Shahed Alkam _ Anemia Assignment - PHY 201- 2023 .pdf

Anemia assignment PHY 201- 2023 Shahed Alkam - Reg No: 43 Dr. Faten Anemia One of the most prevalent illnesses that people deal with on a daily basis without realizing it is anemia. Anemic individuals typically exhibit fatigue, pallor, breathing difficulties and coldness. A disease known as anemia...

Anemia assignment PHY 201- 2023 Shahed Alkam - Reg No: 43 Dr. Faten Anemia One of the most prevalent illnesses that people deal with on a daily basis without realizing it is anemia. Anemic individuals typically exhibit fatigue, pallor, breathing difficulties and coldness. A disease known as anemia arises when your blood produces fewer healthy red blood cells than usual. The blood's limited capacity to transport oxygen prevents a healthy metabolism. It is an abnormality in medicine that is characterized by a decrease in the concentration of hemoglobin in the bloodstream or a decrease in the erythrocytic count. This decrease reduces blood's ability to carry oxygen to the body's tissues, which can lead to a range of symptoms such as dyspnea, asthenia, and asthenopia. We are going to talk about anemia, and I will be covering everything about this condition. Based on the underlying cause, anemia can be categorized into the following types below: 1. Iron-deficiency anemia: The most prevalent cause of anemia is iron deficiency, which is mostly brought on by blood loss, decreased iron absorption, or decreased iron intake from diet and nutrition. Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common kind of anemia, which is a blood disorder that damages your red blood cells. Iron deficiency symptoms start to show themselves over time. 2. Pernicious anemia: Reduced red blood cell counts brought on by improper absorption of vitamin B12 by the intestines are known as pernicious anemia. This autoimmune condition is somewhat uncommon and causes a B12 deficiency, which in turn causes megaloblastic anemia. It impacts individuals globally of all ages, but especially those above 60. 3. Aplastic anemia: Aplastic anemia is a rare but serious blood illness that develops when your bone marrow is unable to produce enough platelets, red and white blood cells, and white blood cells. Hemoglobin levels fall as red blood cell counts decline. Your body cannot operate correctly if your bone marrow cannot create enough new blood cells. The reason is typically unknown. All of the components of blood cannot be created because of the bone marrow's breakdown. There are also issues with immunity and blood coagulation. 4. Renal anemia: The hormone called erythropoietin, which regulates the production of red blood cells, is deficient in renal anemia. Kidney damage or disease that prevents the kidneys from producing enough erythropoietin is a common cause of renal anemia. Thankfully, erythropoietin can be administered to the patient to treat it. The following types can cause hemolytic anemia, Hemolytic anemia is a blood condition known as hemolytic anemia that usually develops when your red blood cells degrade or expire more quickly than your body can produce new ones. They are brought on by medications, immune system issues, and other things. This is the moment when antibodies against your own blood cells are produced by your body's confused immune system. Hemolytic anemia can be categorized as follows: 1. Thalassemia: Thalassemia is a genetic blood illness that is inherited, meaning it is handed down from parents to their offspring. It is brought on by the body's insufficient production of hemoglobin, a protein. Chelation therapy and blood transfusions can be used to effectively cure thalassemia. The erythrocytes have hemoglobin deficiency, are weak and one of the globin chains is broken or absent. 2. Sickle-cell anemia: Sickle-cell anemia: The sickle-shaped or crescent-shaped red blood cells are a characteristic of sickle-cell anemia. These sickle cells also cling and solidify, which can impede or delay blood flow. There is no cure for the majority of sickle cell anemia sufferers. Treatments can lessen discomfort and assist in halting the illness's harmful consequences. Blood Indices Different types of anemia can also be diagnosed with blood indices. The complete blood count (CBC) test includes red blood cell (RBC) indices. They aid in the diagnosis of anemia, a disorder characterized by an inadequate production of red blood cells. In 1929, Wintrobe established the terms mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) to characterize the size and hemoglobin content of red blood cells. 1. Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV): The RBCs' average size is determined by this test. RBCs can range in size from typical to unusually tiny or large. Reference range normal: 87 ± 7 fl. 2. Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH): divides the total hemoglobin content by the total number of erythrocytes to determine the amount of hemoglobin in each red blood cell. In order to diagnose different blood disorders, doctors measure the levels of mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH). One protein that aids in distributing oxygen throughout the body is MCH. The standard deviation is 2.92 picograms (pg). 3. Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC): A common consequence of hypochromic microcytic anemia is low MCHC. This illness results in smaller-than-normal red blood cells with lower hemoglobin levels. Range of normal reference: 34 +/- 2 g/dl. Red blood cell counts, hemoglobin, and hematocrit are used to calculate the following red blood cell indicators: MCV, MCH, and MCHC. - MCV: Determined by multiplying the result by ten after dividing the hematocrit, which represents the proportion of erythrocytes in blood, by the total erythrocyte count. - MCH: Calculated by dividing the total erythrocyte count by the total hemoglobin. - MCHC: Determined by dividing the hematocrit by the total amount of hemoglobin. Categorization of anemia via blood indices: Anemias are classified, in line with the dimensions of the crimson cell, as being normocytic (everyday MCV), macrocytic (extended MCV), or microcytic (reduced MCV). - Microcytic anemia: Microcytic anemia: this condition results from insufficient hemoglobin, which causes the red blood cells to be smaller than normal. Defined as MCV < 80 fL. Disorders like iron-deficiency anemia and thalassemia may be discussed in this presentation. To differentiate iron deficiency from other microcytic conditions, the most reliable test is still the absence of iron reserves in the bone marrow. - Normocytic anemia; occurs when the amount of hemoglobin in red blood cells is abnormal and there are fewer red blood cells than usual. Defined as Standard-sized erythrocytes with an MCV in the 80–100 fL range. It can manifest in clinical contexts like severe blood loss or chronic diseases. - Macrocytic anemia Happens when bone marrow creates excessively big red blood cells, and the condition known as macrocytic anemia occurs. distinguished by a raised MCV of more than 100 fL. Erythrocyte enlargement is the cause of anemia, which is a sign of a vitamin deficiency, especially a folate or vitamin B12 deficiency. Symptoms and Signs of Anemia. If anemia is minor or the condition progresses slowly, there might not be any experience of any symptoms. First signs and symptoms could be: ● Head pains ● difficulties thinking or focusing ● Experiencing weakness or fatigue more frequently than normal, especially after exercise ● Sensitivity ● Reduced appetite ● Hand and foot numbness and tingling Symptoms that could arise if the anemia worsens include: ● Breathing difficulties during light exercise or even while at rest ● The whites of the eyes become blue ● Cravings for non-food items, such as ice (pica syndrome) ● Dizziness after standing up ● Pale tone of skin ● Weak nails ● Stomach sores ● Abnormal or more frequent menstruation in women. Diagnosis of Anemia. Initially, examinations and tests must be completed. The healthcare professional will do a physical examination and may discover: - cardiac murmur - low blood pressure - Pale skin, a slight fever - an elevated heart rate. Some common kinds of anemia can be diagnosed using blood tests such as these: Blood levels of other vitamins and minerals, as well as iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid Reticular cell count and whole blood count. Treatment of Anemia Treatment options for treating the underlying cause of anemia may include: 1. Transfusions of blood: If a patient has severe anemia, transfusions can rapidly boost their red blood cell count. An IV line is inserted into one of the blood arteries to provide blood during a blood transfusion, which is a common and safe operation. Blood transfusions need careful matching of the donor's blood type with the recipient's blood type. Transfusions of red blood cells provide an immediate cure for anemia. The body may also reuse the iron that is found in red blood cells.. However, a blood transfusion is merely a short-term solution. 2. Corticosteroids or other immune-suppressive medications. One type of anti-inflammatory medication is corticosteroids. recommended for a variety of ailments. It is an artificial form of hormones, which are typically made by the adrenal glands. These are the two tiny glands that sit above the kidneys. 3. Erythropoietin: Erythropoietin is one drug that can encourage your bone marrow to create more red blood cells. Kidney cortical interstitial cells are the main source of erythropoietin production, which mostly occurs in the kidney. 4. iron, vitamin B12, folic acid, or other vitamin and mineral supplements. The body's iron levels might rise after taking iron supplements. Iron deficiency anemia can benefit from this treatment. People without iron-deficiency anemia are typically not prescribed iron supplements since excessive iron consumption might harm internal organs. Treating each type of Anemia ● ● ● ● ● Taking iron supplements and making dietary changes is part of the treatment for iron deficiency anemia. Blood transfusion may be used to increase red blood cell count to treat aplastic anemia Treating the infection and discontinuing any medications that may be the source is a possible treatment for hemolytic anemia. If the immune system attacks red blood cells, part of the treatment may include taking medications that reduce immune system activity To relieve discomfort and prevent complications, sickle cell anemia can be treated with oxygen, pain relievers, and intravenous (IV) fluids Because most forms of the disease are mild, thalassemia does not require treatment Treatments include bone marrow and hematopoietic stem cell transplants, medications, folic acid supplements, blood transfusions, and in extreme cases, spleen removal Effectively treating anemia can greatly enhance your general well-being and standard of life. Treatment with self-care techniques includes maintaining a healthy diet, staying hydrated, managing stress, getting enough sleep, and consulting medical specialists. as well as Increasing the amount of iron-rich foods consumed. focusing on iron-fortified cereals, dried fruit, fish, poultry, lean red meat, oysters, and green, leafy vegetables. References 1. Walker HK, Hall WD, Willis Hurst J. Clinical methods: The history, physical and laboratory examinations. 3rd ed. Oxford, England: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1990. 2. Marieb EN, Hoehn K. Human anatomy & physiology (Eleventh). Pearson Education; 2019. 3.https://www-clinicalkey-com.gmulibrary.com/#!/content/book/3-s2.0B9780323531139000145 4. Ravi Sarma. Red Cell Indices [Internet]. Nih.gov. Butterworths; 1990. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK260/ 5. Morphologic Classification of Anemias - LabCE.com, Laboratory Continuing Education [Internet]. www.lance.com. 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