SHS Earth and Life Science Quarter 1 Module 5 PDF

Senior High School Earth and Life Science Quarter 1 – Module 5 Rock Deformation and Stratified Rocks Earth and Life Science – Senior High School Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1 – Module 5: Rock Deformation and Stratified Rocks Second Edition, 2021 Rep...

Senior High School Earth and Life Science Quarter 1 – Module 5 Rock Deformation and Stratified Rocks Earth and Life Science – Senior High School Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1 – Module 5: Rock Deformation and Stratified Rocks Second Edition, 2021 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio Development Team of the Module Compiler/Writer: Maria Rosandee F. Tabada Content Editors/Reviewers: Ms. Celia C. Gepitulan, Principal I, Regino Mercado Night High School Mrs. Jocelyn C. Butanas, Master Teacher I, Talamban National High School Mr. Bonnie James A. Saclolo, Teacher III, Cebu City National Science High School Dr. Rey A. Kimilat, Head Teacher V, Abellana National School Language Editor: Mrs. Roquesa B. Sabejon, PSDS-ND7 Management Team: Chairperson: Dr. Rhea Mar A. Angtud, Schools Division Superintendent Dr. Bernadette A. Susvilla, Asst. Schools Division Superintendent Mrs. Grecia F. Bataluna, CID Chief Mrs. Vanessa L. Harayo, EPS-LRMS Dr. Raylene S. Manawatao, EPS-Science Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Division of Cebu City Office Address: New Imus Road, Barangay Day-as, Cebu City Telephone No.: (032) 253 2559 E-mail Address: [email protected] 2  What I Need to Know This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the formation of folds and faults and the methods used to determine the age of stratified rocks. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. The module is divided into two lessons, namely: Lesson 1 – FOLDING AND FAULTING Lesson 2 – STRATIFIED ROCKS Content Standard: The learners demonstrate an understanding of the folding and faulting of rocks. Performance Standard: You shall be able to conduct a survey to assess the possible geologic/ hydrometeorological hazards that your community may experience. After completing this module, you are expected to: 1. explain how the movement of plates leads to the formation of folds and faults (S11/12ES-Id-22); 2. describe how layers of rocks (stratified rocks) are formed (S11/12ES-Id-25); and 3. describe the different methods (relative and absolute dating) to determine the age of stratified rocks (S11/12ES-Id-26). What I Know DIRECTIONS: On a separate sheet of paper, write the letter of the correct answer to complete the sentence. 1. The type of stress found at a transform fault is ________________. A. compressional B. confining C. shear D. tensional 2. _______________ stress is present at a convergent boundary. A. Compressional B. Shear C. Tensional D. Translational 3. A divergent boundary experiences __________________ stress. A. compressional B. confining C. shear D. tensional 4. Stress on rocks caused by parallel forces that move past each other in opposite directions is called ______________ stress. A. compressional B. confining C. shear D. tensional 5. ______________ stress pull rocks in opposite directions. A. Compressional B. Confining C. Shear D. Tensional 6. The ______ age of a rock is its age in comparison with the ages of other rocks. A. absolute B. biological C. relative D. social 3 7. Stress is defined as the ____________ per unit area in a rock and __________ is the resulting rock deformation because of it. A. force; strain B. break; fracture C. weight; faulting D. pressure; folding 8. Uranium-238 and Uranium-235 are used to date materials between __________ years old. A. 100 and 50,000 C. 100,000 and over 1 billion B. 50,000 and 100, 000 D. 1 million and 4.6 billion 9. According to the principle of superposition, the oldest rock layer in horizontal sedimentary rock layers _____________________. A. is at the top C. never contains fossils B. is at the bottom D. contains the most amount of fossils 10. A good index fossil is_______________. A. distinctive C. found in a local area B. recently extinct D. existed for a long period of time 11. The principle of original continuity states that in a section of rock layers, _____. A. sediments are always deposited in flat, horizontal layers B. younger layers of sedimentary rock are deposited on top of older layers C. rock cutting across horizontal layers must be younger than all the layers D. sediments are deposited in continuous sheets that span the body of water where they are deposited 12. Based on the principle of cross-cutting relations, a rock that cuts across other rocks must be __________________. A. older than the rock it cuts across  B. igneous rocks that cut horizontally C. younger than the rock it cuts across  D. metamorphic rocks that cut vertically  13. Based on the rock layers in Figure 1, the relative ages of the layers from oldest to youngest are __________.  