Seed Technology Report PDF

MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE THE SEED BIOLOGY AND IMPORTANCE Berjuega, D., Baldoza, L.A., Landoy, I.  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE Do you believe that all naturally produced fruits come from seeds,...

MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE THE SEED BIOLOGY AND IMPORTANCE Berjuega, D., Baldoza, L.A., Landoy, I.  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE Do you believe that all naturally produced fruits come from seeds, but not all seeds come from fruits?  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE THE SEED A flowering plant's (angiosperm) unit of reproduction , capable of developing into another such plant. Also, the reproductive body of gymnosperms (Lambers, n.d.). The fertilized ripened ovule of a flowering plant (Merriam Webster Dictionary). Seeds are distinctive feature of many fruits (Elliott & Velasquez, n.d.).  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE A seed consists of a miniature undeveloped plant (embryo), food reserve/s (cotyledon), and a protective covering (testa). It has the ability to germinate when conditions are favorable. Seeds are eminently suited to perform a wide variety of functions: multiplication, perennation, dormancy, dispersal (Encyclopedia Britannica). The seed is the embryonic stage of the plant life cycle (Kelly & Zumajo, 2021). MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE TYPES OF SEED PLANT 1.) ANGIOSPERM Flowering plants From the Greek word angeion (vessel) and sperma (seed) Seeds form inside the fruit MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE TYPES OF SEED PLANT 2.) GYMNOSPERM Non-flowering plants From the Greek word gymno (naked) and sperma (seed) Seeds form in the open spaces of cone  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF SEED Adaptation of plants to changing environments Maintains existing populations Revegetation, recolonization (Traveset & Rodriguez -Perez, 2019). Maintains intricate ecological systems Supports many living organisms  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF SEED Food for humans Ex., cereal grains, such as wheat, rice, and corn (maize); the seeds of beans, peas, peanuts, soybeans, etc Feed for animals Ex., corn, soybean, sunflower seeds, etc. Important source of oil Ex., cotton, sesame, coconut, soybean, sunflower, etc. Source of stimulants Ex., coffee, kola, cocoa  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF SEED Spices Ex., mustard, black pepper, achuete Fiber Ex., seeds of cotton and kapok Soap and cosmetic Ex., bitter gourd seeds Industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and pest control agents  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE EXAMPLE OF ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT GYMNOSPERMS IN THE PHILIPPINES Genus Pinus L. Pinus is the Roman name for pine. Pinus is one of the oldest extant conifera genera and are economically important as timber, pulp, tar, and turpentine. These two are important source of oleoresin which is an important component of insect-repellant products. Source: Ethnobotany of conifers in the Pinus kesiya Pinus merkusii Philippines by Richard Clemente  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE SEED CONSERVATION VALUE Preservation of local varieties Food security Reduced dependence on commercial seeds Adaptation to climate change Promotion of biodiversity Cost-effective and sustainable Source: Amido, J. (2023)  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE SEED STRUCTURE AND ANATOMY Plumule - apical bud of the seedling Epicotyl - first internode above the cotyledonary node Hypocotyl - embryonic stem Radicle - embryonic root Cotyledon - first leaf; also serves as food reserve to the developing embryo ANGIOSPERM SEEDS Source: Tillich, H. (2007)  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE SEED STRUCTURE AND ANATOMY GYMNOSPERM SEED  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE SEED DEVELOPMENT AND FORMATION SUMMARY 1. Reproduction in flowering plants begins with pollination. 2. Once the pollen grain lodges on the stigma, a pollen tube grows from the pollen grain to an ovule. 3. Two sperm nuclei then pass through the pollen tube. 4. One sperm unites with the egg nucleus and produces a zygote. 5. The other sperm nucleus unites with two polar nuclei to produce an endosperm nucleus. 6. The fertilized ovule develops into a seed.  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE SEED DEVELOPMENT AND FORMATION SUMMARY The development of seeds in gymnosperms is almost similar to that of angiosperms. The only difference are: Gymnosperms are mainly pollinated by wind. Seeds form in cones. Double fertilization does not occur gymnosperms.  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE KEY TAKEAWAYS Seed is a mature fertilized ovule. It is the unit of plants reproduction. There are two types of seed plants: angiosperm and gymnosperm Seeds are important in ecology as they maintain and support intricate ecological systems. Seeds are economically important as they are valuable source of food, feed, and many industrial materials. Seed conservation plays a crucial role in food security, preservation of local plant varieties, promotion of biodiversity, and agricultural sustainability.  