SM August Week 5 2024.pdf

WEEK 05: 24 - 30 AUGUST 2024 SAMACHAR MANTHAN Table of Contents Economics Reasonable restrictions: On Telegram CEO Pavel 01 The road to 2047 for Indian agriculture    3 Durov’s Arrest and Content Hosting  12 02 Time to reset the GST system    4...

WEEK 05: 24 - 30 AUGUST 2024 SAMACHAR MANTHAN Table of Contents Economics Reasonable restrictions: On Telegram CEO Pavel 01 The road to 2047 for Indian agriculture    3 Durov’s Arrest and Content Hosting  12 02 Time to reset the GST system    4 02 What is a Polygraph Test? 13 03 MUDRA 2.0 Loans 5 03 Many questions about ‘one nation, one election’    14 04 Expansion of Agricultural Infrastructure 04 Report reveals minimal use of Plea Bargaining in Courts 15 Fund (AIF) Scheme 6 05 Rajya Sabha Elections 16 05 Cabinet approves BioE3 Policy for Fostering 06 Moving the spotlight to grassroots democracy   17 High-Performance Biomanufacturing 7 International Relations Governance 01 [29th August 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: ​A Silent 01 [pib] PM-JANMAN Mission 8 democratic backlash in South Asia  18 02 What is the Unified Pension Scheme? 9 02 PM Modi presents BHISHM Cube to Ukraine 19 03 [pib] 10 Years of Jan Dhan Scheme 10 03 On the unrest in the Balochistan region 20 04 [pib] Retired Sportsperson Empowerment 04 What is the Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)? 21 Training (RESET) Program 11 05 How Canada’s policy of ‘reducing low-wage, temporary workers’ may impact Indians? 22 Polity 01 [28th August 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: ​ www.civilsdaily.com 1 Indian Society Science Tech 01 How to ensure dignity for the terminally ill?   23 01 Polaris Dawn Mission: A Private Space Endeavor 29 02 Crime, health-worker safety, and a self-examination  24 02 What is Sonoluminescence?  30 03 Simple Medical Tools of an OPD Visit 30 Enviro & Biodiversity 01 Frequent mass wasting in Tibet a History and Art & Culture cause for worry in India  26 01 Classical Language Centres ask for autonomy 32 02 Chile’s Atacama Salt Flat sinking due to Lithium Mining 27 03 Land-Based Deep Depression causing Trivia extreme floods in Gujarat 28 01 [pib] ANUBHAV AWARDS, 2024 33 2 SAMACHAR MANTHAN | WEEK 05 (AUGUST) ECONOMICS AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AND MARKETING REFORMS – ENAM, MODEL APMC ACT, ECO SURVEY RECO, ETC. The road to 2047 for Indian agriculture Explained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Agriculture and related Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) has promoted water-use issues efficiency through micro-irrigation, covering 78 lakh hect- Note4Students ares with a ₹93,068 crore allocation for 2021-26. From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : F or Risk Management: The Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Mains level : Challenges to Indian agriculture; Yojana (PMFBY) offers financial assistance for crop losses, with 49.5 crore farmers enrolled and claims totalling over Why in the News? ₹1.45 lakh crore. India’s 100th independence anniversary in 2047 is approach- F or Market Access: The Electronic National Agriculture ing, and the goal to become ‘a developed nation’ has a signif- Market (eNAM) integrates existing markets through an icant focus. electronic platform, benefiting 1.76 million farmers and recording trade worth ₹2.88 lakh crore by September 2023. F or better Farmer Support: The Pradhan Mantri Kisan Goals of Indian Agriculture by Vision 2047: Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) scheme, disbursing ₹6,000 C  omprehensive Goal: India’s centennial year of indepen- annually to farmers, has benefited over 11.8 crore farmers. dence requires a six-fold increase in per capita Gross F or enhanced Soil Health: The Soil Health Card (SHC) National Income (GNI), emphasizing the need for com- scheme aims to optimize soil nutrient use, enhancing prehensive development, especially in agriculture. productivity, with over 23 crore SHCs distributed. T rade Goal: India’s agricultural and processed food exports have gone up to more than USD 50 billion in Need for Strategic Planning 2022-23. P  opulation Growth: India’s population is projected o The Vision 2047 aims to improve the availability of to reach 1.5 billion by 2030 and 1.59 billion by 2040, nutritious foods by enhancing the processing of increasing the demand for food by approximately 2.85% fruits and vegetables, and augment the proportion annually. of value-added products in India’s export portfolio. F uture Demand: By 2047-48, food grain demand is pro- S ustainable Goal: Transforming Indian agriculture jected to range from 402 million tonnes to 437 million will hinge on adopting sustainable practices such as tonnes, requiring sustainable production exceeding precision farming, genetically modified crops, and demand by 10%-13% under the Business-As-Usual advanced irrigation techniques (e.g., drip and sprinkler scenario. systems). Way Forward: Present starking Imbalance in the Indian Economy Investment in R&D: To meet future demands sustainably, W  orkforce vs. GDP Contribution: Despite agriculture significant investments in agricultural research, infra- engaging nearly 46% of the workforce, it contributes only structure, and policy support are necessary. about 18% to the GDP, revealing a significant imbalance. B  udget Allocation: The Budget for 2024-25 includes ₹20 G rowth Disparity: While the overall GDP has grown lakh crore for targeted agricultural credit and the launch at 6.1% annually since 1991-92, agricultural GDP has of the Agriculture Accelerator Fund, highlighting a pro- lagged at 3.3%. In the last decade (2013- 2023), over- active approach to fostering agricultural innovation and all GDP growth was 5.9%, with agriculture growing at growth. 3.6%, which is insufficient for the sector’s socio-economic E  nhance Digital Infrastructure: Support and expand digi- importance. tal platforms like eNAM to improve market access, provide F uture Projections: By 2047, agriculture’s share in GDP real-time data, and facilitate better price realization for might shrink to 7%-8%, but it could still employ over 30% farmers. of the workforce, necessitating significant structural changes to avoid exacerbating the disparity. Mains PYQ: Q Give the vulnerability of inidan agriculture to vagaries Government Initiatives: of nature, discuss the need for crop insurance and bring F or Water Management: The Pradhan Mantri Krishi out the salient features of the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY). (2016) www.civilsdaily.com 3 GOODS AND SERVICES TAX (GST) Time to reset the GST system Explained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy alike. Different rates for similar items lead to complications Note4Students in compliance and classification, resulting in litigation and From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : disputes. Mains level : Taxation; Issues related to GST; o For instance, the GST on cement is 28%, while essen- tial items like milk are exempt, yet products derived from milk, such as skimmed milk powder, are taxed at Why in the News? 5%. Most states appear to be opposed to altering the current five A  nomalies in Taxation: There are notable inconsistencies primary GST rate slabs: 0%, 5%, 12%, 18%, and 28%. in the application of GST rates. For example, the taxation of medical and life insurance premiums at 18% is seen as bur- About Goods and Service Tax (GST): densome for individuals seeking financial protection against T he Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India was introduced uncertainties. by the Constitutional (One Hundred and First Amend- ment) Act of 2017. It is a unified tax system that replaced Need to simplify the current GST Slabs multiple indirect taxes levied by both the Central and State R  ationalization Proposal: There is a growing consensus Governments. among industry experts and some government officials U  nder GST, the Central (CGST) and state government that the GST structure should be simplified to a maximum (SGST) share the authority to levy and collect tax- of three slabs. es on goods and services. In the case of Inter-state o This would not only streamline compliance but also transactions, Integrated GST (IGST) is applicable. reduce the administrative burden on businesses and the government alike. Essential Features of GST E  conomic Stimulus: Simplifying GST rates could potentially M  ultiple Tax Levels: India’s GST system has multiple tax stimulate economic activity by lowering indirect tax bur- rates, with four primary tax rates (5%, 12%, 18%, and dens, encouraging consumption, and ultimately leading 28%). Additionally, there is a “zero rate” for certain essen- to higher tax revenues. tial goods and services (e.g. exports).  