A. 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 C. 3 – 4 – 1 – 2 Figure 1. Cross section of rocks B. 1 – 2 – 4 – 3 D. 4 – 3 – 2 – 1 Image Credit: Kane Koller via BetterLesson For numbers 14 and 15 refer to Figure 2. Figure 2 shows the exposed part of a rock after a landslide. 9 is a body of magma, 10 represents erosion, and the rest are layers of sedimentary rocks. 14. The youngest feature among 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 9 is ______. A. 1 B. 4 C. 5 D. intrusion 9 15. The correct order of events among features 5, 6, 7, 8, intrusion 9, Figure 2. Exposed rock layers after a landslide and erosion 10 from oldest to youngest Image Credit: CIMSS University of Wisconsin-Madison is ____. A. 8, 7, 6, erosion 10, 5, intrusion 9 C. intrusion 9, 6, 7, 8, 5, erosion 10 B. 5, intrusion 9, erosion 10, 6, 7, 8 D. intrusion 9, 5, erosion 10, 6, 7, 8 4  Lesson FOLDING AND FAULTING 1 In the 1960’s, geologists concluded that the Earth's rigid outer layer was not a single piece but was broken up into large pieces called plates. When the plates move, they collide, spread apart, or slide past each other. These movements form different geologic features such as volcanoes, trenches, and mid-ocean ridges. Do you still remember the geologic features formed by each tectonic plate boundary? The next activity will help you recall features associated with specific plate interactions. What’s In DIRECTIONS: Encircle the hidden names of geologic features formed by different plate boundaries in the Word Search box. The words may be encircled horizontally, vertically, diagonally, and backwardly. Descriptions for the features are given under Hints. Hints: Word Search 1. It is a deep underwater valley formed when an V E A C H S S T U M oceanic plate subducts under another tectonic B O L I N N G B L O plate. C K L I S I N O E T 2. These are created where two or more A R O C C A K H G B continental plates are pushed together. U T J U A T C S D T 3. This is formed when new crust is created under F A U L T N A S I T the ocean where two plates are diverging. E P P I E U O N R G 4. It is like a tear in the crust formed by two plates S T O R N O E E P D sliding past each other. B C T D M M C S S E 5. These are formed from the rising magma Generated through Discovery generated as an oceanic plate descends into the Education Puzzle Maker via mantle. https://tinyurl.com/89pndccc What’s New Potentially Active Faults According to PHIVOLCS-DOST, a potentially active fault shows insufficient evidence that the fault moved in the last 10,000 years. However, the possibility of movement along these types of faults may not be discounted. 5  The following images are part of the Active Faults Map of Cebu City generated by PHIVOLCS-DOST. The broken lines represent the approximate trace of potentially active faults in Cebu City. This map may be revised as new information become available. Figure 3.2. Central Cebu Fault What information is shown on these images? Image Credit: Users Insights, CC BY 3.0, via Iconfinder What are faults? How are they formed? Figure 3.1. Central Cebu Fault Image Credit: Users Insights, CC BY 3.0, via Iconfinder Image Credit: PHIVOLCS via HazardHunterPH What Is It STRESS Stress on rocks is the force applied per unit area. The force is mostly related to the movement of tectonic plates and to the weight of overlying rocks. STRAIN Strain is the resulting deformation because of stress. A strain is a change in size, shape, or volume of a material or any kind of movement of the rocks. Rocks under low confining pressures near the earth’s surface generally deform through fracturing and faulting. Rocks deep within the crust under high confining pressures deform by folding. 