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE Can you say that all naturally produced fruits come from seeds, but not all seeds come from fruits?  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE REFERENCES Amindo, J. (2023). The future of sustainable farming: The importance of seed saving for local communities in the Philippines. Retrieved August 12, 2024, from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/future-sustainable-farming-importance- seed-saving-local-janvie- amido#:~:text=By%20maintaining%20a%20diverse%20range%20of%20plant%20varieties%20through%20seed,and%2 0promote%20overall%20ecosystem%20health. Angiosperm and gymnosperm. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from, Miss. Ma. Belén Carrillo, www.virtualogos.net Cowell, R. (2023). Ethnobotany of conifers in the Philippines. IntechOpen. doi: 10.5772/intechopen. 1004287 Functional seed ecology: Single traits to plant distribution patterns, community assembly and ecosystem processes. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/17615/functional-seed- ecology-from-single-traits-to-plant-distribution-patterns-community-assembly-and-ecosystem- processes#:~:text=Seeds%20play%20several%20pivotal%20roles,Despite%20this%20...  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE REFERENCES How flowering plant reproduce. (n.d.). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved August 12, 2024, from https://www.britannica.com/science/endosperm#/media/1/187065/53831 Kelly, J. & Zumajo, C. (2021). What is a seed? Retrieved August 10, 2024, from https://www.nybg.org/planttalk/what-is- a-seed/#:~:text=Most%20seeds%20consist%20of%20three,starch%2C%20oil%2C%20and%20protein. Lambers, H. (n.d.). Seed. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved August 9, 2024, from https://www.britannica.com/science/seed-plant-reproductive-part Powell R. G. (2009). Plant seeds as sources of potential industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and pest control agents. Journal of natural products, 72(3), 516–523. https://doi.org/10.1021/np8006217 Seed. (n.d.). Merriam Webster Dictionary. Retrieved August 9, 2024, from https://www.merriam- webster.com/dictionary/seed  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE REFERENCES Tillich, H. (2007). Seedling diversity and the homologies of seedling organs in the order poales (monocotyledons). Annals of Botany, 100(7), 1413-1429. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcm238 Traveset, A. & Rodriguez-Perez, J. (2019). Seed dispersal. In Encyclopedia of Ecology (2nd ed). Retrieved August 12, 2024, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/seed- dispersal#:~:text=Seed%20dispersal%20may%20drive%20plant,information%20(species%20and%20genetic%20diversit y Zubair, M., Atolani, O., Ibrahim, O., Oguntoye, O., Abdulrahim, H., Oyegoke, R. & Olatunji, G. (2018). Chemical and biological evaluations of potent antiseptic cosmetic products obtained from Momordica charantia seed oil. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 9, 35-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2018.05.005  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE SEED BREEDING Berjuega, D., Baldoza, L.A., Landoy, I.  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE CLASSES OF SEEDS 1. Breeder Seed Directly controlled by the originating or the sponsoring breeder or institution which is the basic seed for recurring increase of foundation seed. 2. Foundation Seed It is the progeny of breeder seed. The seed stock handled to maintain specific identity and genetic purity, which may be designated or distributed and produced under careful supervision of an agricultural experiment station. This seed is thes source of all other certified seed classes either directly or through registered seed. 3. Registered Seeds The progeny of the foundation seed so handled as to maintain its genetic identity and purity and approved and certified by a certifying agency. It should be of quality suitable to produce certified seed.  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE CLASSES OF SEEDS 4. Certified Seeds It is the progeny of the foundation seed. Its production is so handled to maintain genetical identity and physical purity according to standards specified for the crop being certified. It should have the minimum genetical purity of 99%. Certified seed may be the progeny of certified seed , provided this reproduction does not exceed two generations beyond foundation seed and provided that if certification agency determines the genetic and physical purity, if not be significantly altered. In case of highly self pollinated crops certification of one further generation may be permitted.  