ne Nation, One Tax: GST is based on the principles of O value-added tax and applies to the supply of goods and Why are states resisting? services across the nation. It brings uniformity in the tax F ear of Revenue Loss: Many states are apprehensive about structure across India, eliminating the cascading effect of the implications of changing the GST structure, fearing taxes. that it might lead to a decrease in their revenue streams.  estination-Based Tax: This means that the revenue D P  olitical Considerations: The political landscape also plays generated from GST is collected by the state where the a role in the resistance to change. With upcoming elections goods or services are consumed, rather than where they and the need to maintain fiscal health, state governments are produced. may prioritize short-term revenue stability over long-term structural reforms.  liminating Cascading Effect: Under the Indian GST sys- E tem, businesses can claim input tax credit for the GST they paid on their purchases. This ensures that taxes are levied Way forward: only on the value added at each stage of the supply chain. P  hased Implementation: Start by introducing pilot  ector-specific Exemptions: Certain sectors, such as S programs in select states or sectors to test the impact of healthcare, education, and basic necessities like food GST simplification. This approach can help address specific grains, are either exempted from GST or have reduced tax concerns and refine the model before a nationwide rollout. rates to ensure affordability and accessibility. R  evenue Protection Schemes: Develop robust mechanisms  hreshold Exemption: Small businesses with a T to compensate states for any potential revenue losses turnover below a specified threshold (currently, it is 20 during the transition. This could involve a formula-based lakhs: supplier of both goods & services and 40 lakhs: for compensation fund or a temporary revenue guarantee. supplier of goods (Intra–State) in India) are exempt from GST. Mains PYQ: Q Explain the rationale behind the Goods and Services Tax Present Challenges in GST Rates (Compensation to States) Act of 2017. How has COVID-19 C  omplexity and Confusion: The existence of multiple impacted the GST compensation fund and created new GST slabs creates confusion for businesses and consumers federal tensions? (2020) 4 SAMACHAR MANTHAN | WEEK 05 (AUGUST) MICROFINANCE STORY OF INDIA MUDRA 2.0 Loans Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy from 3.61% in FY21 to 2.1% in FY24, showing better loan Note4Students management. From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : Prelims level : MUDRA 2.0 Challenges Faced by MUDRA 1.0 U  nequal Loan Distribution: In 2021-22, the top 10 districts Why in the News? received Rs 26,000 crore, about the same as the bot- The Union Budget 2024 has sought to increase the loan limit tom 318 districts, showing uneven credit distribution. under the MUDRA scheme signifying the potential launch H igh NPAs in Early Categories: The Shishu (loans up to of MUDRA 2.0. Rs 50,000) and Kishore (loans between Rs 50,001 and Rs 5 lakh) categories had NPAs above 4% from FY20 to FY22 due to a lack of business skills among early-stage What is MUDRA 1.0? entrepreneurs. L ow Financial Literacy: Only 27% of the population is Details financially literate, leading to poor loan management and higher defaults. P radhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY) M onitoring and Credit Appraisal Issues: Increased lending Launch L aunched in 2015. led to challenges in maintaining quality credit appraisal To extend affordable credit to micro and processes and monitoring, resulting in some misuse of small enterprises, bringing them into the funds. Purpose formal financial system and funding the unfunded. What is MUDRA 2.0? Public Sector Banks (PSU Banks), Regional M  UDRA 2.0 is the proposed next phase of the scheme, Rural Banks, Cooperative Banks, Private aiming to expand and enhance support for micro-entrepre- Loan Provid- Sector Banks, Foreign Banks, Micro Finance neurs, especially in underserved regions. ers Institutions (MFI), and Non-Banking Finance F eatures of MUDRA 2.0: Companies (NBFC). o Expanded Outreach: Establish new centers in rural and Indian citizens with a business plan for non- semi-urban areas to provide financial literacy, mentor- farm sector income-generating activities ship, and business support. Eligibility in manufacturing, processing, trading, or o Enhanced Financial Literacy: Launch nationwide services, requiring less than ₹10 lakh. programs covering budgeting, savings, credit man- Shishu: Loans up to ₹50,000. agement, and digital literacy to help entrepreneurs Kishor: Loans above ₹50,000 and up to ₹5 manage their finances better. Types of Loans lakh. o Improved Credit Support: Introduce the Enhanced Tarun: Loans above ₹5 lakh and up to ₹10 Credit Guarantee Scheme (ECGS) to reduce risks for lakh. banks and encourage more lending to small enterpris- N o direct subsidy; es. L oans linked to Government schemes o Stronger Monitoring: Implement a robust monitoring Subsidy framework using data analytics to track loan disburse- providing capital subsidies are eligible under PMMY. ments, usage, and repayments in real-time, ensuring transparency and reducing misuse. Achievements of MUDRA 1.0 F inancial Inclusion: Disbursed over Rs 27.75 lakh PYQ: Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana is aimed at: crore to 47 crore small entrepreneurs, improving access to (a) Bringing the small entrepreneurs into formal financial formal credit. system. S upport for Marginalized Groups: 69% of loans went (b) Providing loans to poor farmers for cultivating to women, and 51% to SC/ST and OBC entrepreneurs, particular crops. enhancing social equity and gender equality. (c) Providing pension to old and destitute persons. J ob Creation: Helped create jobs and encouraged self-em- (d) Funding the voluntary organizations involved in ployment, especially in rural and semi-urban areas. the promotion of skill development and employment R eduction in NPAs: Reduced non-performing assets (NPAs) generation. www.civilsdaily.com 5 AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AND MARKETING REFORMS – ENAM, MODEL APMC ACT, ECO SURVEY RECO, ETC. Expansion of Agricultural Infrastructure Fund (AIF) Scheme Schemes | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Agriculture and related Includes 24 commercial banks, 40 co- Lending Institu- issues operative banks, and NABARD among tions Note4Students others. From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : Supported by a user-friendly online Prelims level : Agricultural Infrastructure Fund (AIF) Scheme Hassle-Free Pro- portal to facilitate speedy loan sanc- cess tions. Why in the News? T he Union Cabinet has approved the expansion of the Ag- Key changes introduced: ricultural Infrastructure Fund (AIF) scheme. o It will now include financial support for Farmers’ Pro- ducers Organizations (FPOs) to enhance their financial Description security and creditworthiness. Includes financial support for Farmers’ Producers Organizations Support for FPOs About Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) Scheme: (FPOs) to improve financial securi- ty and creditworthiness. Expand the scope to cover more Details Broader Eligible Proj- types of agricultural infrastruc- ects Launch July 2020, Central Sector Scheme ture projects. Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Allows the creation of community Nodal Ministry Community Farming Welfare, Government of India farming assets to enhance pro- Assets ductivity and sustainability. Rs. 1 lakh crore, with disbursements planned until 2025-26; interest subven- Adds integrated primary and Fund Allocation secondary processing projects tion and credit guarantee assistance Integrated Processing extended till 2032-33. as eligible activities; standalone Projects secondary projects remain under To mobilize medium to long-term MoFPI schemes. debt financing for investment in viable projects relating to post-harvest man- Converges AIF with PM-KUSUM Aim Alignment with Component-A for joint develop- agement infrastructure and community farming assets, to enhance agricultural PM-KUSUM ment of agricultural infrastruc- infrastructure in India. ture and clean energy solutions. – Interest Subvention: 3% on loans Extends credit guarantee cover- up to Rs. 2 crore, with additional rate Extended Credit Guar- age to FPOs through NABSanrak- reductions for NABARD loans for PACS. antee shan, in addition to CGTMSE, to – Credit Guarantees: Under the boost investment confidence. Key Features CGTMSE scheme for loans up to Rs. 2 crore. – Fund Usage: Supports up to 25 PYQ: projects per beneficiary across different With reference to ‘National Investment and locations. Infrastructure Fund’, which of the following statements is/are correct? Farmers, Farmer Producer Organi- 1. It is an organ of NITI Aayog. zations (FPOs), Primary Agricultural 2. It has a corpus of 4,00,000 crore at present. Target Beneficia- Credit Societies (PACS), entrepreneurs, Select the correct answer using the codes given below: ries startups, Self Help Groups, Agricultur- (a) 1 only al Produce Market Committees, and (b) 2 only federations. (c) Both 1 and 2 Managed through an online MIS (d) Neither 1 nor 2 platform with national, state, and Management district level monitoring committees for real-time monitoring and feedback. 6 SAMACHAR MANTHAN | WEEK 05 (AUGUST) RENEWABLE ENERGY – WIND, TIDAL, GEOTHERMAL, ETC. Cabinet approves BioE3 Policy for Fostering High- Performance Biomanufacturing Explained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberaliza- technology, the policy aims to create various kinds of em- tion On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their ployment opportunities, addressing critical societal issues effects on Industrial Growth such as climate change, food security, and human health. Note4Students From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : Prelims level : BioE3 Policy; Present Status of Indian Bio-economy Mains level : Significance of BioE3 Policy; G  rowing Potential: The biotechnology sector is seen as a key player in addressing challenges in health, agricul- ture, environment, and energy. India has a large pool of Why in the News? young, skilled workers, with 47% of its population under The Union Cabinet has approved the ‘BioE3 (Biotechnol- the age of 25. ogy for Economy, Environment, and Employment) Pol- Investment in R&D: Despite its potential, India spends less icy’ proposed by the Department of Biotechnology to than 1% of its GDP on research, compared to countries promote advanced biomanufacturing. like Israel and South Korea, which invest over 4%. E xisting Infrastructure: The government has established 9 What is the BioE3 Policy? biotech parks and 60 bio-incubators, which support the The BioE3 (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment and growth of the biotechnology sector. Employment) Policy is a strategic initiative approved by the In- dian Cabinet to foster high-performance biomanufacturing. Challenges Ahead Aims and Objectives of the Policy: E  ducational Gaps: The current educational curriculum Innovation Support: The policy promotes research and does not adequately prepare students for industry development (R&D) and entrepreneurship in various demands, creating a skills mismatch. thematic sectors, facilitating technological advancement F unding Issues: There is a lack of venture capital funding and commercialization. due to information asymmetry regarding the biotech B iomanufacturing Hubs: It proposes the establishment industry, which hampers innovation and growth. of Biomanufacturing & Bio-AI hubs and Biofoundries to C linical Trials: India conducts a low percentage of clinical enhance India’s bioeconomy. trials compared to global standards, which is a concern F ocus Areas: The policy targets several strategic sectors, for the development of biopharmaceuticals. including high-value bio-based chemicals, biopolymers, R esearch Investment: The government currently covers smart proteins, precision biotherapeutics, climate-resil- over 60% of total R&D spending, which is very different ient agriculture, carbon capture, and marine and space from countries where the private sector contributes a research. large portion. Significance of the Policy Way forward: E  conomic Growth: It is expected to catalyze a “bio E  nhance Industry-Academia Collaboration: Encourage revolution” similar to the IT revolution, generating sub- partnerships between educational institutions and bio- stantial job opportunities in biotechnology and biosci- tech companies to align curricula with industry needs, ences. thereby reducing the skills mismatch and preparing stu- S ustainability Goals: The policy aligns with govern- dents for emerging job markets. ment initiatives for achieving a ‘Net Zero’ carbon Increase Private Sector Investment: Implement policies economy and promotes sustainable lifestyles, thereby and incentives to attract more private sector investment steering India towards accelerated green growth and a in R&D, such as tax benefits, public-private partnerships, circular bio-economy. and improved access to venture capital, to stimulate J ob Creation: By expanding the skilled workforce in bio- innovation and reduce reliance on government funding. www.civilsdaily.com 7 GOVERNANCE TRIBES IN NEWS [pib] PM-JANMAN Mission Species | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Government Scheme/ C  entral Sector and Centrally Policies Sponsored Schemes designed Note4Students to enhance socio-economic From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : conditions of PVTGs. Prelims level : PM-JANMAN Mission T he Ministry of Tribal Af- fairs through the State Governments/ UT Administration/ Why in the News? Implementation departments have undertaken The Union Ministry of Tribal Affairs is conducting an habitation level data collection Information, Education and Communication (IEC) campaign exercise through PM Gati under the PM-JANMAN Mission. Shakti mobile application to estimate PVTG population figures About Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha and infrastructure gaps under PM- JANMAN Mission. AbhiyaN (PM-JANMAN): Targets 75 PVTGs in 18 states and 1 Coverage Union Territory, focusing on health, Details education, and livelihoods. November 15, 2023, on Janjatiya Performance-based ranking of Launched on Gaurav Diwas Competitive Feder- districts; top districts and Ministries alism recognized and rewarded for out- Improve socio-economic welfare standing performance. of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Objective Groups (PVTGs) through 11 critical interventions across 9 ministries. PYQ: Bridge gaps in health, education, and What are the two major legal initiatives by the livelihoods; enhance infrastructure in State since Independence addressing discrimination Vision PVTG communities aligned with ex- against Scheduled Tribes (STs)? isting schemes from nine ministries. Consider the following statements about R  s 24,104 crore over three years Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in India: 1. P VTGs reside in 18 States and one Union Territory. R  s 15,000 crore allocated under 2. A stagnant or declining population is one of the the Development Action Plan for Total Outlay criteria for determining PVTG status. the Scheduled Tribes (DAPST) for 3. T here are 95 PVTGs officially notified in the country the housing component over so far. three years. 