Ethics, Power and Accountability (SGXETHPAC) PDF

ETHICS, POWER AND ACCOUNTABILITY (SGXETHPAC) Oscar Bulaong Jr., PhD MODULE 1: A purchaser is trusted to procure the goods and ETHICS PRAXIS...

ETHICS, POWER AND ACCOUNTABILITY (SGXETHPAC) Oscar Bulaong Jr., PhD MODULE 1: A purchaser is trusted to procure the goods and ETHICS PRAXIS services that will benefit the public good CONFLICT OF INTEREST A city building administrator is trusted to ensure the LAW OF AGENCY – relationship emerges because of safety and security of construction projects hiring agents A policeman is trusted to secure public order and Principal-agent relationship safety ─ Agent acts in behalf of the principal A tax assessor is trusted to compute the proper ─ For the interest of the principal and fair taxes and collect the same amount FIDUCIARY DUTY o Principal is entitled to the agent’s good faith, trust and loyalty FIVE KINDS OF CONFLICT OF INTEREST o An element of the law of agency 1. Objective 2. Subjective 3. Potential 4. Actual 5. Apparent CONFLICT OF INTEREST if there is a violation of agency Agent acts in a way that has a potential to harm or harms the principal Creates a corruption of trust Who is harmed? (and to what extent?) An ethical and moral issue that goes beyond simple The principal is more than just the immediate compliance shareholder Violates “fiduciary duty” (good faith) CONFLICT OF INTEREST = CORRUPTION REVIEW NOTE: The real "principal" is the PUBLIC GOOD, not just the head of the agency/org/dept/unit COI is not just a law to comply with, it does real harm to our people (bantay salakay) Moral implications with real harm to people Advocate for the moral commitment against COI, not only compliance THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI) CORRUPTION PERCEPTION INDEX (CPI) Released annually The higher the index, the healthier and wealthier and the more educated ` 2 of 14  RENT-SEEKING BEHAVIOR MODULE 2: 3 classes of income ETHICS THEORY Income A. VIRTUE ETHICS Wage Rent PROFIT-SEEKING PRIVATE sector RECIPROCAL BENEFIT → paid = wealth ECONOMIC EXCHANGE WEALTH CREATION RENT-SEEKING PUBLIC sector Happens with political or administrative authority MANIPULATING institutions and transactions to benefit a NARROW SECTOR, which HARMS THE PUBLIC GOOD No wealth creation *Not all rent-seeking behavior is wrong Central question Cultivation = habituation Examples You are what you repeatedly do. Regulatory capture and exploiting discretion (red- tape) PREVIEW OF LEARNING POINTS Influencing legislation for private benefit MESOTES (middle) is a kind of action or decision; it is Bribing a gov’t official for exceptional treatment the "right thing to do" Influence-peddling, to dispense special favors PHRONESIS (good judgment) is a kind of intelligence Manipulating specs and the bidding document or a mental skill submission deadline for a public transport project, to "INTERNAL GOODS", or character competencies that ensure that only one supplier can submit a bid are habituated (Duhigg) Procurement decision-makers conspired with a VIRTUES foreign supplier before the "conditions of the contract" were even written There is no incentive for any of the stakeholders to What is the "right thing to do"? provide optimal products/services, to benefit end- In decision-making, what does an ethical person users aim at? Public good is harmed Excess → MESOTES ← Deficicency Staking all seemingly small COI = corruption = scandal Excess and deficiency = VICES Mesotes, the middle, the mean = virtue What is the point? Reflect on how institutionally and culturally embedded Between excess and deficiency rent-seeking behavior is The actions at the extreme are wrong actions When you stack up the pervasive rent-seeking MESOTES → VIRTUOUS ACTION behavior, it harms us all = "weak" or "failed" state Advocate against rent—seeking behavior, not just in Example words, but more so in our actions 3 of 14  MESOTES B. DEONTOLOGY Virtue ethics gives as a way of approaching decision making in avoiding deficiency and excessiveness. Is mesotes quantified? No, more than just quantity Prescribed Relative to a person and situation Doing mesotes: Right PERSON Right AMOUNT Right TIME Right END Right WAY Measured actions Core concept: “RATIONALITY” MESOTES The study of the nature of DUTY and OBLIGATION. The mesotes is the most appropriate decision or “Quality of the action itself inherently” action that results in the best circumstances The heart of Deontology based on good judgment Why must I do the right thing? Because it’s the right thing to do. Dignity of a rational nature Needs high level of skills to coach his team well Always and is universally correct – don’t require Competent empirical evidence to prove it Leadership ─ Requires a rational faculty that apprehends the Trust truth Communication ─ Reason is bound to that truth claim “Not everyone can do