – gap in technological skills between those who have ready access to computers and other digital devices; and those who do not. GENDER DIVIDE SOCIAL DIVIDE UNIVERSAL ACCESS DIVIDE ADDITIONAL KEY POINTS Access Divide: This aspect refers to the gap in physical access to ICT infrastructure such as computers, smartphones, internet connectivity (broadband), and other digital technologies. It can be influenced by factors like geographic location (urban vs. rural), income levels, and infrastructure development. ADDITIONAL KEY POINTS Usage Divide: Even if there is physical access to ICT, there might be disparities in how these technologies are used. This can be due to differences in digital literacy, education levels, language barriers, and cultural factors.. ADDITIONAL KEY POINTS Skills Divide: This dimension relates to the gap in knowledge and skills required to effectively use digital technologies. It includes competencies such as basic computer literacy, internet navigation, online safety, and more advanced skills like programming or digital marketing. ADDITIONAL KEY POINTS Empowerment Divide: Beyond access and skills, there can be differences in how individuals or communities leverage digital tools to empower themselves economically, socially, and politically. This relates to the ability to participate in the digital economy, access online services (e-government, e- health), and engage in civic activities. WHAT IS IDEA? An idea is a set of instructions for creating a new product, enhancing quality, or reducing costs. Because it is non-rival, an idea differs from a product or service. It may be utilized by several producers at the same time. As a result, unlike a product or service, an idea is not scarce. DISCOVERING PATHS Contemporary developments in technology and transportation seem to have bridged many world together into one Earth. Cultural Homogenization: It is an aspect of cultural globalization in which we tend to follow or conform to the dominant culture existing across countries. As a result, it lessen cultural diversity through popularization or diffusion of wide array of cultural symbol. DISCOVERING PATHS Who is Marshall McLuhan? o He is a Canadian philosopher whose work focuses on the effects of mass media on thought and behavior of people. o He is a notable figure who coined the term global village. Global Village is an idea that people throughout the world are interconnected through the use of media technologies. o Mc Luhan believed that the world is entering the 4th age which he referred as the electronic age. GLOBAL MEDIA AND GLOBAL INTEGRATION  WHAT IS MEDIA? It comes from the word medium which means channel, means or method. Therefore, it is a tool that reaches large audiences. Ex. Print Media and Mass Media Pieterse (2004) asserts that the only outcomes of the influence of globalization on culture are cultural differentialism, cultural convergence, and cultural hybridity.. Culture- all of a population's inherited customs, institutions, and forms of art that are passed down from generation to generation. The way of life for an entire society is how some have described culture. CROSS-CULTURAL EFFECTS ON MINORITIES IN A MULTI- CULTURAL SOCIETY Enculturation Ethnocentrism Acculturation Xenocentrism Assimilation Cultural Relativism Accommodation  Cultural differentialism - is a concept that emphasizes the diversity and distinctiveness of cultures, particularly in how they shape societies, norms, values, and behaviors. It stands in contrast to theories or perspectives that might emphasize universalism or homogeneity across cultures. ( It can’t be changed and altered. These cultures are fixed. Examples of Cultural Differentialism: Language differences between countries.(English, Filipino) Different legal systems between countries.(Monarchy, Democratic) Different religious beliefs between countries.(Hinduism, Islam, Christianity) Different gender roles in different societies.(Matriarchal, Patriachy and Egalitaria) Different cultural values and norms between countries. Advocates of cultural differentialism argue that efforts to impose one culture's values or practices on another can lead to cultural imperialism or erasure of indigenous cultures. In the context of cultural differentialism, the term "catastrophic collision“ metaphorically describes a severe clash or conflict between different cultural elements or practices. It refers to instances where diverse cultural values, norms,or traditions come into direct and detrimental conflict with each other, potentially leading to significant consequences.  Cultural convergence – because of globalization, there is a growing sameness of cultures due to increased interaction, communication, and exchange of ideas on a global scale. However, the culture of powerful and progressive countries becomes the dominant culture.  McDonald's is an excellent example of cultural convergence because it is an American fast-food chain that serves American style food at locations around the world. While many menu items are the same in all locations, such as their fries, there are slight changes to menu items to match the local culture.  Cultural hybridity – refers to the mixing and blending of elements from different cultural traditions to create new forms of cultural expression. It occurs when cultures come into contact with each other, resulting in the fusion and transformation of practices, beliefs, values, languages, and artistic forms.  