4. I rular and Konda Reddi tribes are included in the list of PVTGs. Which of the statements given above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 2, 3 and 4 (c) 1, 2 and 4 (d) 1, 3 and 4 8 SAMACHAR MANTHAN | WEEK 05 (AUGUST) PENSION REFORMS What is the Unified Pension Scheme? Schemes | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Government Scheme/ 18.5% of basic pay and DA, Government Contribu- Policies increased from 14% under the tion Note4Students National Pension System (NPS). From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : 10% of basic pay and DA (same Prelims level : Unified Pension Scheme (UPS) Employee Contribution as under NPS). One-tenth of the last drawn Lump Sum Payment on monthly pay (including DA) for Superannuation every 6 months of completed service, in addition to gratuity. Employees can choose between UPS and NPS starting from the Option to Choose upcoming financial year; the choice is final once made. Initially benefits 23 lakh cen- tral government employees; Beneficiaries M  ay extend to 90 lakh if ad- opted by state governments. Unlike the market-dependent NPS, UPS provides a guaranteed pension amount, a minimum Why in the News? Difference from NPS pension, increased government The Cabinet on Saturday approved the Unified Pension contribution, fixed family pen- Scheme (UPS) for 23 lakh central government employees. sion, and a lump sum payment at superannuation. About Unified Pension Scheme (UPS): Significance of the UPS F inancial Security: Guarantees a pension and family Explanation pension for stable post-retirement income. Implementation Date Effective from April 1, 2025. M  inimum Pension: Ensures at least ₹10,000 per month for retirees, supporting lower-income employees. Central government employees Inflation Protection: Indexes pensions to inflation, Eligibility with at least 10 years of service. maintaining purchasing power over time. 5  0% of average basic pay Increased Benefits: Raises government contribution to over the last 12 months prior 18.5%, enhancing employee retirement benefits. to retirement for employees F lexibility: Allows choice between UPS and NPS based on Assured Pension with 25+ years of service. personal financial needs. F amily Support: Provides 60% of the pension to the spouse P  roportionate benefits for 10- if the employee passes away. 25 years of service. E  mployee Welfare: Aligns with government goals to ₹10,000 per month for employ- improve employee welfare and post-retirement life quality. Assured Minimum ees with at least 10 years of Pension service. PYQ: 60% of the pension that the Who among the following can join the National Assured Family Pension employee was drawing before Pension System (NPS)? their death. (a) Resident Indian citizens only. P  ensions indexed to inflation; (b) Persons of age from 21 to 55 only. (c) All State Government employees joining the services D  earness Relief (DR) based on after the date of notification by the respective State Inflation Protection Governments. the All India Consumer Price Index for Industrial Workers (d) All Central Government employees including those (AICPI-IW). of Armed Forces joining the services on or after 1st April, 2004. www.civilsdaily.com 9 FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN INDIA AND ITS CHALLENGES [pib] 10 Years of Jan Dhan Scheme Prelims OnlySchemes | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Govern- PMJDY accounts are eligible for Direct ment Scheme/Policies Eligibility for Benefit Transfer (DBT), Pradhan Mantri Je- Note4Students Other Pro- evan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY), Pradhan From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : grams Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY), Prelims level : Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) and Atal Pension Yojana (APY). Why in the News? Successes of PMJDY PM Modi launched the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJ- F inancial Inclusion: PMJDY is recognized as the largest DY) on 28th August 2014. It has now completed a decade of financial inclusion initiative globally, with over 53 crore successful implementation. bank accounts opened as of August 2024. o It has facilitated access to credit for individuals with- out a formal financial history, as evidenced by the rise About PMJDY in Mudra loan sanctions at a compounded annual rate of 9.8% from FY 2019 to FY 2024. Details  ocial Empowerment: 55.6% of Jan Dhan account hold- S ers are women, and 66.6% of accounts are in rural and Banking the Unbanked: Open basic semi-urban areas, demonstrating the program’s reach savings bank deposit (BSBD) accounts with among marginalized communities. minimal paperwork, relaxed KYC, e-KYC,  eposit Growth: The total deposits in PMJDY accounts D account opening in camp mode, zero have reached Rs. 2.31 lakh crore, showing a 15-fold in- balance & zero charges. crease since August 2015. Objective Securing the Unsecured: Issue Indigenous Debit cards with free accident  igital Transaction Growth: Digital transactions under PM- D JDY have surged, with UPI financial transactions growing insurance coverage of ₹2 lakh. from 535 crore in FY 2018-19 to 13,113 crore in FY 2023- Funding the Unfunded: Provide micro- 24. insurance, overdraft, micro-pension, and micro-credit facilities.  ffective DBT Mechanism: The Jan-Dhan Aadhaar Mobile E (JAM) trinity has enabled a diversion-proof subsidy deliv- Universal Access to Banking Ser- ery mechanism, with subsidies and social benefits directly vices: Access through branches and BCs. transferred into the bank accounts of the underprivileged. Basic Savings Bank Accounts: With an  avings and Financial Discipline: The average deposit in S overdraft facility of up to ₹10,000 for every the PMJDY account has increased 4 times since August eligible adult. 2015, indicating improved saving habits among account Financial Literacy Program: Promote holders. Initial Features savings and credit usage. Insurance: Accident cover up to ₹1 lakh and life cover of ₹30,000 for accounts PYQ: opened between Aug 2014 to Jan 2015. ‘Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana’ has been Pension Scheme: For the unorganized launched for sector. (a) Providing housing loan to poor people at cheaper Creation of Credit Guarantee Fund. interest rates. Inter-operability: Through RuPay debit (b) Promoting women’s Self-Help Groups in backward card or Aadhaar-enabled Payment System areas. Key Provisions (AePS). (c) Promoting financial inclusion in the country. Fixed-point Business Correspondents. (d) Providing financial help to the marginalized Simplified KYC / e-KYC. communities. Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) is Focus Shift: From ‘Every Household’ to necessary for bringing unbanked to the institutional ‘Every Unbanked Adult’. finance fold. Do you agree with this for financial RuPay Card Insurance: Increased inclusion of the poorer section of the Indian society? Give accidental insurance cover to ₹2 lakh for arguments to justify your opinion. Extension and new accounts. New Features Overdraft Facilities Enhanced: Limit (Post-2018) doubled from ₹5,000 to ₹10,000; up to ₹2,000 without conditions. Increase in upper age limit for OD: From 60 to 65 years. 10 SAMACHAR MANTHAN | WEEK 05 (AUGUST) HIGHER EDUCATION – RUSA, NIRF, HEFA, ETC. [pib] Retired Sportsperson Empowerment Training (RESET) Program Prelims Only | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Health & Education Two levels based on educational Note4Students qualifications: Programme Levels From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : – Class 12th and above Prelims level : RESET Programme – Class 11th and below Lead institute: Lakshmibai Nation- Why in the News? Implementation al Institute of Physical Education The Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports launched the “RESET (LNIPE) Programme” to empower retired sportspersons with career Hybrid mode: Self-paced online Learning Mode skills on National Sports Day. learning and on-ground training Placement assistance, guidance for Additional Support What is RESET Programme? entrepreneurial ventures Details PYQ: Consider the following in respect of ‘National August 29, 2024 (National Sports Career Service’: Launch Date Day) 1. National Career Service is an initiative of the Nodal Ministry Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports Department of Personnel and Training, Government of India. To empower retired sportspersons 2. National Career Service has been launched in a Mission Objective with skills and knowledge for career Mode to improve the employment opportunities to development and employability uneducated youth of the country. – Retired athletes aged 20-50 years Which of the above statements is/are correct? – Winners/participants in inter- (a) 1 only national events, national/state (b) 2 only Eligibility medallists (c) Both 1 and 2 – Recognized by National Sports (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Federations/IOA/Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports www.civilsdaily.com 11 POLITY FREEDOM OF SPEECH – DEFAMATION, SEDITION, ETC. [28th August 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: ​Reasonable restrictions: On Telegram CEO Pavel Durov’s Arrest and Content Hosting | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical un- standards. derpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant M  any worry that Durov’s arrest could discourage free provisions and basic structure expression online, with critics seeing it as government overreach. PYQ Relevance: What does the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Q What do understand by the concept “freedom of (UDHR) say? speech and expression”? Does it cover hate speech also? According to Article 19 of UDHR, “Everyone has the right Why do the films in India stand on a slightly different to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes plane from other forms of expression? Discuss. (UPSC freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, IAS/2014) receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers”. Q Data security has assumed significant importance However, this free speech is not absolute and is subject to in the digitized world due to rising cyber-crimes. The certain restrictions for public order, morals and public health Justice B. N. Srikrishna Committee Report addresses is something that has been codified in the UDHR. issues related to data security. What, in your view, are the strengths and weaknesses of the Report relating What is the National Cyber Security Policy (2013)? to protection of personal data in cyber space? (UPSC It is a policy framework by the Department of Electronics IAS/2018) and Information Technology (DeitY). It aims at protecting the public and private infrastruc- Q What are the different elements of cyber security? ture from cyber-attacks. Keeping in view the challenges in cyber security, examine The policy also intends to safeguard “information, such as the extent to which India has successfully developed a personal information (of web users), financial and banking comprehensive National Cyber Security Strategy. (UPSC information and sovereign data”. IAS/2022) Mentor comment: Pavel Durov, the CEO of Telegram, was arrested at a Paris airport on August 24, 2024, amid a French What are the Implications of Pavel Durov’s Arrest investigation into alleged criminal activities facilitated by the for Global Free Speech Debates? platform, including drug trafficking and child pornography. C  oncerns raised: Edward Snowden called Durov’s arrest Although Durov himself is not accused of direct involvement “an assault on the basic human rights of speech and in these crimes, his platform’s moderation practices are under association” scrutiny for failing to adequately address illegal content, raising o Elon Musk, a vocal proponent of free speech, shared questions about the responsibilities of tech companies in the hashtag #FreePavel and warned that these are regulating user-generated content. Durov promotes Telegram “dangerous times” for free expression as a space for free speech, especially for dissidents and anti-es- B acklash from Diverse Groups: The outrage over Durov’s tablishment voices. This open approach has led to problems, arrest has come from adversaries uniting both Kremlin as the app has also been used for extremist content and illegal supporters and opponents in Russia, as well as free speech activities. Supporters, including Elon Musk, have expressed con- absolutists worldwide. cern about the implications for tech leaders facing legal issues o This unusual coalition highlights the significant role for content on their platforms. Telegram plays in Russian society as a crucial tool for organizing dissent against the government. Why in the News? L imits Free Speech: According to the Stanford Cyber After Durov’s arrest, Telegram stated it follows EU regula- Policy Center, Durov’s case seems to be a simple matter of tions and maintains moderation practices that meet industry breaking the law, as child sexual abuse material, terrorist content, and drug sales are all regulated by criminal law. 12 SAMACHAR MANTHAN | WEEK 05 (AUGUST)  Indian Scenario absolute free speech, the prevalence of illegal activities on Telegram, such as drug trafficking and child exploitation, Current Status: Telegram is not yet banned in India, but highlights the need to ensure user safety without infring- its future depends on the outcome of an ongoing investiga- ing on fundamental rights. tion. N eed for Responsible Moderation: For Telegram to main- The Indian government is investigating Telegram due to its tain its position as a free speech advocate, it must prevent alleged involvement in criminal activities, including exam the spread of harmful content while respecting users’ paper leaks (UGC-NEET paper, etc), extortion, and stock Rights to Privacy. price manipulation. L egal Accountability: If Durov is found guilty, it could set a precedent for holding tech executives accountable for the Compliance with IT Rules: Telegram has been follow- content shared on their platforms. This could lead to strict- ing India’s Information Technology (IT) Rules, which re- er regulations and increased accountability while scrutiniz- quire it to appoint compliance officers and publish monthly ing messaging apps globally. reports. F uture of Messaging Apps: The outcome of this case may Telegram’s lack of a significant physical presence in India influence how other messaging platforms operate, poten- complicates effective communication and enforcement of tially prompting them to adopt stricter content moderation regulations. policies to avoid similar legal challenges. Conclusion: The ongoing Telegram issue encapsulates Maintaining balance between Free speech and the the ongoing struggle to navigate the fine line between responsibility of Tech platforms: protecting free speech and ensuring public safety. As the legal F ree Speech vs. Responsibility: While Durov defends proceedings unfold, the implications for both Telegram and the broader tech landscape will be closely watched. RIGHT TO PRIVACY What is a Polygraph Test? Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - Heart Rate and Blood Pres- historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, sure: Monitored for changes. significant provisions and basic structure Respiratory Rate: Tracks breathing Note4Students Physiological Indi- patterns. From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : cators Galvanic Skin Response Prelims level : Polygraph Test, Judments mentioned (GSR): Measures skin’s electrical conductance, which varies with moisture levels. Sensor Connection: Attached to the chest, fingertips, and arm. Baseline Questions: Establish physiological response baselines. Procedure Control and Relevant Ques- tions: Analyzed to identify deceptive responses by comparing physiological changes. Article 20(3): Protects against self- incrimination; necessitates consent for polygraph tests. Constitutional Pro- Article 21: Concerns about visions potential violations of the right to Why in the News? life and privacy due to mental torture The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) concluded poly- aspects of polygraph tests. graph tests on the accused in the Kolkata Rape and Murder Case. Selvi vs. State of Karnataka (2010): Tests must be voluntary with Legal and Judicial informed consent. About Polygraph Tests in India Rulings D.K. Basu vs. State of West Bengal (1997): Involuntary tests could violate the Right to Life and Privacy. A procedure measures physiologi- According to the Indian Evidence cal responses like blood pressure, Admissibility in Act, 1871, results from polygraph Definition pulse, respiration, and skin con- Court tests are not admissible as evidence ductivity while a subject answers in court. questions to detect deception. www.civilsdaily.com 13  National Human Rights Commission Guidelines (1999): Establish consent Guidelines and procedural requirements for administering polygraph tests to align with human rights standards. PYQ: Right to Privacy is protected as an intrinsic part of Right to Life and Personal Liberty. Which of the following in the Constitution of India correctly and appropriately imply the above statement? (a) Article 14 and the provisions under the 42nd Amendment to the Constitution. (b) Article 17 and the Directive Principles of State Policy in Part IV. (c) Article 21 and the freedoms guaranteed in Part III. (d) Article 24 and the provisions under the 44th Amendment to the Constitution. ELECTORAL REFORMS IN INDIA Many questions about ‘one nation, one election’ Explained | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Federalism Why in the News? Note4Students In an Independence Day speech, the Prime Minister renewed From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : his push for simultaneous elections, targeting implementa- Mains level : Pros and cons related to simultaneous election; tion by the 2029 polls. Pros and Cons of Simultaneous Elections in India: Pros Cons 1. Cost Reduction: It can decrease the deployment of resources such as EVMs, security personnel, and election management teams to only one time in 5 years. 1. Constitutional Challenges: The implementation of simultaneous elections would require significant amend- 2. Continuity in Governance: Simultaneous elections can ments to the Constitution, particularly Articles 83, 85, prevent the frequent imposition of the Model Code 172, and 174, which deal with the duration of legislative of Conduct, which disrupts government development bodies. activities and decision-making processes. 2.  F ederalism Concerns: Opponents argue that simultane- ous elections could undermine the federal structure of 3. Reduced Election Fatigue: Voters, political parties, and India, marginalizing regional parties and giving domi- the administration could benefit from reduced election nance to national parties. fatigue, allowing them to focus more on governance and development. 3. Voter Disengagement: The synchronization of elections might lead to voter disengagement due to the over- 4. Uniformity in Policy Implementation: Central and state whelming nature of combined elections, where national governments can work in sync on policy implemen- issues may overshadow regional ones. tation without the hindrance of upcoming elections in various states. Key Recommendations of High-Level Committee 2. Term Synchronization: States with elections between The High-Level Committee on Simultaneous Elections, June 2024 and May 2029 would have their terms end chaired by former President Ram Nath Kovind, has made with the 18th Lok Sabha, enabling the first simultaneous several significant recommendations aimed at synchronizing elections in 2029 elections for the Lok Sabha, state assemblies, and local 3. Premature Dissolution Measures: Fresh elections only bodies in India. for the remaining term until the next simultaneous 1. Amendment to Article 82A: Allow the President to set elections in case of early dissolution of Parliament or state an ‘Appointed Date’ for starting simultaneous elec- Assembly tions to Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies 4. Synchronization of Local Body Elections: Parliament to 14 SAMACHAR MANTHAN | WEEK 05 (AUGUST)  pass legislation to align municipalities and panchayats P  ilot Implementation: Consider piloting simultaneous elections with General Elections within 100 days elections in a few states with synchronized local body 5. Single Electoral Roll: The committee advocates for elections to assess feasibility, logistical challenges, and a single electoral roll applicable to all tiers of govern- public response before scaling up to the national level by ment, which would require an amendment to Article 2029. 325. This aims to reduce redundancy and duplication in voter registration. Mains question for practice: Q Discuss the feasibility and implications of implementing 6. Logistical Arrangements: ECI to provide detailed logisti- simultaneous elections in India by 2029, as recently cal and expenditure plans for simultaneous elections in proposed by the Prime Minister. 15M coordination with SECs. Mains PYQs Way forward: ‘Simultaneous election to the Lok Sabha and the State C  onstitutional and Legal Reforms: Begin with phased Assemblies will limit the amount of time and money spent constitutional amendments and legal reforms to address in electioneering but it will reduce the government’s the challenges of synchronization while ensuring that the accountability to the people’ Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2017) federal structure and democratic principles are preserved. JUDICIAL PENDENCY Report reveals minimal use of Plea Bargaining in Courts Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Executive & Judiciary Introduced in 2006 as part Note4Students of the Criminal Law (Amend- From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : ment) Act, 2005 under Chapter Prelims level : Plea Bargaining XXI-A (Sections 265A to 265L). Limited to offences that do not attract the death sentence, life sen- Why in the News? Provision in India tence, or a term above seven years. According to a report by the Ministry of Law and Justice, Not applicable to offences only 0.11% of cases were settled through “plea bargain- affecting socio-economic conditions ing” in 2022. or committed against wom- en or children under 14. (applies only to offences punishable by up Key