it” ─ Key term: “binding force of reason” It’s not easy as said by Aristotle How can I find out what my duty is? It requires to cultivate virtues By using the UNIVERSALIZABILITY METHOD to Virtues are high-level skills and traits that make us test rightness/wrongness of actions more effective and more successful as human beings ─ What is the purpose of the universalizability method? To verify if on action is inherently right Variations on the same theme: or wrong. * Mahusay na diskarte *Why is it important to verify "inherently" Wise decision right/wrong? Tantum quantum o Because authority figures often impose on us rules and regulations, to just follow Do I know if I’m doing the mesotes? without asking. You can know that you did the mesotes only in o Thus, the universalizability method gives retrospect. us a tool. ─ When you assess the results of your “There is something heroic in deontology” actions. ─ Whether the result resulted to FLOURISHING or not. Took a step back, did the mesotes and made a world a better place for the both. 4 of 14 WHEN SOMETHING IS "JUST RIGHT" STEPS FOR THE UNIVERSALIZABILITY METHOD It’s just right No alternative method, etc. Step 0 MORAL IMPERATIVE = CATEGORICAL Identify the action to be tested IMPERATIVE Example: Borrow money without intending to pay DIGNITY = to have “PRINCIPLES” [false promises] Opposite of dignity → price To hold on to the rightness and wrongness of the Step 1 action Formulate the maxim PRIMITIVO MIJARES (personal rule: “When I..., I shall...”) Either by oversight or some providential happening, Example: “When I need money, I shall borrow it from the martial regime of Marcos miscalculated. The someone without intending to pay it back.” – Self- regime failed to reckon With that little possibility contradiction that I might also be influenced by the highfalutin principle that there are things in this life which are Step 2 more precious than gold, like the duty and Test for universalizability: imagine the maxim as a obligation I owe to myself, my family, my universal law, is there a self-contradiction? profession, my country, and most of all, its history. Example: Suppose everyone were obligated to follow this maxim, as if it were a universal law: Everyone HOW SHALL I DO THE RIGHT THING? ought to borrow money without intending to pay, when In an autonomous manner they need money. Paternalism vs Autonomy No one will lend money, “who are you fooling, you PATERNALISM ought not pay it back”, money-lending loses its ─ The policy or practice on the part of people in meaning, self-contradictory (Immoral, positions of authority of restricting the freedom impermissible) and responsibilities of those subordinate to them in the subordinates' supposed best Step 3 interest Conclude by articulating the duty ─ “A MORAL CHILDHOOD” Example: Therefore, do not borrow money without ─ “PATRONAGE” intending to pay. ─ Pater = father Because the child is immature, the father has to make decisions for the child's best interest Or an immature child needs a father figure to do the right thing or not to do the right thing AUTONOMY ─ “self-legislation” ─ “MORAL MATURITY” ─ “ENLIGHTENMENT” May sariling ilaw ang katwiran ko ─ Dignity = to be self-legislating To have a normal life that have internal duties 5 of 14  C. UTILITARIANISM UTILITARIAN CALCULUS Think of the ways on how to increase the common good. STEP 0 Identify a happiness reference unit UTILITARIANISM = CONSEQUENTIALISM Can be any object that makes us happy (benefit) Right and wrong are evaluated according to results: Depends on the person doing the computation ↑ BENEFIT/HAPPINESS = RIGHT For example: a choc chip cookie, a word of praise ↓ benefit (i.e., harm) = wrong from your boss, on A in a midterm, et cetera Cost-analysis management Then think of it as "currency", to compute benefits COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS (CBA), sometimes also and harms called benefit-cost analysis or benefit costs analysis, is For our example, let's say it is: a systematic approach to estimating the strengths and One ShackBurger = one happiness reference weaknesses of alternatives used to determine options unit which provide the best approach to achieving benefits while preserving savings. STEP 1 Identify alternative actions or policies that are IS UTILITARIANISM THEN A COST-BENEFIT available ANALYSIS APPLIED TO ETHICS? NO, the scope of utilitarianism surpasses the first- person perspective of the typical cost-benefit analysis Why? Principle: the GREATEST HAPPINESS for the GREATEST NUMBER That’s why it’s called “THE COMMON GOOD APPROACH” IN A NUTSHELL The greatest happiness principle is not only intuitive, but it is also practical and measurable. Utilitarianism is the most frequently used principle. However, utilitarians encounter measurement problems: For example, can a human life or happiness be given an objective