Section 7 - The Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems PDF

PSK 4U - Kinesiology The Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems “How does the anatomical structure of the cardiovascular system ensure the flow of blood through the heart and throughout the body?” ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All ma...

PSK 4U - Kinesiology The Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems “How does the anatomical structure of the cardiovascular system ensure the flow of blood through the heart and throughout the body?” ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. The Cardiovascular System What is the function/role of the Cardiorespiratory system? 1. To provide the cells of the body with a constant supply of oxygen 2. To transport vital sources of energy throughout the body to be used at the tissue level 3. To aid in the removal of waste products (eg. CO2) 4. Helps in thermoregulation 5. Helps prevent infection 6. The transport system (cardiovascular) must work in conjunction with the gas exchange system (respiratory) to get maximal performance from an athlete 7. Regulate blood pH ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HEART a hollow organ found in the middle of the chest that propels blood through approximately 100, 000 km of vessels. about the size of your fist weighing approx. 250 - 350 grams specialized muscle tissue called cardiac muscle or MYOCARDIUM considered a double pump – divided into the right and left heart Pulmonary circulation – involves the right heart and lungs…the right heart pumps DEOXYGENATED blood, which has just returned from the body to the lungs Systemic circulation – involves the left heart and the rest of the body…the left heart pumps OXYGENATED blood, which has just returned from the lungs to the rest of the body oxygenated blood – BRIGHT red in colour deoxygenated blood – DARKISH red in colour ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. The cardiovascular system is made up of three components: 1. Heart 2. Blood 3. Blood vessels THE HEART  Contains 4 chambers: two atria (upper chambers) and two ventricles (lower chambers)  The Pericardium is a thin protective sac that loosely fits over the heart allowing it to expand and contract THE THREE LAYERS OF THE HEART WALL 1. Epicardium: thin external layer 2. Myocardium: middle layer that is the cardiac muscle tissue making up the bulk of the heart and is responsible for the pumping action 3. Endocardium: innermost layer that provides a smooth lining for the chambers of the heart and covers the valves of the heart ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. LOCATION AND SIZE Is roughly the size of a closed fist and weighs 250-350 grams in an adult. Rests on the diaphragm, near the middle of the thoracic cavity. About 2/3 of the heart’s mass lies to the left of the body’s midline. The pointed inferior end of the heart is called the apex, is formed by the tip of the left ventricle and is tilted obliquely toward the left hip. Opposite the apex, the wide superior portion is called the base which is formed by the atria. Apex ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. CHAMBERS OF THE HEART 1. Right Atrium:  Forms the right border of the heart  Receives blood from three veins: Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava and the Coronary Sinus  Blood passes from the right atrium into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve 2. Right Ventricle:  Forms most of the anterior surface of the heart  The cusps of the tricuspid valve are connected to tendon-like cords, the chordae tendineae which are connected to cone-shaped muscles called the papillary muscles  Blood passes from the right ventricle through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the right and left pulmonary arteries which carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. CHAMBERS OF THE HEART 3. Left Atrium:  Forms most of the base of the heart  Receives blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins  Blood passes from the left atrium into the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve 4. Left Ventricle:  Forms the apex of the heart  Also contains chordae tendineae and papillary muscles  Blood passes from the left ventricle through the aortic semilunar valve into the largest artery in the body, the ascending aorta  From here some of the blood flows into the coronary arteries and the remainder passes into the arch of the aorta and descends, carrying oxygenated blood to all parts of the body ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.  MYOCARDIAL THICKNESS AND FUNCTION Myocardial thickness varies according to the function of each chamber Atria are thin walled because they are only pumping blood to the ventricles which are right beside them The walls of the ventricle are thick The right ventricle’s wall is not as thick as the left even though they both eject equal volumes of blood WHY??? Right side has a smaller workload Right ventricle pumps into the lungs which are nearby Left ventricle pumps blood to all other parts of the body where resistance to blood flow is higher Thus, the left ventricle works harder than the right to maintain the same rate of blood flow How would the anatomy of the two ventricles differ to reflect this functional difference??? Muscle wall of the left ventricle is much thicker than that of the right ventricle. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. VALVES 1. Atrioventricular Valves Called this because they are located between the atria and ventricles When the AV valve is open, the pointed ends of the cusps project into the ventricle Blood moves into the ventricle when ventricular pressure is lower than atrial pressure When the ventricles contract, the pressure of the blood drives the cusps upward until their edges meet, closing the space The papillary muscles and chordae tendineae prevent the cusps from projecting into the atria due to the high ventricular pressure If the chordae tendineae are damaged, blood may flow back into the atria when the ventricle contracts 2. Semilunar Valves Allow blood to be ejected from the heart and into arteries Their function is to prevent back flow into the ventricles These valves open when pressure in the ventricle exceeds pressure in the arteries which allows blood to flow from the ventricles into the pulmonary arteries and aorta As ventricles relax, blood starts to flow back toward the heart This closes the cusps of the valves http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=ap12504 ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.  Path of Blood Through the Heart 1. From the body, blood without O2 enters the right side of the heart 2. Via the superior and inferior vena cava 3. Right Atrium 4. Tricuspid valve 5. Right ventricle 6. Through the pulmonary semi-lunar valve via the pulmonary arteries 7. Gas exchange in the lungs 8. Oxygenated blood returns to left heart via pulmonary veins 9. Left atrium 10. Bicuspid valve 11. Left ventricle 12. Through the aortic semi-lunar valve 13. Aorta 14. To the rest of the body tissue (gas exchange with working cells) Pulmonary Circulation – involves the right heart and lungs. Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the heart and pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to the heart. Systemic Circulation – involves the left heart and the rest of the body. Arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the body tissues. Path of Blood Video ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Structures of the Heart Common Structures Structure of right side Structure of left side Chordae tendinae Superior and inferior vena cava Aorta and thoracic (descending aorta) Papillary muscles Right atrium Left atrium Interventricular Right ventricle Left ventricle septum Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein Tricuspid valve Bicuspid (mitral) valve Pulmonary valve Aortic valve ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.  The Internal Anatomy of the Heart Aorta Superior vena cava Left pulmonary artery Right pulmonary artery Aortic semilunar valve Left pulmonary veins Right pulmonary veins Left atrium Pulmonary semilunar valve Bicuspid (mitral) valve (AV Valve) Left ventricle Right atrium Interventricular septum Chordae tendinae Papillary muscles Tricuspid valve (AV Valve) Chordae tendinae Right ventricle Papillary muscles Inferior vena cava Thoracic aorta (descending) ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.  Path of Blood Through the Heart 7 Gas Exchange in Lungs 1 Aorta 13 Superior vena cava 2 Left pulmonary artery 8 Right pulmonary artery Aortic semilunar valve Left pulmonary veins 6 9 Right pulmonary veins Left atrium 12 Bicuspid (mitral) valve Pulmonary semilunar valve 10 3 11 Left ventricle Right atrium Interventricular septum Chordae tendinae 4 Papillary muscles Tricuspid valve Chordae tendinae 5 Right ventricle Papillary muscles 2 Inferior vena cava 13 Thoracic aorta (descending) 1 ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.  The Heart – Electrical Conduction System 1. Sinoatrial node (SA node): 3. Atrioventricular node (AV node): Specialized region of tissue found Passes electrical signal from atria in wall of right atrium. into ventricles Location where electrical signals Passes electrical signal to the are initiated (“pacemaker”) bundle of His (atrioventricular Influenced by Autonomic Nerv. Sys. bundle) which runs down the vent. septum. And splits to form R an L 2. Internodal Pathway bundle branches Allows signal to spread through both atria, causing atria to contract 4. Purkinje fibres from top down into vent. pass electrical signal to the myocardium Sinoatrial (SA) node Atrioventricular (AV) node Internodal pathways Bundle of His (AV bundle) Right and left bundle branches When the myocardium contracts: Leads to contraction of the heart Leads to the pumping of blood Purkinje fibres Subsequent contraction of the heart is an ELECTRICAL EVENT that causes a heartbeat. Atria contract “top down”, ventricles contract “bottom up” ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. The Electrical Activity of the Heart Measured using an electrocardiogram (ECG)  Graphical representation of electrical Atrial repolarization occurs but is not visible on ECG sequence of events occurring with each contraction of the heart  Each wave generated during contraction is named: P wave: represents depolarization (spreading of the electrical signal to contract) through the atria QRS complex: represents depolarization of the ventricle T wave: represents repolarization (recovery time or recharging) of the ventricle Signal has reached AV Node “Kardia” – means heart in German ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. The Vascular System and Blood Vascular System Is a network of vessels that transport blood through the body All vessels in the body share one common feature, whether they are arteries, veins or capillaries… they all have an inner lining of cells known as the endothelium 5 different types of vessels in the body…  ARTERIES  Vessels with thick muscular walls that carry blood away from the heart to the organs  Have a great ability to stretch and re-coil which is crucial in maintaining blood pressure  Carry oxygen rich blood with the exception of the pulmonary arteries which carry deoxygenated blood  ARTERIOLES  Smaller than arteries and are crucial in regulating blood flow distribution in the body  Surrounded by rings of smooth muscle that can constrict the arteriole which are controlled by two factors, the nervous system and chemical factors in the surrounding tissue ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. The Vascular System and Blood (cont’d) WHAT HAPPENS DURING EXERCISE???  