6 Table 1. Tectonic plate boundaries and associated rock stress and strain Plate Plate Boundary Stress on rocks Strain Movement Convergent compressive/compressional folding plates collide Boundary forces squeeze faulting stretching plates move in Divergent extensive/tensional and opposite Boundary forces pull apart thinning directions faulting plates slide shear Transform shearing past each forces move past each Boundary faulting other other Figure 4. Rock stress and strain Image Credit: University of Hawai‘i at Manoa via SOEST Department of Earth Science FOLDS Deep within the crust, as plates collide, rocks sbend or crumple into folds. Once they are folded, they do not return to their original shape. Compressive forces are common along convergent plate boundaries resulting in mountain ranges. Figure 5. Fold mountains Figure 6. Rock folds Image Credit: coolgeography.co.uk Image Credit: Pearson Scott Foresman, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons 7 FAULTS A fracture is a simple break that does not involve significant movement of the rocks on either side. If the rocks on one or both sides of a fracture move, the fracture is called a fault. A fault is a boundary between two bodies of rock along which there has been relative motion. The San Andres fault in California corresponds to the transform boundary between two continental plates. Figure 7. San Andreas fault Image Credit: U.S. Geological Survey What’s More DIRECTIONS: On a separate sheet of paper, copy and fill in the table below with information about folds and faults. Present in (type of plate Type of strain Caused by (type of stress) boundary/ies) folding faulting Lesson STRATIFIED ROCKS 2 Sedimentary rocks are formed from pre-existing rocks and pieces of once- living organisms. They form from deposits that accumulate on the Earth's surface. Sedimentary rocks often have distinctive layering or bedding. The layered rocks are referred to as stratified rocks. Before you learn more about stratified rocks, recall the different types of sedimentary rocks. The composition of these rocks helps us understand the Earth’s history. What’s In DIRECTIONS: On a separate sheet, briefly describe each main type of sedimentary rock. 8  What Is It 2.1 STRATIFIED ROCKS Rocks at the surface undergo weathering that break rock into smaller pieces called sediments. Sediments are deposited on beaches and deserts, at the bottom of oceans, and in lakes, ponds, rivers, marshes, and swamps through erosion. These particles may bury dead animals and plants. Accumulated sediments Figure 8. Stratified and folded rocks harden into rock. Image Credit: James St. John, CC BY 2.0, via When sediments settle out of Wikimedia Commons calmer water, they form horizontal layers. One layer is deposited first, and another layer is deposited on top of it. When the sediments harden, the layers are preserved. These rock layers are called rock beds or strata. If conditions on the surface do not change, only thick, homogenous, and undifferentiated sedimentary rocks will form. Bedding or layering in sedimentary rocks reflects the changing conditions during deposition. Each layer represents an interval of time where conditions have remained uniform. 2.2 PRINCIPLES OF STRATIGRAPHY Stratigraphy is the study of strata in the Earth's crust. The principles of stratigraphy help distinguish younger and older sedimentary layers. The works of Nicholas Steno, William Smith, and James Hutton contributed to the principles of stratigraphy used by geologists today. In 1666, a young doctor named Nicholas Steno (1638-1686) concluded that fossils were once parts of living creatures and sought to explain how fossil seashells could be found in rocks and mountains far from any ocean. He studied layers of sedimentary rocks and proposed a series of conjectures that are now known as Steno’s Laws. These laws or principles are illustrated in Figures 9 to 11. 