Water Structure Notes 2022 (3) - Combined PDF

t e r , a W er a t e re W rywh E v e The Structure of Water What do these things have in common? Why should we learn about water? Water is essential for life!  What is water made of? A water molecule is made up of one oxygen atom an...

t e r , a W er a t e re W rywh E v e The Structure of Water What do these things have in common? Why should we learn about water? Water is essential for life!  What is water made of? A water molecule is made up of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms held together by strong covalent bonds. It looks like Mickey Mouse.  What is inside an atom? All atoms have protons inside and electrons around the outside. Many atoms also have neutrons inside. Oxygen & Hydrogen are Different! Oxygen has: Hydrogen has: 8 protons 1 proton 8 electrons 1 electron 8 neutrons Why do covalent bonds form? An atom is most stable when the outermost electron shell is full of electrons. So… it will share electrons to fill that shell. Hydrogen shares with Oxygen, BUT…Oxygen is also a BULLY! Oxygen pulls the electrons toward its side of the water molecule. WHY? So, oxygen is slightly negative. Hydrogen is slightly positive. WHY?  Water molecules are polar! What does polar mean? When sharing is not equal, it is uneven. This unevenly distributed electric charge makes water a polar molecule. The oxygen side is negative (-) The hydrogen side is positive (+) Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with other molecules. What is a hydrogen bond? The positive hydrogen atoms are attracted to the negative oxygen atoms of other water molecules. Opposites attract! This weak attraction is called a hydrogen bond. This is an important feature when discussing properties of water. Turn your notes over and complete the back  Agenda The Student will learn the Chemistry of water in particular water’s polarity in order to understand hydrogen bonding BETWEEN different water molecules which causes all the wonderful properties of waterthat make life possible on planet Earth. Introduction to Water Notes Warmup: Look up on the internet and draw a water molecule to the box on your notes. Then try to answer the questions about the chemical formula of water (8th grade review ὠ) Phones Up!  Why is water so important for the survival of all organisms? It covers about 75% of the Earth’s surface About 2/3 (66%) of the human body is made of water Water is able to absorb large amounts of heat, so lakes and oceans stabilize land & air temperatures  Introduction to Water What is the chemical formula for water? The chemical formula for water is H2O. This means that one water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The two elements a single molecule are strongly bonded together with a Covalent bond this means the two elements are sharing electrons  Water Properties LG: I can identify the properties of water and the role of polarity in those properties covalent bond 1. Polarity: one end of molecule is negative, other end is positive Polarity leads to … Hydrogen bonds: The hydrogen from one water molecule sticks to the oxygen of another water molecule. Thermal Properties: 2. Storage of Heat (high heat capacity) Definition: Water resists temperature change. Importance: Lakes and oceans help stabilize the temperature on earth.  Thermal Properties: 3. High Heat of Vaporization (Evaporative Cooling) Definition: Water absorbs a lot of heat when it evaporates (sweating) Importance: Sweating can cool you down- helps to maintain homeostasis.  4. Universal Solvent Definition: Water can dissolve many substances. Importance: Water can dissolve molecules like sugar and carry them to cells by breaking into H+ (hydrogen ions) and HO- (hydroxide ions) https://app.discoveryeducation.com/learn/player/76d54dc0-c66d-4578-80ad- cef3b32c4e0a?utm_medium=coreplayer&utm_source=76d54dc0-c66d-4578-80ad- cef3b32c4e0a&utm_campaign=hublinks  5. Density of Ice is Less than the Density of Water Definition: Water is less dense as a solid (ice) than as a liquid Importance: Ice floats on water- prevents lakes from freezing solid  Lab -Water Stations Part 1, Demo Lab  Lab -Begin Water Stations Part 1  pH of 7 excess H+ ions ὠ water has a neutral pH a. the polar ends balance to make a neutral substance ὠ acids are pH of 0-6 ὠ bases are pH of 8-14 excess HO- ions  