Nervous system controls distribution of blood flow using arterioles  Arterioles that supply the working muscles would be opened to allow more blood flow  Arterioles that supply the gut would constrict to reduce blood flow to organs that do not need as much blood AUTOREGULATION - process that refers to effects of locally produced chemicals on blood flow…helps deliver blood where it is needed  CAPILLARIES  Smallest vessels in the body with the most important function  Very small diameter and the walls are very thin  In the capillaries, gas and nutrient exchange occurs  Exchange at the capillary level depends on diffusion and concentration of gases  VENULES  The unity of many capillaries  Drain blood from capillaries to veins  VEINS  Return blood to the heart  Walls of veins also contain smooth muscle  Usually carry deoxygenated blood with the exception of the pulmonary veins  Blood pressure in the veins is low which could cause blood to flow in the wrong direction  Are different from all other vessels because they have one-way valves to ensure that blood goes back to the heart…varicose veins occur when these valves become weakened and leak ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Summary of the Vascular System Large veins Large arteries Medium veins Medium arteries Arteriole Venules Capillaries Precapillary sphincters Capillary bed ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.  The Return of Blood from the Veins There are three ways that the body assists the blood to get back to the heart… 1. Skeletal Muscle Pump a) While standing at rest, both venous valves in a segment of a leg are open and blood flows upward toward the heart b) As a muscle contracts, it compresses the vein which pushes blood through the proximal valve and closes the distal valve below c) As the muscle relaxes, pressure drops which causes the proximal valve to close. The distal valve now opens because the pressure in the foot is higher than in the leg The skeletal muscle pump ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. The Return of Blood from the Veins 2. Thoracic Pump-related to breathing. With each breath taken by the respiratory system:  Pressure in the chest cavity is low  Pressure in the abdominal cavity increases  Pressure in veins in both areas does the same. This creates a difference in pressure in the veins and pushes blood from veins in the abdominal cavity to veins in the thoracic cavity 3. Nervous System  When cardiac output must be elevated (like during exercise), the nervous system sends signals to the veins causing them to vaso-constrict  This helps return blood to the heart. Vascular System  Working muscles use up to 20 times more oxygen than at rest.  3 changes occur in the vascular system to allow for increased blood volume: 1. Dilation of blood vessels to working muscles 2. Constriction of blood vessels to other areas (shunting) 3. Increased venous return due to muscle contraction (mechanical pumping action of muscles) ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Properties of Blood Components of blood: 1. Plasma Fluid component of blood (mostly water) Transport medium Mostly water (90%) Other dissolved substances in plasma (gases, nutrients (protein), ions (electrolytes) 2. Red blood cells (erythrocytes) Made in bone marrow Transport O2 and CO2 in the blood Transport nutrients and waste Plasma 55% 90% water Contain hemoglobin (specialized protein) 7% plasma proteins 3% other (acids, salts) 99% of blood 3. White blood cells (leukocytes) Destroy foreign elements Critical in the function of the immune system Formed elements Help in healing of bone and multiple other 45% cellular activity >99% red blood cells PO2 in plasma Most O2 entering blood is bound by hemoglobin Internal Respiration – exchange of gases occurring at the tissue level Gas exchange CO2 for O2 Tissue and capillary PO2 in capillaries > tissue PCO2 in tissue > capillaries Most CO2 transported as bicarbonate ions in plasma ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Flow of External and Internal Respiration ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Lung Volumes  Lung Volumes are divided into two categories: Static Lung Volumes Determined by the actual structure of the lung and not influenced by breathing or the flow of air. Three important static lung volumes: 1. Total lung capacity (TLC) - maximum volume of air that lungs can hold 2. Vital capacity (VC) - maximum amount of air that can be exhaled following a maximal inhalation 3. Residual volume (RV) - air that remains in lungs following a maximal exhalation TLC = VC + RV Dynamic Lung Volumes Dependent not only on volume but also on the movement or flow of air. Common tests to screen for respiratory diseases include: 1. Force Expiratory Volume (FEV) – is a measurement of how much air is moved during 1 or 3 seconds of a forced vital capacity (FVC) – where one takes in as deep a breath as possible then forcefully exhales as much air as possible. 2. Maximal Voluntary Ventilation (MVV) – is how much air an individual can move over a period of 15 seconds X 4 to give a one minute value ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.  