1. Principle of Superposition In a sequence of layers that have not been overturned, the oldest layer will be on the bottom and the youngest layer on top. Figure 9. Principle of Superposition Image Credit: Mavis Cobb via SlidePlayer 9 2. Principle of Original Horizontality Sedimentary strata are deposited in layers that are horizontal or nearly horizontal, parallel to or nearly parallel to the Earth's surface. Rocks that we now see inclined or folded have been disturbed. Figure 10. Principle of Original Horizontality Image Credit: Mavis Cobb via SlidePlayer 3. Principle of Original Continuity If layers are deposited horizontally over the sea floor, then they would be expected to extend out to the sides over some distance. If some parts of the rocks are later uplifted or cut through, the same layers would be Figure 11. Principle of Original Continuity Image Credit: Mavis Cobb via SlidePlayer expected to occur on both sides of the disturbed section. Scottish geologist, James Hutton (1726-1797) recognized the principle of cross-cutting relationships. This helps geologists to determine the older and younger of two rock units in Figure 12. Principle of Cross-cutting Relations Younger features cut across older features. Faults, dikes, erosion, etc., must be younger than the material that is faulted, intruded, or eroded. In Figure 12, 4 is younger than 1, 2, Figure 12. Principle of Cross-cutting Relations and 3 because it cuts through all the Image Credit: Mavis Cobb via SlidePlayer three layers. The layers from oldest to youngest would be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 2.3 RELATIVE DATING OF STRATIFIED ROCKS The relative age of a rock is its age in comparison with other rocks. For example, a volcano is younger than the rocks beneath it. Relative dating tells whether one layer of rock is older than another. It does not tell how old something is. All we know is the sequence of events. The principles of stratigraphy are essential for determining the relative ages of rocks and rock layers. In the process of relative dating, scientists do not determine the exact age of a fossil or rock but look at a sequence of rocks to try to decipher the times that an event occurred relative to the other events represented in that sequence. 10 Example: Figure 13 is a geologic cross section that shows three (3) layers of sedimentary rocks (A – C), intrusion made of igneous rocks (D), and a fault (E). Image Credit: Kurt Rosenkrantz, CC BY-NC 3.0, via CK-12 Earth Science For High School Figure 13. A geologic cross section By the principle of cross-cutting relationships, fault (E) must be the youngest feature because it cuts through A, B, C, and D. When fault (E) formed, the three sedimentary layers and the intrusion were already present. Using the principle of cross-cutting relationships, the igneous intrusion (D) is younger than layers A, B, and C because it cuts through these three sedimentary rock layers. By the principle of superposition, C is the oldest sedimentary rock, B is younger, and A is still younger. The full sequence of events is: 1. Layer C is formed first. 2. It is followed by the formation of Layer B. 3. Layer A forms after the formation of Layer B. 4. After layers A, B, and C were formed, intrusion D cut across all three layers. 5. Then fault E formed, shifting rocks A through C and intrusion D. 6. Finally, weathering and erosion created a layer of soil on top of layer A. 2.4 RELATIVE DATING USING INDEX FOSSILS Once geologists had worked to determine the relative ages of rocks throughout the world, it became clear that fossils that were contained in the rock could also be used to determine relative age. This realization led geologist William Smith (1769-1839) to formulate the principle of faunal succession, which recognizes that: Some fossil types are never found with certain other fossil types (e.g. human ancestors are never found with dinosaurs) meaning that fossils in a rock layer represent what lived during the period the rock was deposited. Older features are replaced by more modern features in fossil organisms as species change through time, e.g. feathered dinosaurs precede birds in the fossil record. Fossil species with features that change distinctly and quickly can be used to determine the age of rock layers quite precisely. They were so characteristic of relative age that they were termed index fossils. 