Sensory Receptor PDF

1. Sensory receptor - when sensory information is detected through this, sensation has occured 2. Absolute threshold - minimum amount of stimulus energy that must be present for the stimulus to be detected 50% of the time 3. Subliminal messages - messages that are presented belo...

1. Sensory receptor - when sensory information is detected through this, sensation has occured 2. Absolute threshold - minimum amount of stimulus energy that must be present for the stimulus to be detected 50% of the time 3. Subliminal messages - messages that are presented below the threshold for conscious awareness (below that threshold: we receive it, but we are not consciously aware of it) - Just noticeable difference (jnd) - how much stimuli is required to detect a difference between them 4. Perception - sensory receptors (collecting information from the environment (world) - The way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced - Sensation - physical process/physical senses (attach what you are sensing) - Sensory adaptation - often don’t perceive stimuli that remain relatively constant over prolonged periods of time - Attention - affects sensation and perception (play significant role to sensed vs perceived - Daniel Simons and Christopher Chabris (1999) - demonstrate the important attention is in determining our perception of the environment - Inattentional blindness - failure to notice something that is completely visible because of lack of attention - Motivation - also affect perception (detect a meaningful stimulus shift) - Signal detection theory - ability a stimulus when it is embedded in a distracting bg - Perceptions can also affected by our BELIEFS, VALUES, PREJUDICES, EXPECTATIONS, and LIFE EXPERIENCES Anatomy of the visual system 1. Cornea - transparent covering over the eye (focusing light waves) 2. Pupil - small opening in the eye thru which light passes (low - dilate) (high - constrict) 3. Iris - colored portion of the eye 4. Lens - a curved, transparent structure that allows the eye to focus on objects 5. Fovea - contains densely packed specialized photoreceptors cells 6. Types of photoreceptors: cones and rods 7. Cones - photoreceptors cell (very sensitive, perceive color) (bright light) 8. Rods - located throughout the remainder of the retina (low/dark light) - Bright environment - cone activity - Dark environment - delay in transitioning between phases - Night blindness - rods do not transform 9. Optic nerve - carries visual information from retina to the brain 10. Optic chiasm - optic nerve from each eye merges just below the brain at a point 11. Occipital lobe - sent via a number of structures UTS Unpacking the self 1. SELF - Physical, Sexual, Material, Spiritual, Political, Digital 2. Physical Self - process of physical growth and development - Analysis of the life span 3. Secretion of various hormones - adolescence result largely - The way they view themselves 4. Girls - more dissatisfied (self conscious - 13 and 15 y/o) - Infancy and old age - performs least - Age 20 and 30 - physical efficiency peaks 5. Adolescence - transition between childhood and adulthood - Puberty - sexual maturity (8y/0 girls ; 9y/o boys) - Life span - development from conception to death Elizabeth Hurlock (stages of life span) 1. Prenatal - fertilization (sperm, embryo, fetus) 2. Infancy - 2 weeks (shortest period, radical and hazardous) 3. Babyhood - 2 weeks to 2nd year (bahavioral, socialization, sex-role) 4. Early childhood - 2 to 6 y/o (problem/troublesome, pre-school, questioning, imitative) 5. Late childhood - 6 to 10/12 y/o (sloppy, elementary, gang) 6. Puberty - 10/12 to 13/14 y/o (growth, change, variable) 7. Adolescence - 14 to 18 y/o (search of identity, problem age, unrealism) 8. Early adulthood - 18 to 40 y/o (settling-down, marriage, reproduction, value change) 9. Middle adulthood - 40 to 60 y/o (boredom, achievement, evaluation) 10. Late adulthood or senescence - 60 to death (period of decline) 2 factors affecting physical growth and development 1. Heredity - biological process of the inheritance of traits from parents to offspring 2. Environment - individual is exposed to throughout learning and experiences 3. Combination of chromosomes and genes during fertilization - sex and other physical characteristics (egg and sperm unite) 4. Autosomes - 22 pairs (trait chromosomes) 5. Chromosomes/gonosomes - 23rd pair (sex - father and mother) 6. Dominant (strong genes) 7. Recessive (weak genes) Theories of Physical Self 1. Theory of physiognomy - person’s physical characteristics 2. Five element theory - water, wood, fire, earth and metal (chinese practice) 3. Hippocrates - developed a theory based on the prominence of body fluids 4. William sheldon - body type theory 5. Jean Haner - the wisdom of your face Body Image 1. Body image - individuals perceive, think, and feel abt their body 2. Appearance - height, weight, skin color 3. Self-esteem - evaluation of his or her own worth 4. Girls - more concerned than boys 5. Bullying and peer pressure - greater body dissatisfaction