Language and music are the most common examples of hybridization in the globalized world. Many African countries speak french and mix it in with their native language, creating new lexicon. US pop music mixing with South Korean music such as K- pop group, South Korean boy band BTS symbolizes cultural hybridization. GLOBAL MEDIA AND GLOBAL INTEGRATION Media drives various forms of global integration through promoting capitalist globalization ⮚Ceaseless commercials on radio and televisions ⮚Product placements in films ⮚Digital billboards ⮚Pop-up ads and broadsheet Hence, there can be no globalization without media. GLOBAL MEDIA AND GLOBAL INTEGRATION Media firms can thus be labeled collectively as some sort of glue that holds the various nations under the pro- globalization camp together. Why media firms are compared to a glue? They are building connections between the Global North and Global South, but they have an ulterior motive which is to promote the West’s version of capitalist globalization. They are urging or encouraging the developing countries to aspire or adapt Western lifestyle and culture. GLOBAL MEDIA AND GLOBAL INTEGRATION The commercial media system is the necessary transmission belt for businesses to market their wares across the world. Media firm are in fact: manufacturing consent – reveals how the upper-class manipulates and skew the news in order to persuade the masses to believe whatever suits them best. Chomsky argues that with an unequal division of wealth and power comes along with uneven distribution of stories that favor the upper- class. Although media promotes or boasts objectivity and trustworthy reports, Chomsky believed that they are only a puppet of those who are really in charge. GLOBAL MEDIA AND GLOBAL INTEGRATION The commercial media system is the necessary transmission belt for businesses to market their wares across the world. Media firm are in fact: Manufacturing content – is the process of featuring or mass producing manipulated news and information in the mainstream channels and TV shows. For example:. The biggest media firm in UK, BBC also had a pro-war slant. All major Western media channels portray North Korea as a ‘hermit kingdom’ where there is no democracy and everyday is famine, contrary to what Filipino journalist Atom Araullo has reported on his visit to its capital, Pyongyang GLOBAL MEDIA AND GLOBAL INTEGRATION Majority of these mainstream pro-globalization channels are broadcast in English – the language of the US, globalization most powerful player at this point – or a European language such as German or French. It is not an exaggeration to say that local elites are more attuned to First World media channels and Western ideas compare to the local ones. They watch what Westerners view, they speak the language of globalization, and fashioning themselves as the world cosmopolitan and global citizens. Top-tier private universities issues certifications that in teaching, English is their medium of instructions. English remains to be the favored language of elite. GLOBAL MEDIA AND GLOBAL INTEGRATION The local elite is part of the so-called “global elites” -characterized by a common education, lifestyle and habitus. They also shares much in the way of a common language, culture, and world view and adherence to capitalist globalization. Scholte observes that global elite circles tend to congregate a number of global associations: Paris-based International Chamber of Commerce UN Summits World Economic Forum Annual and spring meetings of the IMF and World Bank GLOBAL MEDIA AND GLOBAL INTEGRATION Scholte observes that global elite circles tend to congregate a number of global associations: Paris-based International Chamber of Commerce - the International Chamber of Commerce plays a significant role in facilitating global trade, promoting business-friendly policies, and fostering a rules-based international economic system. It is recognized as a leading voice for the business community worldwide. UN Summits - refer to high-level gatherings organized by the United Nations (UN) to address global issues, promote international cooperation, and develop strategies for tackling various challenges facing the world today. These summits typically bring together heads of state, government officials, representatives of international organizations, civil society groups, and sometimes private sector leaders. GLOBAL MEDIA AND GLOBAL INTEGRATION Scholte observes that global elite circles tend to congregate a number of global associations: World Economic Forum - is a Swiss-based international organization that convenes annual meetings in Davos-Klosters, Switzerland, where global leaders from business, government, academia, and civil society gather to discuss and address some of the most pressing issues facing the world. It serves as a platform for global leaders to discuss and shape the future of the global economy and society. GLOBAL MEDIA AND GLOBAL INTEGRATION Six companies, in particular, Disney, Time Warner , News Corporation, Viacom, Vivendi and Bertlesmann are estimated to own or control nearly 75% of the global media. It is not an exaggeration to say that local elites are more attuned to First World media channels and hence Western ideas than local ones. Money Heist Stranger Things Grey’s