11  To become an index fossil (also known as marker fossil) the organism must have been widespread so that it is useful for identifying rock layers over large areas and existed for a relatively brief period so that the approximate age of the rock layer is immediately known. If two separated rock units contain the same index fossil, then the rocks are of very similar age. Example: Figure 14. Three rock outcrops that are very far apart Image Credit: Kurt Rosenkrantz, CC BY-NC 3.0, via CK-12 Earth Science For High School Figure 14 shows the three outcrops that are separated by great distances. Out of the six (6) fossils, the best index fossil is ammonite. It is widespread because it is present in the three locations. Since it is found in one layer only, it existed for a relatively brief period. The rock layers containing ammonite must be very similar in age. 2.5 ABSOLUTE DATING OF STRATIFIED ROCKS Detailed studies of rocks throughout the world using the principles of stratigraphy allowed geologists to break geologic time into units of known relative age. The breaks in relative geologic time were established and well known even before geologists had the means of determining absolute ages. Absolute age or numeric age means that we can assign a number (in years, minutes, seconds, or some other units of time) to the amount of time that has passed. Thus, we can say how old something is. For example, a piece of metamorphic rock is 3.96 billion years old. With the discovery of radioactivity in the late 1800s, scientists were able to use absolute dating to measure the exact age of some rocks in years. It was found out that some elements have unstable forms that change or decay. These are referred to as radioactive isotopes. For example, uranium-235 is 12 a radioactive isotope of uranium that ends up as lead-207 through a series of changes within the nucleus. Radiometric dating is an absolute dating technique that relies on the decay rate or half-life of radioactive isotopes to estimate the ages of materials. Using more than one radioactive isotope helps scientists to check the accuracy of the ages that they calculate. Table 2 below shows several methods used in radiometric dating. Table 2. Methods used in the radiometric dating of rock layers Method Isotopes and Half-life Dating Range radiocarbon carbon-14 decays to nitrogen-14 with a once living materials dating half-life of 5,730 years between 100 and 50,000 years old potassium-argon potassium-40 decays to argon-40 with rocks from 100,000 dating a half-life of 1.26 billion years years to 4.6 billion years old uranium-lead uranium-238 decays to lead-206 materials between 1 dating with a half-life of 4.47 billion years million and 4.6 uranium-235 decays to form lead- billion years old 207 with a half-life of 704 million years What’s More A. DIRECTIONS: Number the following events from 1 to 4 according to how it happens. Write your answers on a separate sheet. a) Accumulated sediments harden into rock and the layers are preserved. b) Rocks at the surface undergo weathering. c) Sediments form layers. d) Sediments settle on calmer bodies of water. B. DIRECTIONS: On a separate sheet of paper, answer the following questions. 1. On the figure on the right, intrusion D is made of igneous rock and the other layers are sedimentary rocks. What is the correct sequence of the formation of the rock units, from oldest to youngest? Image Credit: Kurt Rosenkrantz, CC BY-NC 3.0, via CK-12 Earth Science For High School 2. What radioactive isotopes would you use to date a 3-billion-year-old piece of granite? 3. Which radiometric dating method is used to date a 700-thousand-year-old bed of volcanic ash? 4. Based on the four rock outcrops in the figure below, which fossil is an index fossil? 13  LEGEND: Image Credit: Kevin Turner What I Have Learned I. Folding and Faulting Table 3. Tectonic plate boundaries and associated rock stress and strain Plate Plate Stress on rocks Strain Boundary Movement Convergent compressive/compressional folding plates collide Boundary forces squeeze faulting plates move in stretching Divergent extensive/tensional opposite and thinning Boundary forces pull apart directions faulting shear Transform plates slide past shearing forces move past each Boundary each other faulting other Rocks near the earth’s surface generally deform through fracturing and faulting. Rocks deep within the crust deform by folding. A fold is the bending of rocks because of compression. A fracture is a simple break that does not involve significant movement of the rock on either side. If the rocks on one or both sides of a fracture move, the fracture is called a fault. II. Stratified Rocks Stratified rocks start as layers of accumulated sediments that settle on calm bodies of water. Accumulated sediments harden into rock and the layers are preserved. Principles of Stratigraphy The principle of superposition states that the oldest layer will be at the bottom and the youngest layer on top if the layers have not been overturned. 