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE CLASSES OF SEEDS 4. Certified Seeds For paddy and wheat , certified seed produced from certified seed is eligible for certification by NSC up to two generations from foundation seed. ✓ Foundation seed - Certified seed (I) - Certified seed (II) For barley, garden pea ,ground nut, soyabean, certified seed produced from certified seed is eligible for certification up to 3 generations from foundation seed. ✓ Foundation seed - Certified seed (I) - Certified seed (II) - Certified seed (III)  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE CLASSES OF SEEDS (TAGS) 5.) Truthful seeds Seeds that are tested for its physical purity and germination before marketing. MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE Generation system of seed multiplication The production of particular class of seed from specific class of seed up to certified seed stage. This basically depends upon:  The rate of genetic deterioration  Seed multiplication ratio and  Total seed demand  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE Seed Multiplication Model A.) Three - Generation Seed Breeder seed - Foundation seed - Certified seed B.) Four - Generation Model Breeder seed - Foundation seed (I) Foundation seed (II) - Certified seed C.) Five - Generation Model Breeder seed - Foundation seed (I)- Foundation seed (II) -Certified seed (I)  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE GENETIC MODIFICATION TECHNIQUES  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE SEED BANKING A seed bank is a place where seeds are stored to preserve genetic diversity for the future. They are usually flood, bomb and radiation-proof vaults holding jars of seeds from different plant species. Insurance against extinction in the wild while being available for research, reintroduction and restoration. Advantages: Ease of storage, economy of space, relatively low labour demands and consequently, the capacity to maintain large samples at an economically viable cost.  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE CHALLENGES IN SEED BIOLOGY Seed viability amid environmental stresses Climate change INNOVATIONS Genetic erosion Pest and diseases Precision breeding Automation Genome editing (CRISPR-Cas9)  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE KEY TAKEAWAYS The seeds that farmers sow are produced from a particular class of seed. There are five classes of seeds: Breeder seeds, foundation seed, registered seed, certified seeds, and truthful seeds. Seed banks are designed to preserve the genetic diversity of seeds for the future.  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE REFERENCES Gosling, R. (2020). What is a seed bank, how does it work and why is it important? Retrieved August 14, 2024, from https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/blog/2020/12/what-is-a-seed-bank/ Seed conservation., ,(n.d.). Retrieved August 14, 2024, from https://www.bgci.org/our-work/saving-plants/seed- conservation/ Wengstengen, O., Dalle, S. & Mulesa, T. (2023). Navigating towards resilient and inclusive seed systems. Agricultural Sciences, 120(4). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2218777120  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE Direction: Read each question carefully and write down the letter that corresponds to your answer.  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE 1. Which statement is incorrect? A.) Angiosperms are flowering plants. B.) Gymnosperms are non-fruit-bearing plants. C.) Gymnosperms reproduce through cones. D.) Many fruits have seeds.  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE 2. Which one is an important component of insect-repellant products? A.) Oleoreisin B.) Oleoresin C.) Olioresin D.) Olieoressin  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE 3. Which one is not a good source of oil? A.) Gossypium herbaceum B.) Glycine max C.) Helianthus annus D.) Nephelium lappaceum  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE 4. Which statement is incorrect? A.) The word gymnosperm is a combination of the words gynmno and sperma, which mean naked seed. B.) Angeion is a Greek word meaning vessel. C.) Statement A is incorrect. D.) Statement B is correct.  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE 5. Which statement is incorrect? A.) Vigna radiata has two cotyledons. B.) Glycine max is monocotyledon. C.) Triticum aestivum is monocotyledon. D.) Nephelium lappaceum is dicot.  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE 6.) Which generation system of seed multiplication is incorrect? A.) Breeder - foundation - registered - certified B.) Foundation seed - Certified seed (I) - Certified seed (II) C.) Breeder - Foundation (I) - Foundation (II) - Certified D.) All of the above are correct  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE 7. Which statement is incorrect A.) Registered seeds have blue tag. B.) Truthfully labelled seeds have opal green color tag. C.) Breeder seeds have golden yellow tag. D.) Foundation seeds have white tag.  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE Enumeration 1. Give at least one characteristics of quality seed 2. Give one importance of quality seed 3 - 6. Factors affecting germination  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE Identification 1. The optimum moisture percentage for oil seeds and vegetables prior to storage. 2. The ability of seed to emerge in varying environmental condition. 3. The initial stage of germination where the seed absorbs water from the environment. 4. The explosive ejection of seeds or spores from a parent plant, allowing them to be propelled away to facilitate their spread.  MARINDUQUE STATE U NIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE Narrate the process of seed formation in angiosperms. (5pts) In what way does the seed formation of gymnosperms differ from that of angiosperms? (3pts)