Findings of the Report: to seven years of imprisonment) In 2022, only 19,135 out of 1,70,52,367 cas- es (about 0.11%) in Indian courts were disposed of Only the accused can initiate through plea bargaining, indicating its minimal use. plea bargaining. D  espite legal restrictions, 119 cases of crimes against The accused must apply to women and only 4 cases under the Protection of Children the court to start the process. If from Sexual Offences Act (POCSO) were resolved through permitted, a meeting involving the plea bargaining in 2022, showing a deviation from the Procedure in India prosecutor, investigating officer, and victim (if any) is held for a intended exclusions. satisfactory case disposition. Includes possible reduced sen- What is Plea Bargaining? tences and compensation pay- ments to the victim by the accused. P  lea bargaining allows an ac- cused person to negotiate with the prosecution for a lesser punishment by pleading guilty Definition to a less serious offence. T his involves pre-trial nego- tiations on the charge or the sentence. www.civilsdaily.com 15  Speeds up trials, reduces litigation costs and ends uncertainty over case outcomes. Helps reduce prison overcrowd- ing and the number of prolonged imprisonments of undertrials. Offers a chance for offenders Benefits Offered to make a fresh start. Could improve conviction rates, as seen in the USA. Recommended by the Malimath Committee (2000) for its potential to dramatically impact conviction rates and ensure a speedy trial. PYQ: With reference to India, consider the following statements:​ 1. Judicial custody means an accused is in the custody of the concerned magistrate and such accused is locked up in police station, not in jail.​ 2. During judicial custody, the police officer in charge of the case is not allowed to interrogate the suspect without the approval of the court.​ Which of the statements given above is/are correct?​ (a) 1 only ​ (b) 2 only​ (c) Both 1 and 2 ​ (d) Neither 1 nor 2​ PARLIAMENT – SESSIONS, PROCEDURES, MOTIONS, COMMITTEES ETC Rajya Sabha Elections Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - Prelims level : Rajya Sabha Elections historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure Note4Students Why in the News? From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : Results of the latest round of Rajya Sabha elections are out. Elections to the Rajya Sabha: M  embers are elected indirectly by the elected members of the State Legislative Assem- blies and the electoral college for UTs (Delhi and Pondicherry). Election Method U  sing the proportional representation system via the Single Transferable Vote (STV) method and Open Ballot. Total Members: Up to 250 members, with 238 elected and 12 nominated by the President Composition for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. Current Strength: 245 members (233 elected, 12 nominated). Voting Requirements for Candidates must be proposed by at least 10 members of the State Assembly or 10% of the Candidates party’s strength in the Assembly. Single Transferable Vote: Voters rank candidates based on preference. Votes are Voting Process transferable if a preferred candidate is eliminated or achieves the quota. Open Ballot System: Employed to facilitate transparency in the voting process. Quota System: To win, a candidate must obtain a quota of votes calculated as [Total Votes Election Procedure / (Number of Vacancies + 1)] + 1. 16 SAMACHAR MANTHAN | WEEK 05 (AUGUST)  Legislative Powers: Can introduce and pass bills except Money Bills. Powers and Functions Special Powers: Can pass resolutions to create all-India services, make laws on state list subjects under certain conditions, and approve proclamations of emergency. 3  regular sessions each year: the Budget session, Monsoon session, and Winter session. Sessions S pecial sessions can be convened as required. A permanent body that is not subject to dissolution; Tenure O  ne-third of its members retire every two years. V  ice President of India serves as the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. Chairmanship H  ouse also elects a Deputy Chairman from among its members. Candidates must be Indian citizens, at least 30 years old, and comply with other conditions Eligibility for Membership set by the Constitution. Members can be disqualified for defection, certain criminal convictions, or if de- Disqualification Criteria clared bankrupt, among other reasons. Nominated Members: Up to 12 members can be nominated by the President. Special Features No dissolution: Unlike the Lok Sabha, the Rajya Sabha cannot be dissolved but operates as a continuous body. First Sitting: Conducted on May 13, 1952. Key Sessions and Administra- Secretary General: Acts as the chief executive officer and the administrative head of the tive Details Rajya Sabha Secretariat. PYQ: Consider the following statements: 1. T he Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha are not the members of that House. 2. W hile the nominated members of the two Houses of the Parliament have no voting right in the presidential election, they have the right to vote in the election of the Vice President. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 PANCHAYATI RAJ INSTITUTIONS: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES Moving the spotlight to grassroots democracy Explained | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - histor- Issue of Disempowerment of State Election ical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, signifi- Commissions (SECs) cant provisions and basic structure The Constitution (73rd and 74th amendments) vested SECs Note4Students with the responsibility of conducting elections to panchayats From UPSC perspective, the following things are important : and urban local governments, but in reality, SECs are increas- Prelims level : 73rd and 74th amendments; ingly disempowered by state governments. Mains level : Issue of Disempowerment of State Election Com- L egal and Administrative Challenges: SECs sometimes missions (SECs); find themselves in litigation with state governments. For instance, the Karnataka SEC has had to file contempt Why in the News? petitions against the state government for failing to The Election Commission of India (ECI) has established itself fulfill commitments related to the conduct of elections, as one of India’s most credible institutions, known for con- highlighting a lack of cooperation from state authorities. sistently conducting free, fair, and timely elections to Parlia- Inadequate Empowerment: Many SECs do not have the ment and State legislatures. However, the 34 State Election power to conduct delimitation of wards or manage the Commissions (SECs) still require significant attention and electoral rolls independently. This results in reliance on strengthening. the Election Commission of India (ECI) and state gov- ernments, which can lead to arbitrary decisions that delay elections. o Only 11 out of 34 states and UTs have empowered www.civilsdaily.com 17  SECs to conduct ward delimitation, accounting for o This could be achieved by appointing a three-mem- just 35% of India’s population. ber SEC through a committee comprising the Chief L ack of Resources: SECs are legally entitled to request Minister, Leader of Opposition, and Chief Justice of funds and assistance from state governments, but they the High Court, rather than by the State government often do not receive adequate resources, which hampers alone. their ability to conduct elections effectively. F ixed Intervals for Delimitation: The delimitation of ward P ublic Trust Erosion: The delays and challenges faced boundaries and reservations should be conducted at fixed by SECs undermine public confidence in local gover- intervals, such as every 10 years, to prevent arbitrary nance and electoral processes, leading to a perception actions by State governments that delay elections. that local elections are not as credible as those conducted T ransfer of Powers to SECs: The powers of delimitation by the ECI for national and state elections and reservation of seats for local governments should be E lection not on time: Performance audits by the CAG vested in the SECs. SECs should also handle reservations found that 70% of urban local governments in 18 states for positions like mayors and presidents to avoid delays did not have elected councils at the time of the audit due caused by State governments. to delays caused by disempowered SECs. Conclusion: Strengthening SECs through these reforms is essential to ensure timely, transparent, and credible local elec- Electoral Reforms Needed to Strengthen the Third Tier tions, thereby reinforcing grassroots democracy and public P  arity with the Election Commission of India: SECs should trust in local governance. be made as transparent and independent as the Election Commission of India. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS FOREIGN POLICY WATCH: INDIA-ASEAN [29th August 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: ​A Silent democratic backlash in South Asia | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional a caretaker government to oversee the electoral process. and Global Groupings and agreements involving India Similarly in Pakistan, the elections (February 8, 2024), were marred by allegations of irregularities and military influence. PYQ Relevance: International observers and analysts have raised alarms about the military’s increasing control over political processes, which Q The proposed withdrawal of the International Security has led to Pakistan being classified as an authoritarian regime Assistance Force (ISAF) from Afghanistan in 2014 is by the Economist Intelligence Unit. fraught with major security implications for the region’s This backlash may be attributed to various factors, including countries. Examine in light of the fact that India is faced economic challenges, social unrest, and the manipulation of with a plethora of challenges and needs to safeguard its electoral systems, which have led to a deterioration of pub- own strategic interests. (UPSC IAS/2013) lic trust in democratic norms and practices. Today’s editorial emphasizes the importance of recognizing these trends as they Q ‘India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka.’ Discuss India’s pose risks to the stability and future of democracy in South role in the recent political crisis in Sri Lanka in the light of Asia, urging a reevaluation of the political dynamics at play in the preceding statement. (UPSC IAS/2022) the region. Mentor comment: The political landscape in countries like In- Why in the News? dia, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, where governments have faced South Asian region is experiencing a subtle yet significant criticism for undermining democratic institutions and process- backlash against democratic governance, characterized by es. Elections in Bangladesh (January 7, 2024) resulted in PM increasing authoritarian tendencies and a decline in civil Sheikh Hasina securing a fourth consecutive term. However, the liberties. elections were widely condemned by boycotting, demanding 18 SAMACHAR MANTHAN | WEEK 05 (AUGUST) On Emerging Democratic Backlash in India and of achieving stability and order. Pakistan: M  iddle-Class Attitudes: Historically, the middle classes Pakistan towards authoritarianism since its inception: in both countries have shown ambivalence towards democracy, sometimes favoring military rule, though a 1971 Events: Major protests led to significant political younger generation in Pakistan is becoming critical of changes, including the first general election in 1970 and the military involvement in politics. eventual disintegration of East Pakistan in 1971, countering o Presently, in India, there has been a democratic push- military intentions. back against the BJP’s authoritarianism. People also 2008 Events: Since 2008, Pakistan has experienced a fought against the dictatorship during the Emergency relative transition to democracy with four general elections, in 1975. but this has been met with military pushback. o In Pakistan, the PTI emerged as a major political force, Present Dynamics: Recent elections (2018 and 2024) resonating with public sentiment against military influ- reveal a troubling trend of political elites forming alliances ence, despite state machinery working against it. with the military, undermining democratic processes and D  igital Backlash: Both countries are witnessing a silent targeting political opponents. democratic backlash, with citizens utilizing digital plat- forms and electoral participation to reclaim democratic India’s Democratic Trajectory: spaces. 1975 Events: India was seen as a model democracy with a history of free elections and separation of powers, barring the Emergency period in 1975. What are the main causes of the democratic backlash Since 2014: Indian Politics marked a shift towards an in South Asia? authoritarian model of governance characterized by A  uthoritarian Tendencies: The noticeable shift towards executive overreach and a campaign for an “Opposition- authoritarianism is often characterized by the erosion of free democracy”. civil liberties, media suppression, and the undermining of Judicial Activism and Overreach: Judicial activism has democratic institutions. played a role in protecting rights and promoting social o For example, in India, the Modi government has been justice in India, filling legislative vacuums and enhancing accused of implementing divisive policies and attacking administrative efficiency. minority rights, leading to a downgrade in its demo- However, judicial overreach can undermine parliamenta- cratic status. ry democracy by interfering with the functioning of the  lectoral Integrity Issues: In Bangladesh, the 2024 elec- E legislative and executive branches, damaging the balance tions were described as a “sham” and Pakistan’s elections between organs of government. faced accusations of military interference and manipu- lation, particularly against the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) party. Implication for South Asia  olarization and Social Unrest: Politically, there are rising P S ilent democratic backlash: Factors like authoritarian tensions between various social and ethnic groups. This tendencies, electoral integrity issues, military influence, leads to social unrest and can create an environment where economic challenges, and social unrest have contributed authoritarian measures are justified as necessary for main- to the erosion of democratic norms and public trust in the taining order. region.  olitical Culture: In India, the middle class has at times P o The international community has expressed concerns expressed a preference for authoritarian rule when faced about the deteriorating state of democracy in South with perceived chaos, reflecting a complex relationship Asia, particularly in Pakistan where the military’s in- with democracy. fluence has led to its classification as an authoritarian o Similarly in Pakistan, the military’s historical role in poli- regime. tics has fostered a culture where military intervention is sometimes seen as a stabilizing force. Conclusion: As citizens in both countries increasingly advo- cate for democratic governance, it is crucial to observe how  conomic Challenges: Issues such as poverty and unem- E these movements evolve, particularly in Pakistan, where the ployment exacerbate political discontent and can lead citi- political landscape is more volatile. zens to support more authoritarian governance as a means RUSSIAN INVASION OF UKRAINE: GLOBAL IMPLICATIONS