value? Weakness → can be misused 6 of 14  UTILITARIAN CALCULUS MODULE 4: INTERVENTION STRATEGIES STEP 2 The point of Nielsen's article is to provide tools for For each alternative, estimate the foreseeable intervention. benefits and costs that it will produce in the future BEING AS AN IDIVIDUAL According to Tillich, the courage to be as an individual is the courage to follow one's conscience and defy unethical and/or unreasonable authority. It can even mean staging a revolutionary attack on that STEP 3 authority. Such an act can entail great risk and require Choose the alternative that produces the maximum great courage. As Tillich explains, "The anxiety benefits conquered in the courage to be... in the productive process is considerable, because the threat of being excluded from such a participation by unemployment or the loss of an economic basis is what, above all, fate means today....". KINDS OF WHISTLE BLOWING WHAT IS THE POINT ABOUT THE TWELVE KINDS OF WHISTLEBLOWING? 7 of 14 LIMITATIONS OF INTERVENTION BEING AS A PART 1. The individual can be wrong about the WHAT IS NIELSEN'S POINT? organization's actions. Lower-level employees commonly do not have as much or as good information about ethical situations and issues as higher-level managers. Similarly, they may not be as experienced as higher-level managers in dealing with specific ethical issues. The quality of experience and information an individual has can influence the quality of his or her ethical judgments. To the extent that this is true in any given situation, the use of intervention may or may not be warranted. 2. Relationships can be damaged. Suppose that instead of identifying with the individuals who want an organization to change its ethical behavior, we look at these situations from another perspective. How For example, Yoshino and Lifson compare do we feel when we are forced to change our behavior? generalizations (actually overgeneralizations) about Further, how would we feel if we were forced by a Japanese and American leadership styles: subordinate to change, even though we thought that we "In the United States, a leader is often thought of had the position, quality of information, and/or quality of as one who blazes new trails, a virtuoso whose experience to make the correct decisions? Relationships example inspires awe, respect, and emulation. If would probably be, at the least, strained, particularly if we made an ethical decision and were nevertheless forced to any individual characterizes this pattern, it is surely change. If we are wrong, it may be that we do not John Wayne, whose image reached epic recognize it at the time. If we know we are wrong, we still proportions in his own lifetime as an embodiment may not like being forced to change. How-ever, it is of something uniquely American. A Japanese possible that the individual forcing us to change may leader, rather than being an authority, is more of a justify his or her behavior to us, and our relationship may communications channel, a mediator, a actually be strengthened. facilitator, and most of all, a symbol and embodiment of group unity. Consensus 3. The organization can be hurt unnecessarily. building is necessary in decision making, and this If an individual is wrong in believing that the requires patience and an ability to use carefully organization Is unethical, the organization can be hurt cultivated relationships to get all to agree for the unnecessarily by his or her actions. Even if the good of the unit. A John Wayne in this situation individual is right, the organization can still be might succeed temporarily by virtue of charisma, unnecessarily hurt by intervention strategies. but eventually the inability to build strong emotion- laden relationships and use these as a tool of 4. Intervention strategies can encourage "might motivation and consensus building would prove makes right" climates. fatal." If we want "wrong" people, who might be more A charismatic, "John Wayne type" leader can inspire powerful now or in the future than we are, to exercise and/or frighten people into diverting from the routine. A self-restraint, then we may need to exercise self- consensus-building, Japanese-style leader can get restraint even when we are "right." A problem with people to agree to divert from the routine. In both using force is that the other side may use more cases, the leader creates incremental behavior powerful or effective force now or later. Many people change beyond the routine. How does leadership have been punished for trying to act ethically both (being as a part) in its various cultural forms differ from when they were right and when they were wrong. By the various intervention (being as an individual) using force, one may also contribute to the belief that strategies and cases discussed above? Some case the only way to get things done in a particular data may be revealing. organization is through force. People who are wrong can and do use force, and win. Do we want to build an organization culture in which force plays an important role? Gandhi's response to "an eye for an eye" was that if we all followed that principle, eventually everyone would be blind. 