Cohesive Properties 6. Cohesion Definition: Attraction between 2 substances of the same kind (water sticks to water). Importance: Cohesion is responsible for surface tension and capillary action  Review: Properties of Water Thermal properties (related to heat) – Storage of heat/resists changes in temperature – High heat of vaporization Solvent (dissolves other substances) Density of Ice is Less than the Density of Water (Ice Floats on Water)  Properties of Water Cohesive Properties (water sticks to things) – Cohesion – Surface Tension – Adhesion – Capillary Action Neutral pH (Water has a pH of 7)  Cohesion is responsible for: Surface Tension! Definition: Water molecules stick together, creating film on surface of water Importance: Allows particles to “float” on water (and organisms to walk on water)  7. Adhesion http://scienceline.ucsb.edu/ getkey.php?key=6097 Definition: attraction between two different substances (water sticks to other things) Importance: Adhesion (and cohesion) are responsible for capillary action  Adhesion and cohesion combined is responsible for: Capillary Action! Definition: Water travels up, going against gravity Importance: Allows water to travel from roots to leaves in plants  Closing -Next class: Finish Water Stations The Cell Membrane Also Known as….. 🞂 Phospholipid bilayer, plasma membrane, semi-permeable membrane, fluid mosaic model, selectively permeable 🞂 All of these mean the same thing they refer to the cell membrane  Why is the model of the cell membrane referred to as the Fluid Mosaic Model? It’s called Mosaic because it is made of many molecules arranged next to each other. It’s called Fluid because the molecules are not stuck to each other – they can move around in the layer. Describe the phospholipid 🞂 The phospholipid is made up of 1glycerol (head) 2 fatty acids (tails) 1 phosphate group. 🞂 The phosphate group is part of the polar hydrophilic head. 🞂 Hydro=Water Philic=Love 🞂 So the hydrophilic heads are attracted to water 🞂 The fatty acids tails make up the nonpolar region of the membrane. These tails are hydrophobic. Phospholipid 🞂 Hydro=Water Phobic=Fear Plasma (Cell) Membrane Structure Draw in the box Words to know… Hydrophilic = water loving Hydrophobic = water fearing Bilayer = 2 layers Phospholipid = a type of lipid The water fearing tail is made of 2 fatty acids. (Remember that fats and water don’t mix!) Plasma (Cell) Membrane Structure Each phospholipid has a water- loving head and a water-fearing tail. 2 layers of The water loving heads face the watery cytoplasm and the watery phospholipids (a exterior of the cell. The water fearing phospholipid bi-layer) tails turn toward the inside of the membrane to hide from the water. 3. How are the phospholipids oriented in the plasma membrane? Don’t write yet…just think… 🞂 🞂 Take a look! Where are the hydrophobic tails hiding? What are the hydrophilic heads touching? 🞂 The phospholipids turn so their tails are inside the membrane where they don’t have to touch the watery Tails on the inside of the cytoplasm or the watery membrane. exterior. 🞂 The heads turn toward the Heads on the outsides of outside of the membrane so the membrane. they can touch the water. Functions of cell membrane 1. Separates the inside of the cell from the outside of a cell giving it shape and structure 2. Controls what enters and leaves the cell in order to maintain homeostasis 3. Serves as an attachment surface. Cells can stick together to make tissues. 4. Involved in cellular processes such as cell identification. All of your cells have specific markers on their surfaces. Such markers are used for identifying things like blood type, organ donation matches, etc. Parts of the membrane 🞂 Phospholipids ◦ One hydrophilic phosphate head and two hydrophobic tails 🞂 Transport proteins/membrane protein ◦ Proteins go all or part of the way through the membrane, allow large and charged materials across ◦ Form channels, gates and pumps. 