Section 2.3 Carbon Compounds PDF

Section 2.3 Carbon Compounds Pay attention to the diagrams Standard LS1.2 Evaluate comparative models of various cell types with a focus on organic molecules that make up cellular structures. I Can… LS 1.2 I can describe the four macromolecules and evaluate their structure, function, a...

Section 2.3 Carbon Compounds Pay attention to the diagrams Standard LS1.2 Evaluate comparative models of various cell types with a focus on organic molecules that make up cellular structures. I Can… LS 1.2 I can describe the four macromolecules and evaluate their structure, function, and location within a cell. LS 1.2 I can investigate the role different macromolecules play within specific cell structures. Key Questions 1. What elements does carbon bond with to make up life’s molecules? 2. What are the functions of each of the four groups of macromolecules? Vocabulary Monomer Polymer Carbohydrate Lipid Nucleotide Nucleic acid Protein Amino acid The Chemistry of Carbon Carbon atoms have 4 valence electrons. Carbon can bond with many elements– C- Carbon H- Hydrogen O- Oxygen P- Phosphorus N- Nitrogen S- Sulfur –to form compounds with many different chemical properties. The Chemistry of Carbon Carbon atoms can bond to each other, forming chains and rings. Carbon-carbon bonds can be single, double, or triple covalent bonds. No other element matches the versatility or the size of molecules that carbon can build. Macromolecules Large organic molecules found in living things “giant molecules” Formed in a process called polymerization- larger compounds are built by joining smaller ones together Monomers- smaller units that join together to form polymers Monomers in a polymer may be identical or different Macromolecules Four major groups of macromolecules in living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins  CARBS LIPIDS NUCLEIC PROTEINS ACIDS Atoms Monomer Indicators Categories Functions Fun facts Pictures Carbohydrates Atoms- CHO Monomer- sugar (monosaccharide) Categories- 1. Simple carbs = sugars = monosaccharides 2. Complex carbs = starches = polysaccharides Carbohydrates Function- 1. Main source of energy the breakdown of sugars, such as glucose, supplies immediate energy for cell activities 2. Provide structural support in plants and some animals Fun Facts- CHO are found in a 1:2:1 ratio Carbohydrates Animals: Store excess sugar in a polysaccharide called glycogen Glycogen is broken down into glucose and released into blood when blood glucose levels are low Glycogen stored in muscles supplies energy for muscle contraction Plants: Store excess sugar as starch Another important polysaccharide is cellulose…gives plants their strength and rigidity Lipids Atoms- CHO (small amount of oxygen) Monomer- glycerol and fatty acids Categories- F- Fats O- Oils W- Waxes S- Steroids (steroid hormones function as chemical messengers) Lipids Function- 1. Store energy 2. Part of our biological membranes (phospholipid bilayer) 3. Waterproof coverings (lipids are not soluble in water) Fun Facts- Saturated fats- single bonds, solid at room temperature Unsaturated fats- at least one double bond, liquid at room temperature Polyunsaturated fats- more than one double bond Nucleic Acids Atoms- CHOPN Monomer- nucleotide Nucleotides have 3 components: 1. 5-carbon sugar 2. Phosphate group 3. Nitrogenous base (A, T, C, G, U) Nucleic Acids Categories- 1. DNA- double helix and contains the sugar deoxyribose 2. RNA- single helix and contains the sugar ribose Function- store and transmit genetic information (heredity) Fun Facts- The sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA contains info use by the cell to build other molecules, such as proteins Proteins Atoms- CHON Monomer- amino acid Covalent bonds called peptide bonds link amino acids together to form a polypeptide. Amino acids have 3 components: 1. Amino group (NH2) 2. Carboxyl group (COOH) 3. R-group (different group for each amino acid) Proteins Function- 1. Control rate of reactions (enzymes) 2. Regulate cell processes 3. Form muscles and bones 4. Transport substances in/out of cells 5. Help fight disease Protein Level of Organization 1. Primary structure- sequence of amino acids 2. Secondary structure- folding or coiling of the polypeptide chain 3. Tertiary structure- 3D arrangement of the polypeptide chain 4. Quaternary structure- proteins with more than one polypeptide chain Section 2.3 Exit Ticket 1. What properties of carbon explain carbon’s ability to form different large and complex structures? 2. What are the four major categories of macromolecules? Describe the basic structures and primary functions of each. The End ☺