14  According to the principle of original horizontality, rocks that we now see inclined or folded have been disturbed. The principle of original continuity tells us that the same layers would be expected to occur on both sides of the disturbed section. The principle of cross-cutting relations states that younger features cut across older features. III. Dating of stratified rocks Relative dating is the use of principles of stratigraphy and the principle of faunal succession to arrange geological events based on the rock sequence. If two separated rock units contain the same index/marker fossil, then the rocks are very similar in age. To become an index fossil, the organism must have been widespread and has existed for a relatively brief period. Radiometric dating uses the decay rates of certain radioactive isotopes to give the absolute age or numeric age of the rock. Carbon-14, Potassium-40, Uranium-238, and Uranium-235 are some of the isotopes used in radiometric dating. What I Can Do DIRECTIONS: Read the following situations and do what is asked. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. ROCK CORRELATION (Adapted from Index Fossils and Correlation Lab Procedures A and B by Kane Koller at BetterLesson.com) Geologists can determine the relative ages of the rock layers in a rock formation. They can also determine whether the rocks or geologic events occurring at one location are of the same age as those at another location. This process is called correlation. I. The following diagrams show four columns of fossil bearing rock strata. These fossils are index or marker fossils. The rock layers have not been overturned. In the illustration below, layer 1 of rock outcrop A is similar in age with layer 3 of outcrop B. Identify other pairs of rock layers that are also very similar in age. Explain why you chose these pairs. (5 points will be given for the correct explanation.)             A B C D Image Credit: S. Susinno via Carrie Palmer Weber Middle School II. Observe the following images of four rock formations that are visible on the surface from four different areas A, B, C, and D. The four rock outcrops show 15  eight (8) different types of rocks. Apply the Principle of Superposition where the oldest rocks are on the bottom and the youngest are on top. On a separate sheet, arrange and draw the eight (8) different types of rock layers from oldest to youngest in one column. The oldest layer is done for you. Sample format for answer: Legend: Schist Gneiss Granite Conglomerate Basalt Sandstone Limestone Shale Image Credit: Kane Koller via BetterLesson Assessment DIRECTIONS: On a separate sheet, write the letter of the correct answer to complete the sentence. 1. Absolute dating uses the decay rates of ___________ isotopes. A. abundant B. expensive C. radioactive D. rare 2. Relative dating uses principles of ________________ and index fossils to arrange geological events, and the rocks they leave behind, in a sequence. A. radioactivity B. stratigraphy C. UV rays D. x-rays 3. A ________ is a bend in rocks and a _________ is a break in rocks along which one side has moved relative to the other. A. fault; fold B. fold; fault C. erosion; hole D. fracture; fold 4. Stratified rocks come from ___________________. A. lava that solidified on the Earth’s surface 16  B. magma that solidified under the Earth’s surface C. layers of accumulated sediments in bodies of water that harden into rock D. rocks that were subjected to high heat, high pressure, hot mineral-rich fluids, or a combination of these factors 5. Rocks found deeper in the Earth’s crust deform by folding when subjected to compressional and tensional stresses because the ________________________. A. rocks deep in the Earth’s crust are brittle B. rocks deep in the Earth’s crust are metallic C. temperature and pressure deep in the Earth’s crust are lower D. temperature and pressure deep in the Earth’s crust are higher Refer to Figure 15 to answer number 6 and 7.     