🞂 Carbohydrate chains (Glycolipid & Glycoprotein) ◦ Attached to many proteins. ID tags outside of the cells(identify cells to others passing by)  What is the function of cholesterol molecules in the cell membrane? Cholesterol helps to strengthen the cell membrane. Keeps the membrane stable in hot temperatures and fluid in colder temperatures. Label Your Diagram  Future -Unit 3 Test: Thursday, October 31 OBJECTIVE 🞭 🡪 SWBAT define 🞭 🡪 SWBAT draw and label selectively permeable the four parts of the membrane. plasma membrane. PLASMA MEMBRANE T0DAY’S KEY IDEA 🞭 The cell MUST maintain balance- the cell membrane is made of 4 parts that allow this to happen CELL MEMBRANE DIAGRAMS… It’s only part of the picture… just like this picture of an orange peel is not the whole orange CELL MEMBRANE DIAGRAM Diagrams and models are important parts of science, allowing us to see things more clearly and help guide our understanding of a concept Today, we are creating our own diagram of a cell membrane! WHAT IS IT MADE OF? 1. Phospholipids: Lipid molecule that makes up most of the cell membrane (creates a barrier) a. Hydrophilic (Polar) Head: 🞭 Hydro = water 🞭 Phil = loving 🞭 This part of phospholipid is attracted to water molecules 🞭 Contains phosphate WHAT IS IT MADE OF? b. Hydrophobic (Nonpolar) Tails: 🞭 Hydro = water 🞭 Phobos= fearing 🞭 This part is repelled by water molecules contains lipids 🞭 The phospholipids allow small materials to pass (such as gases) Phospholipid Bi-Layer Acts as a Wall, Phospholipid Bi-Layer Acts as a Wall, a big beautiful wall… T0DAY’S KEY IDEA *Color in the phospholipids 🞭 Orange: Phospholipids (on my diagram… make a key for yours PHOSPHOLIPIDS WHAT ABOUT LARGER THINGS… LIKE FOOD? 🞭 2. Proteins: 🞭 Helps transport larger molecules in and out of cell (such as glucose) Proteins Acts as a Gate, Proteins Acts as a Gate, T0DAY’S KEY IDEA *Color the proteins and add to your key 🞭 Orange: Phospholipids 🞭 Purple/Blue: Proteins PLASMA MEMBRANE DISEASES 🞭 Alzheimer's Disease - Small bits of protein from the plasma membrane in brain cells break off and accumulate in the brain  HOW DOES THE CELL KNOW WHAT TO LET IN? 3. Carbohydrates: 🞭 Signal and identify particles outside the cell. 🞭 Like an antenna Carbohydrates Acts as a Gate Guards, Carbohydrates Acts as a Gate Guards, identifying who can come through the gates and who can’t…  T0DAY’S KEY IDEA *Color the carbohydrates and add to your key 🞭 Orange: Phospholipids 🞭 Green: Carbohydrates 🞭 Purple/Blue: Proteins OK, SO YOU KNOW WHAT THE PARTS THEY LOOK LIKE….BUT WHAT DO THEY DO? 4. Cholesterol: 🞭 Keeps membrane fluid and prevents lipid tails from sticking together Cholesterol Acts as a Wall Maintenance, Cholesterol Acts as a Wall Maintenance, maintain and repair wal T0DAY’S KEY IDEA *Color the cholesterol 🞭 Orange: Phospholipids🞭 Blue: Carbohydrates 🞭 Purple: Proteins 🞭 Yellow: Cholesterol T0DAY’S KEY IDEA 🞭 Orange: Phospholipids 🞭 Purple/Blue: Protein 🞭 Green: Carbohydrates 🞭 Yellow: Cholesterol CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING 🞭 A cell is unable to excrete (release) waste molecules from its cell. Which of the four components of the cell membrane is not functioning properly? 🞭 proteins because they help move substances in and out of membrane FUNCTIONS OF THE CELL MEMBRANE 🞭 Boundary (edge) of cell 🞭 Flexible and Fluid 🞭 Cell can move around and change shape and creates a barrier between the inside and outside FUNCTIONS OF CELL MEMBRANE 🞭 Maintain Homeostasis (balance) 🞭 Transport materials in and out of cell to maintain balance WHAT ACTUALLY ENTERS AND LEAVES CELL 🞭 What comes in: 🞭 Food, Water, Oxygen 🞭 What goes out: 🞭 Waste, Carbon Dioxide Cell Transport ⦿ SWBAT: differentiate between different types of cell transport, direction of movement, and energy requirements THE PLASMA MEMBRANE IS….. ⦿ SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE ⦿ Onlysome particles are able to pass in and out of cell easily Ex: Water can move across membrane but sugar c annot DIFFUSION/ PASSIVE TRANSPORT ⦿ Definition: Molecules move from high to low concentration (spread out) DIFFUSION/ PASSIVE TRANSPORT ⦿ Direction of movement: WITH concentration gradient High to low “go with the flow” DIFFUSION/ PASSIVE TRANSPORT ⦿ RequiresATP (Energy)? ⦿ No EXAMPLES ⦿Spraying cologne inside ⦿Example: Opening a stinky trashcan DIFFUSION/ PASSIVE TRANSPORT ⦿ Diffusion and Passive Transport: Draw an arrow in the diagram to represent passive transport. ACTIVE TRANSPORT ⦿ Definition: Molecules move from a low to high concentration using ATP ACTIVE TRANSPORT ⦿ Direction of movement: Against concentration gradient Moves low to already high concentration “low to high, you gotta try” ACTIVE TRANSPORT ⦿ Requires ATP (Energy)? ⦿ Yes! ACTIVE TRANSPORT ⦿ Examples: ⦿ Cellmoves even more nutrients inside cell ACTIVE TRANSPORT ⦿ Draw an arrow in the diagram to represent passive transport. ATP: cellular energy  INTRODUCTION TO ATP ⦿ Ourbodies store energy as carbohydrates and as lipids. ⦿ Most stored chemical energy in our bodies’ is NOT immediately available to cells.  