8 of 14 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY “Spark” Social psychology is the scientific study of how To blow the whistle happens in the individual people's thoughts. feelings, and behaviors are Thinking beyond and start thinking about influenced by the actual. imagined, or implied presence transformation and organization through leadership of others. There is a way of leading the ethical way in the We are in fact affecting each other subtly organization The study of attitudes is a core topic in social You are already doing it (+ or -), without your deliberate psychology. effort because your ETHOS is always and already Attitudes are involved in virtually every other area of evident. the discipline, including conformity, interpersonal attraction, social perception, and prejudice. WHAT IS THE POINT ABOUT ETHICAL LEADERSHIP? Why not being deliberate about that influence? Because you can use that as ethical tool for change Character will still be caught, even if it is no systematically taught (Kristiansson, 2013) It’s like a virus Building relationship in the organization. THREE PILLARS OF LEADERSHIP People with higher levels of these tend to have greater Intervention is most effective if your life project is influence. ethical. You are in fact following a mission. 1. Ethical leaders have COMPETENCE You are devoted in a mission. ─ They have skills, knowledge, and the ability The way we are behaving because it’s connected to achieve. to something deeper, not just in terms of profit. 2. Ethical leaders have CHARACTER ETHOS = MISSION ─ They make moral choices and have the courage to make the right decisions even if 3 LEVELS OF INTERVENTION it means they sacrifice or give up 1. AGENTIAL something. 2. STRUCTURAL – organization, memos, policies, 3. Ethical leaders have PURPOSE IRR, infrastructures ─ They do things for a reason or cause larger 3. SYSTEMIC – whole thing, are more than the sum than themselves. of its parts (gestalt) → starts to have a life of its own; self-preserving, self-organizing 9 of 14  SYSTEMS CHANGE Can modify the quantity “Laman” 12. Numbers Intervene with number as needed Container 11. Buffers Stabilizing stock 10. Stock-and-Flow Movement of the contained to structures different containers Start looking the length of time 9. Delays it takes The “temporal element” Patterns or typical movement 8. Balancing in the system Feedback Loops “Homeostasis” To keep everything in balance 7. Reinforcing “Exponential” Feedback Loops 6. Information Affects systems behavior Flows Predator-prey example Policies 5. Rules IRR 4. Self- Organization By setting up a new goal by … I simply need it could be a mission vision or it can also be organizational culture what’s and what’s not because that’s 3. Goals something implicit and that’s the that’s the unmentioned policy in that organization in the department for example where we talked about more frequently 2. Paradigms Mindset out of the system Conceptualize new way of 1. Transcending thinking Paradigms NEW WAYS OF THINKING to solve new problems 10 of 14  QUIZZES 3. In the second paragraph of page 5: CONFLICT OF INTEREST Accountability is thus a ____________________. 1. The Law of Agency arises because of the But it denotes a specific variety of power: the Principal-Agent relationship. The owner of the capacity to demand someone engage in reason- Sari-sari storeowner has hire other people to do giving to justify her behavior, and/or the capacity finance, procurement, operation, etc for the to impose a penalty for poor performance. business. This brings about the duty of the agent ─ Relationship of Power to act for and in behalf of the principal. Is this true or false? 4. On page 7, we distinguished between vertical A. True and horizontal accountability. Is the following B. False statement true or false? Electing a public official is an example of horizontal accountability. 