Figure 15. Rock samples Image Credit: Kurt Rosenkrantz, CC BY-NC 3.0, via CK-12 Earth Science For High School 6. The Principle of Original Horizontality is used to explain the change in position in rock sample _________. A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 7. Rock sample _________ illustrates the Principle of Original Continuity. A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 8. The principle of faunal succession recognizes that _________________________. A. humans and dinosaurs lived at the same time B. fossil organisms become more modern over time C. any type of fossil can be found with any other type of fossils D. the fossils formed within the rocks are a result of mysterious forces 9. When tectonic plates move away from each other, rocks are _________ leading to ___________ in rocks. A. compressed; folding C. burdened by weight; folding and faulting B. pulled apart; faulting D. slide past each other; folding and faulting 17 10. A convergent boundary generates _____________ stress on rocks that cause the formation of ____________________ in rocks. A. confining; folds C. tensional; folds and faults B. confining; faults D. compressional; folds and faults 11. ___________ in rocks at a transform boundary is caused by __________ stress. A. Faulting; shear C. Folding; confining B. Folding; tensional D. Faulting; compressional 12. The Bojo River in Aloguinsan, Cebu must be a feature younger than all the rock layers through which it has eroded, according to the principle of ______. A. superposition C. original horizontality B. original continuity D. cross-cutting relationships 13. If the relative ages of two rocks are known, it shows _____________ but if you know the absolute ages of the rocks, it tells you ______________. A. how old the rocks are in years; which rock is older B. which rock is older; how old the rocks are in years C. the proportion of nonradioactive isotopes; which rock is brittle D. which rock is brittle; the proportion of nonradioactive isotopes 14. For the four rock outcrops in the figure below, Legend: ____________________ are good marker fossils. Fossil Name A. ammonites and trilobites ammonite B. gastropods and trilobites C. ammonites and brachiopods brachiopod D. brachiopods and gastropods gastropod trilobite Image Credit: SNOQUALMIE VALLEY SCHOOL DISTRICT 18 15. Examine the cross section in Figure 16. 7 is an intrusion made of  igneous rock, 1 is a fault,  and all the other layers are sedimentary. Determine the sequence   of formation of the rock bodies and fault from the oldest to youngest.   A. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 B. 1, 7, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 C. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 1  D. 2, 3, 4, 7, 5, 6, 1 Figure 16. Rock cross section Image Credit: CIMSS University of Wisconsin-Madison References Baya-ang, Roly B., Maria Lourdes G. Coronacion, Annamae T. Jorda, and Anna Jamille Restubog. 2016. Earth and Life Science. Quezon City: Educational Resources Corporation. Brainard, Jean. 2020. “11.3 Absolute Ages of Rocks.” Edited by Dana Desonie. Www.Ck12.Org. CK- 12 Foundation. August 2, 2020. https://www.ck12.org/workbook/ck-12-earth-science-for- high-school-workbook/section/11.3/. Dana, Desonie. 2020a. CK-12 Earth Science For High School. Edited by Julie Sandeen. Www.Ck12.Org. 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Opentextbc.Ca. 2nd ed. BCcampus. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeology2ed/chapter/12-3-fracturing-and-faulting/. Foresman, Pearson Scott. n.d. Line Art Drawing of an Anticline. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Antecline_(PSF).png. Furrows in Rock. n.d. Northern Velebit National Park. http://www.np-sjeverni- velebit.hr/park/nezivapriroda/geologija/?lang=en. “Geologic History Practice Test.” n.d. https://www.portnet.org/cms/lib6/NY01001023/Centricity/Domain/406/geo%20hist%2 0practice%20test%20KEY.pdf. “Geologic Time MMSA Earth-Space Science. -Time Scale Based upon the Fossil Record -The Fossil Record Indicates a Wide Variety of Life Has Existed on Earth. - Ppt Download.” n.d. Slideplayer.Com. Mavis Cobb. Accessed September 30, 2020. https://slideplayer.com/slide/9806598/. Guzman II, Alfonso Vincent A., Ernesto Ancheta Dizon Jr., Zoraida S. Dizon, Eddie L. Listanco, and Catherine C. Abon. 2016. Teaching Guide for Senior High School EARTH SCIENCE CORE SUBJECT. The Commission on Higher Education in collaboration with the Philippine Normal University. “How Earth’s Plates Move Lesson #3 | Volcano World | Oregon State University.” 