INTRODUCTION TO ATP ⦿ Whatis ATP? A molecule that provides usable energy for cells (so that they can do chemical reactions) ATP AT P The following is a diagram of an ATP molecule. Use the diagram to answer the questions. What does the “A” in ATP stand for? Adenosine What does the “T” in ATP stand for? Tri What does the “P” in ATP stand for? Phosphate How many phosphate groups are present in one ATP molecule? 3  Important vocabulary ⦿ Concentration: the amount of something.  Important vocabulary ▪ Concentration gradient: ▪ the difference in the amount of a substance in two different areas.  Important vocabulary ⦿ Equilibrium: ⦿ whenthe concentration of a substance is equal throughout a space. Label the picture with the terms concentration gradent and equilibrium  What are the types of passive transport? ⦿ Osmosis (water) ⦿ Diffusion ⦿ Facilitated Diffusion (through a membrane protein)  Types of passive transport ⦿ Simple Diffusion: molecules move from high to low concentration until they reach equilibrium (balance)  Types of passive transport ⦿ FacilitatedDiffusion: molecules move from high to low concentration using a protein to cross plasma membrane Facilitate = to help  Types of passive transport ⦿ Osmosis:movement of water molecules from high to low water concentration  What are the types of active transport? ⦿ Endocytosis ⦿ Exocytosis ⦿ Protein Pump (through a membrane protein)  Active Transport (requires energy) ⦿Endocytosis: Brings large particles inside the cell. Ex: proteins and sugars or starches Types of Active Transport ⦿ Exocytosis: Takes waste (large particles) out of the cell. Ex: Waste products, CO2 Types of Active Transport ⦿ Protein pump: when a protein moves particles from low to high concentration using ATP Protein Pump- Drake loves the Sodium Potassium Pump! Passive Active What are those types of transport again? Osmosis Eggs On schoology, complete the EDD for this scientific investigation Part 1: Simple Diffusion -Add 3 water molecules to the outside of cell, and one to the inside of cell -Draw an arrow showing the water molecules are moving into cell (down concentration gradient) outside inside Part 1: Simple Diffusion -Add 3 water molecules to the outside of cell, and one to the inside of cell -Draw an arrow showing the water molecules are moving into cell (down concentration gradient) Simple Diffusion: Key Facts Moves from a ________ to a ______ concentration Does it require energy? _____ Does it require a membrane protein? ____ Simple Diffusion: Key Facts Moves from a high to a low concentration Does it require energy? no Does it require a membrane protein? no Part 2: Facilitated Diffusion -Paste transport protein over membrane -Add 2 glucose molecules to outside, and 1 glucose molecule inside cell -Draw arrow showing glucose going into cell outside Part 2: Facilitated Diffusion -Paste transport protein over membrane -Add 2 glucose molecules to outside, and 1 glucose molecule inside cell -Draw arrow showing glucose going into cell Facilitated Diffusion: Key Facts Moves from a ________ to a ______ concentration Does it require energy? _____ Does it require a membrane protein? ____ Facilitated Diffusion: Key Facts Moves from a high to a low concentration Does it require energy? no Does it require a membrane protein? yes Part 3: Active Transport -Paste transport protein across membrane -Add 1 potassium ion (K+) outside cell and 3 inside -Draw arrow to show K+ going into cell -Add ATP symbol to show energy is needed outside Part 3: Active Transport -Paste transport protein across membrane -Add 1 potassium ion (K+) outside cell and 3 inside -Draw arrow to show K+ going into cell -Add ATP symbol to show energy is needed Active Transport: Key Facts Moves from a ________ to a ______ concentration Does it require energy? _____ Does it require a membrane protein? ____ Active Transport: Key Facts Moves from a low to a high concentration Does it require energy? yes Does it require a membrane protein? yes