2. When does conflict of interest arise? When the A. True principal acts in a way that harms or could B. False potentially harm the agent. In this context, the principal acts in a way that neglects the agent. Is 5. On page 5, we described two forms of this true or false? accountability; the first is "answerability" which A. True means: B. False A. Having to provide information about one’s actions and justifications for their 3. What was our point about being "stuck in a correctness compliance mentality"? B. Having to suffer penalties from those A. People think that the principal is the dissatisfied either with the actions immediate shareholder, who is harmed in themselves or with the rationale invoked to COI justify them B. People think often about the ethical implications of COI 6. On page 5, we described two forms of accountability; the second is "enforceability" ACCOUNTABILITY READING QUESTIONNAIRE which means: 1. This is from the Introduction: These days, no fiery A. Having to provide information about one’s demand for social justice – or, for that matter, sober actions and justifications for their discussion of public policy – is complete without a correctness demand that the powerful heed the voices of B. Having to suffer penalties from those ordinary people, or that ordinary people be enabled dissatisfied either with the actions to hold the powerful to account. Is this citation themselves or with the rationale invoked correct? to justify them A. True B. False 7. From page 6, is this citation correct? First, actually existing accountability systems force us to 2. What is accountability? It describes a confront the difference between de jure and de relationship where person A is accountable to facto lines of accountability. In the real world there person B; this means two things: is very often a difference between whom one is accountable to according to law or accepted A is obliged to explain and justify his actions to procedure, and whom one is accountable to B; or because of their practical power to impose a A may suffer sanctions, if his conduct, or sanction. Which is why the stripped- down definition of accountability is shorn of moral explanation for it, is found wanting by B. content: it does not specify who plays the roles of A and B, the objects and agents of accountability. Is this description correct? In principle, of course, politicians are answerable to A. True citizens. But in practice they are often more B. False immediately concerned with the sanctions wielded by corporate interests, such as the withdrawal of campaign finance. A. True B. False 11 of 14 8. In Part III: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT DENIED: VIRTUE ETHICS HOW AND WHY A LACK OF ACCOUNTABILITY 1. The right action, in the context of virtue ethics, is HARMS THE POOR, the four key areas called the mesotes. It means, "middle", specifically it necessary for human development are: is between excess and deficiency. 1. Sustainable Livelihoods, particularly land and A. True fair wages. B. False 2. Economy-Enhancing Services, particularly education and health-care. 2. What is the mesotes of indecisiveness and 3. Decent Socio-economic Quality, particularly impulsiveness? effective goods and services. A. Recklessness 4. Physical Security, particularly freedom from B. Self-control abuse (and neglect) by police. C. Conscientiousness Is this true of false? 3. Why is this decision-making framework called “virtue ethics”? Because it requires us to cultivate virtues, A. True which are high level skills and traits that make us B. False more effective and more successful human beings. A. True 9. In Part III, we said that the two reasons why B. False institutions fail in holding people accountable are: A. Inefficiency and capture 4. What are alternative names that we can call the B. Bias and inefficiency mesotes? C. Bias and capture [Choose the best answer.] D. Bureaucracy and capture A. “Mahusay na diskarte” B. The wise decision 10. In Part IV, we said: C. Tantum quantum In the last two decades of the twentieth century, D. All of the above two huge currents of social, economic and political change have altered the understanding DEONTOLOGY of accountability and profoundly influenced 1. As we said in the video lecture, in the context of efforts to improve the functioning of deontology, why must I do the right thing? Because accountability systems. it is the _____________ thing to do. Answer: RIGHT What are those two? 2. How can I find out what my duty is? By using the A. Democratization and industrialization _________ to test the rightness/wrongness of B. Democratization and globalization actions. C. Republicanism and globalization A. Universalizability method B. Mesotes C. Utilitarian calculus 3. When something is "just right" the same way that 1 + 1 = 2 is just right, we can associate deontology with moral imperatives, such as do not borrow money without intending to pay, or do not murder, or do not lie. These moral imperatives are "just right", insofar as they undergo the universalizability method. A. True B. False 12 of 14 4. According to Primitivo Mijares in the excerpt from UTILITARIANISM Conjugal Dictatorship, how much in total was offered 1. In Utilitarianism, actions are evaluated according to to him for his non-testimony and departure from the what? US? A. consequences A. $50,000 B. virtue C. duty B. $100,000 D. some of the answers above C. $75,000 E. all of the answers above F. No answer text provided. 