Anatomy GLOBAL MEDIA AND GLOBAL INTEGRATION Parallel to what the mainstream news channels do, Hollywood also did a good job- and still is doing a good one- in fashioning the world according to the West’s image and likeness. The availability of the internet accelerated the spread of Western cultural production. Google, Facebook and Youtube-all Western companies with a global clout– have facilitated the flowering of creative expressions, media productions and information dissemination. GLOBAL MEDIA AND GLOBAL INTEGRATION All these factors leads to a homogenized version of the globalization, a version that favors and seemingly promotes the mainstream American- European way of life. Majority of these mainstream pro-globalization channels are broadcast in English – the language of the US, globalization’s more powerful player at this point – or a European language such as German or French. GLOBAL MEDIA AND GLOBAL INTEGRATION Manifestation of digital divide in the Philippines: Lack of high-speed internet access – According to Statistics, Philippines ranked 84th out of 140 countries in terms of internet speed. High cost of digital gadgets Lack of electric power in a number of isolated regions Existence of extreme poverty Despite the country’s high number of mobile phone subscribers – pegged at 119 million, only 55% of the population have a mobile broadband subscription, and less than ten percent of the population have a broadband subscription. GLOBAL MEDIA AND GLOBAL INTEGRATION Manifestation of digital divide in the Philippines: Lack of high-speed internet access High cost of digital gadgets Lack of electric power in a number of isolated regions Existence of extreme poverty Despite the country’s high number of mobile phone subscribers – pegged at 119 million, only 55% of the population have a mobile broadband subscription, and less than ten percent of the population have a broadband subscription. DYNAMICS OF LOCAL AND GLOBAL CULTURAL PRODUCTION Globalization has also allowed local and global cultural production to intersect. Local and global entities engaged in cultural production are both partners and rivals under globalization. Covers of parodies of pop songs abound in the Third World, both complementing the Western originals and at the same time competing them for popularity. Local versions of foreign hits are very common in formerly colonial countries like the Philippines and India. Big Brother, The Voice, and Eat Bulaga Captain Barbel, Gagamboy, Darna GLOCALIZATION The continuous accommodation and assimilation by local cultures of the cultures of the world due to globalization. Glocalization is the combination of the words “globalization” and “localization”. The term is used to describe a product or service that is developed and distributed globally but is also adjusted to accommodate the user and consumer in a local market. Cars Fast food chain  CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND HOMOGENIZATION THROUGH GLOBALIZATION Due to the widespread of globalization, we tend to replace our local cultures, languages, and national identities to Western images. This is primarily driven by media entertainment based on American- European production. This phenomena leads to cultural erosion and it is the developing countries who suffer the most. Youth’s exposure to the dominant cultures through television and social media platforms, values that are highly regarded in their culture corrode and get replaced by Western notions. Beauty, sexuality, and individualism.  CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND HOMOGENIZATION THROUGH GLOBALIZATION According to The Endangered Languages Project, 40 percent of the world’s approximate 7000 languages are at risk of disappearing, and this threat to language can be link to economic globalization. EOP (English Only Policy) House Bill 5091 ( An Act to Enhance the Use of English as the Medium of Instruction in the Educational System. GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION  GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION Religion is a collection of cultural systems, beliefs systems, and world views that establishes symbols that relate humanity to spirituality and to moral values. Religion is the foundation of modern republics. It is the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a god or gods. It is also may be defined as cultural system or designated behaviors or practices even morals, prophecies, ethics, organizations that relates humanity to supernatural transcendental or spiritual elements.  GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION Globalization as a means of transporting cultural items has also paved the way for the mobilization of religious practices from the Global South to the North from the center to the peripheries and vice versa. The phenomenon has not only propelled the spread of the scope of vast religious beliefs such as Catholicism and Islam but it has also hastened the emergence of religious amalgamations. Fertility Dance Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) Members Church of God International (MCGI) Islam GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION Globalization has a great impact on religion as people and culture move across the globe, as ideas are mobilized and transported by media technology, the religious globalization will go on and on.