2019. Oregonstate.Edu. 2019. http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/how-earths-plates-move-lesson-3. James St. John. 2017. Folded Gyprock (Castile Formation). Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Folded_gyprock.jpg. Koller, Kane. n.d. “INDEX FOSSILS & CORRELATION LAB Procedure A.” BetterLesson. Accessed September 30, 2020. https://betterlesson.com/lesson/resource/3174933/procedure-a- discussion. 19 “Landforms at Plate Boundaries.” 2020. Coolgeography.Co.Uk. 2020. http://www.coolgeography.co.uk/GCSE/AQA/Restless%20Earth/Tectonics/Landforms_at _%20plate_%20boundaries.htm. McKinney, Frank K. n.d. “DETERMINING AGE OF ROCKS AND FOSSILS.” Ucmp.Berkeley.Edu. https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/fosrec/McKinney.html#:~:text=Therefore%2C%20the%20slate %20that%20contains. Nelson, Stephen. n.d. “Geologic Time.” Tulane University. https://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/eens1110/geotime.htm. Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology. 2017. Active Faults Map of Cebu City, Cebu Province. HazardHunterPH. https://gisweb.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/gisweb/storage/hazard- maps/region-vii-(central-visayas)/cebu/cebu-city-(capital)/earthquake/ground-rupture- (active-fault)/aft_2017_072217000_02.png. “Radiometric Dating.” n.d. Sci.Waikato.Ac.Nz. https://sci.waikato.ac.nz/evolution/RadiometricDating.shtml. Rock Correlation. n.d. Accessed October 26, 2020. http://turnerscience8.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/6/9/22693718/earth_activity_12.pdf. Rock Correlation and Index Fossils. n.d. Accessed October 26, 2020. https://www.svsd410.org/cms/lib/WA01919490/Centricity/Domain/1355/Week%207- %20Index%20Fossils.pdf. “Satellite Applications for Geoscience Education.” n.d. Cimss.Ssec.Wisc.Edu. Accessed September 30, 2020. https://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/sage/geology/lesson1/activity4.html. “Satellite Applications for Geoscience Education.” n.d. Cimss.Ssec.Wisc.Edu. Accessed September 30, 2020. https://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/sage/geology/lesson1/assessment3.html. “Tectonics and Volcanoes of the Philippines.” 2019. Oregonstate.Edu. 2019. http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/southeast_asia/philippines/tectonics.html. U.S. Geological Survey. 2016. The San Andreas Fault. USGS Science for a Changing World. https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/earthq3/move.html. “Welcome to Discovery Education’s Puzzlemaker--Create Your Free Word Search Hidden Message Puzzle.” n.d. Puzzlemaker.Discoveryeducation.Com. http://puzzlemaker.discoveryeducation.com/WordSearchWithMessageSetupForm.asp. Answer Key conglomerate, sandstone, basalt, limestone, shale ammonite 4. II. bottom to top (oldest to youngest): granite, gneiss, schist, argon dating relatively short time 3. potassium- geologic history since they were widespread and have lived during a uranium-235 fossil. Index fossils serve as an indicator for a particular period in and pairs are very similar in age because they contain the same index uranium-238, outcrop C; and layer 1 of outcrop B and layer 2 of outcrop D. These potassium-40, outcrop A and layer 1 of outcrop C; layer 3 of outcrop A and layer 2 of 2. I. The pairs of rock layers that are very similar in age are layer 2 of 1. E, C, B, D, A What I Can Do B. stresses transform boundaries d) 2 tensional, and shear faulting convergent, divergent, and c) 3 compressive, b) 1 convergent boundary compressive stress folding a) 4 (plate boundary/ies) (type of stress) strain A. Present in Caused by Type of (Lesson 2) What’s More What’s More (Lesson 1) fossils of plants and animals. by organic processes and may contain the accumulated sedimentary debris caused 3. Organic sedimentary rocks are formed by dissolved materials precipitate. 5. volcanoes 2. Chemical sedimentary rocks form when 4. fault 3. ridge from the mechanical weathering of rocks. 2. mountains 1.Clastic sedimentary rocks are derived 1. trench Hints: What’s In (Lesson 2) What’s In (Lesson 1) 20 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call: Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR) Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600 Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985 Email Address: [email protected] * [email protected] 21