5. In the context of paternalism, the child is mature, G. No answer text provided. thus the child can make decisions for its own best interest. Both results and consequences (synonyms!) are used to A. True evaluate actions, in the context of Utilitarianism. B. False 2. Is utilitarianism a cost-benefit analysis that is 6. Autonomy is a moral maturity, to act according to the applied to ethics? rightness or wrongness of actions. This means, I can A. Yes, when you compute for the net benefits think for myself and thus legislate and impose the and costs, that is exactly the cost-benefit law upon myself. analysis A. True B. No, the scope of utilitarianism surpasses B. False the scope of the first-person perspective Remember autonomy = autos + nomos, or SELF-LAW. 3. In Utilitarianism, we have to choose the Autonomy is the ability to legislate and impose the law action/decision that promotes the greatest upon myself. I am the author of the law that I apply to _____________ for the greatest ______________. Answer: Happiness, Number myself. This is moral maturity. The opposite is paternalism, which means thinking like 4. What is the second step of the Utilitarian Calculus? a child. I need an authority figure to make me comply A. Identify alternative actions or policies that with the law, using rewards or punishments. are available B. Choose the alternative that produces the 7. Suppose someone decided to comply with the duty, maximum benefits "do not borrow money without intending to pay", but C. For each alternative, estimate the acted in a paternalistic way, this means: foreseeable benefits and costs that it will A. He would need rewards or punishments produce in the future to follow the imperative. B. He would act in a self-legislating manner. 5. In the thought experiment about the utilitarian C. He would be misguided in his behavior medical doctor, which alternative (after all the computations) was estimated to bring the greatest 8. In the magisterial lecture, according to Dr. Bulaong, benefit? the duty to tell the truth has a value today because A. Alternative 1: give Pedro meds, nothing can of the deeper crisis of truth telling (fake news, cyber be done for Anna, Jose, and Maria propaganda, abuse of social media). B. Alternative 2: give Pedro sleeping pills, A. True then harvest organs for donation to Anna, B. False Jose, and Maria 6. In that thought experiment, what will Pedro say? 9. In the magisterial lecture, the story of __________ A. That is fair, I understand that the estimates showed the difference of dignity and price. are correct. Answer: Primitivo Mijares B. That is not fair, I just visited you to get some neozep, then my organs get harvested? 7. Utilitarianism is not only intuitive; it is also practical and measurable. A. True B. False 13 of 14  NIELSEN'S CHANGING 7. The main point of "ethical leadership" is, after UNETHICAL ORGANIZATION all, that we should lead by example. 1. Please verify: A. Yes, correct, this is what social psychology There are two parts of the Nielsen article; implies. namely, B. No, we said it is trite, it almost means 1. Being as Individual nothing in society today. Instead, we 2. Being as Part said, "deisgn your life project to be transformative". The second part, "Being as part" is about ethical leadership. Are all these claims true? 8. What is the central point about "being as part" or A. True ethical leadership? B. False A. You should lead by example B. Lead ethical change by deliberately 2. Who is Primitivo Mijares? fashioning your ethos. Choose the best answer below. C. You have to know what the kinds of A. All of the answers here whistleblowing are B. He was a journalist in the 1970s C. He was close to Marcos We did not say that "leading by example" is wrong, but D. He blew the whistle and until today his body we said that it is trite. The much deeper meaning: has not been found It is better to design your life project to be transformative." 3. According to Nielsen, there is only one kind of whistle-blowing. This is the kind exemplified by This point is connected to the first lecture concerning Heidi Mendoza, Primitivo Mijare, et cetera. ethos, mission, and the third stone mason. A. True B. False 9. I need to be in a high position (or have authority) to lead ethical change. 