Oxygen Consumption (VO2)  The amount of O2 taken up and consumed by the body for metabolic process. It is equal to the amount of O2 inspired minus the amount of O2 expired  Proportional to workload – the greater the workload, the greater the VO2 (the greater amount of O2 used by the body)  VO2 is measured in L/min Maximal rate of oxygen consumption (VO2 max) – is the maximal amount of O2 that can be taken in and used for the metabolic production of ATP during exercise. VO2 max can be tested using a cycle ergometer or treadmill. VO2 max is used as a measure of one’s aerobic fitness (indicative of aerobic exercise performance). Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) - The ratio between the amount of CO2 produced and the amount of O2 consumed (varies with type of fuels - fats, carbs - being used) used to calculate this ratio. RER is indicative of which metabolic systems are being used within the working muscles. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.  Oxygen Consumption (VO2) Limitating Factors for VO2 max Limiting factors can involve three main systems: 1. Respiratory System – through inadequate ventilation and O2 diffusion limitations 2. Cardiovascular System – by inadequate blood flow and/or cardiac output, or by inadequate O2-carrying capacity of RBC (hemoglobin concentration) 3. Metabolic Energy System – lack of mitochondria and the metabolic systems involved with the use of O2 within the working muscle 4. Age – natural decline with age 5. Hereditary – females have lower capacities but show the same response to exercise 6. Physical condition ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Oxygen Deficit This represents the difference between the O2 required to perform a task and O2 actually consumed prior to reaching a new steady state (sub-maximal exercise levels where O2 uptake and heart rate level off, where energy demands and energy production are evenly balanced, and where the body maintains a steady level of exertion for a fairly long period of time. A trained individual will reach this steady state plateau quicker than an untrained individual and will thus have a smaller O2 deficit for an exercise of a given duration. The difference is due to a better developed aerobic capacity achieved through training. See next slide for diagram. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. a-vO2 Difference One way to determine how much O2 has been delivered is to measure the amount of O2 in arterial blood before it is delivered to the muscle and then the amount of O2 in venous blood that drains from the same muscle. The difference represents the amount delivered to the muscle. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Physiological Adaptations Due to Endurance Training ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. An increase in muscular activity causes… an increase in CO2 a decrease in pH (more acidic due to increases in CO2 and lactic acid) an increase in temperature These 3 factors influence the binding of O2 with hemoglobin which leads to an increase in the unloading of O2. This is called the “Bohr Shift”. Thus there is an enhanced unloading of O2 at the working muscles which contributes to an increase in internal respiration (at the tissue level) during exercise. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Oxygen Deficit and EPOC ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.  Rest to Exercise Transition During exercise pulmonary ventilation initially increases at a rate proportional to the increase in workload. Eventually a point is reached where ventilation increases much more rapidly than workload. This point is known as the Ventilatory Threshold. This increase in Ventilation is believed to be a result of an increase in LA accumulation within the blood. Energy demands need to be met by both anaerobic and aerobic systems. Lactate Threshold – point is eventually reached where Blood LA rises exponentially (OBLA). Lactate Threshold and Ventilatory Threshold are closely linked. Causes of increases LA is unclear but can be attributed to: reliance on anaerobic metabolism, decrease O2 delivery, decrease in muscle blood flow. (See next slide for diagram) ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Lactate Threshold ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.  Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy The process by which a person is placed inside a hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) chamber – a capsule filled with air that contains 95 – 100 % O2 at atmospheric pressures greater than those at sea level. This process may promote soft tissue healing and a quicker return to play. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.  Respiratory Disease The following 2 diseases can impair respiratory function resulting in poor physical performance: 1. Asthma (acute or chronic) is characterized by:  Spasm (tightening) of smooth muscle lining the respiratory system  Oversecretion of mucous  Swelling of cells lining the respiratory tract Asthma results in:  Dyspnea (shortness of breath)  Wheezing during breathing Factors that stimulate attacks:  Exercise  Allergic reactions/contaminates  Stress Prevention and Treatment  Controlled through the use of medications (Inhalers)  Warm-up  Environment ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. 2. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Describes a family of diseases that lead to a dramatic reduction in airflow through the respiratory system. These differ from asthma in that:  Can often be fatal in severe cases  Persistent conditions cannot be relieved (quickly or effectively) through the use of medications  Individuals experience dyspnea while performing everyday activities Treatment includes:  Medication  Oxygen therapy (for severe cases)  Respiratory muscle training ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.