4. Which one is true? A. True A. The first kind of whistleblowing is to secretly B. False blow the whistle within the organization; while the tenth kind is to quietly refrain from 10. On page 125 of the article, the second limitation implementing an unethical order/policy of the whistleblowing kind of intervention is B. The ninth kind of whistleblowing is to when... conscientiously object to an unethical A. The individual can be wrong about the policy or refuse to implement it; while the organization's actions twelfth kind is to publicly blow the B. Relationships can be damaged whistle outside the organization C. The organization can be hurt unnecessarily 5. In what facts about our human nature is ethical 11. On page 128, the third limitation to leading leadership embedded? ethical change is.... Choose the best answer below. A. Sometimes ethical win-win situations may A. We are social creatures not be possible B. We are constantly watching each other B. Some people may not be good leaders, they C. We constantly influence each other, whether may not know how leadership can be or not we are aware of it applied to organizational issues D. All of the answers here C. Some organizational environments may discourage leadership that is non- 6. Character will still be ____________ , even if it is conforming not systematically ______________. Answer: Caught, Taught 14 of 14  Your paragraph h text ETHICS, POWER, AND ACCOUNTABILITY Group 3: Lacaden, Poleño, Sumatra, Ubial, Vea, Yambao “stuck in a compliance mentality” Conflict of Interest Arises when the principal acts in a way that harms or could potentially harm the agent. Being as PART ETHICAL Law of Agency LEADERSHIP LIMITATIONS: The duty of the agent to act for and in behalf of the principal Rent-seeking Behavior Competence 1. Ethical win-wins solutions or compromises may Character The act of growing one's existing not be possible. Bantay-salakay wealth by manipulating the social or Purpose 2. Application of leadership in organizational The local term that connotes conflict of interest political environment without ethical issues. creating new wealth. 3. Organization leadership that discourages Agent nonconformity. De Jure vs De Facto Principal Accountability according to Accountability bases on whom one is Harm Being as INDIVIDUAL law or accepted procedure accountable to because of their practical power to impose sanctions AGENT WHISTLEBLOWING LIMITATIONS: Horizontal vs Vertical 1. The individual can be wrong about the organization. THEORIA INTERVENTION PRAXIS State agencies hold other state Citizens hold the powerful in agencies to account account (ie. Election) Accountability 2. Relationships can be damaged. 3. The organization can be hurt unncessarily. Relationship of Power STRUCTURE 4. Intervention strategies can “might makes right” Ex Post vs Ex Ante Your paragraph text Capacity to demand someone engage climate.” Outcome based; sanctions are Decision-making process is subjected in reason-giving to justify her Your paragraph text Your paragraph text imposed if explanations for the to questioning before an action is behavior, and/or the capacity tio SYSTEMS approved (ie. Budget Hearing) #12 Numbers decisions are deemed insufficient Responsiveness vs Responsibility impose a penalty for poor performance MORAL IMAGINATION SYSTEM THINKING #11 Buffers Your paragraph text Desired attittued of Duty of agencies and Lack of Accountability #10 Stock and Flow Structures Hurts the Poor power holders towards officials to enforce Deprivations in 4 Key Areas for LEVERAGE #9 Delays ordinary citizens; regulations ACTORS #8 Balancing Feedback Loop OBJECT vs AGENT Necessary for Human Development: POINTS #7 Reinforcing Feedback Loops One obliged to account Entitled to demand 2 Key Distinctions Sustainable Livelihoods Add a subheading Capability-Enhancing Services #6 Information Flows for his actions and to face answers or impose Decent-Environmental Quality #5 Rules sanction punishments Physical Security #4 Self-organization FORMS #3 Goals ANSWERABILITY vs ENFORCEABILITY Your paragraph text mesotes #2 Paradigms Provide info about one’s Suffer the penalties from CHARACTER ACTIONS CONSEQUENCE #1 Transcending Paradigns actions and justifications those dissatisfied either Moral virtue Rational Act Everyone’s Welfare Utilitarian Calculus excess deficiency for their corrections actions themselves or with Virtue Ethics Deontology Utilitarianism Step 0: identify a happiness reference unit the rationale invoked to Character approach Principled approach Common Good Step 1: Identify alternative actions or justify them approach policies that are available Internal Goods investigates how measures the intrinsic rightness/ wrongness Step 2: For each alternative, estimate the character affects rightness/ wrongness depends on the foreseeable benefits and costs that it will Do it to the right person decision-making of the action results of the action produce in the future In the right amount At the right time aka Consequentialism Step 3: Choose the alternative that For the right end produces the maximum/optimal benefits In the right way Principle: The happiness for the greatest number Flourish WHY It is the right thing to do HOW Universalizability Method Dignity vs Price Steps 0. Identify action to be tested 1.Formulate the Maxim (When I...., Ishall) 2.Test the universalizability: imagine maxim as universal Moral Imperative law. Is there a self-contradiction Autonomy vs Paternalism 3. Conclude by articulating the duty