Practical Human Physiology Pharm D 2025 PDF

Practical Human Physiology Pharm D program - 2025  Orientation Practical 5 sections: marks= Blood, CVS, attendance + ASU2LEARN sense...

Practical Human Physiology Pharm D program - 2025  Orientation Practical 5 sections: marks= Blood, CVS, attendance + ASU2LEARN senses, book endocrine correction + exam Course coordinators: Dr Sara Wahdan T.As: Nada Adel, Nada Khaled, Nada Tarek Contact us: Nada Adel ([email protected])  What is Human Physiology ? It is the science of body functions and how the body parts work Mechanisms of Functions functions Physiology Regulation of Homeostasis functions Blood physiology Section 1 Outline BLOOD FUNCTIONS BLOOD CBC TESTS COMPONENTS  Blood functions: GAS TRANSPORT NUTRIENT AND WASTE IMMUNE FUNCTION TEMPERATURE PRODUCT TRANSPORT REGULATION Blood components  P.O.C. RBCs WBCs Platelets 1. Synonym Erythrocytes Leukocytes = Thrombocytes Lymphocytes+ Granulocytes 2. Role Hemoglobin Immune system Hemostasis O2 & CO2Carriers 3. Site of Bone marrow Bone marrow Bone marrow production 4. Life span 120 days 18-36 hrs 9-10 days  CBC tests: 1. Hemoglobin (Hb) content. 2. Hematocrit (Ht) value or packed cell volume (PCV). 3. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) test. 4. Blood indices. 5. Hemostatic tests Bleeding time (BT). Clotting time (CT). 6. Determination of the blood group ABO system Rhesus system  1. Determination of hemoglobin content Method: Sahli method Apparatus: Sahli’s apparatus (Haemometer) Hemoglobin = Heme (Fe2+) + Globin The erythrocyte is a bag of hemoglobin. Hb occupies 30% of the RBC’s volume.  1. Determination of hemoglobin content Normal Hb values: 1. Male: 14 to 18 gm/dl 2. Female: 12 to 16 gm/dl 3. Newborn baby: 17-22 gm/dl  Method: Sahli method Apparatus: Sahli apparatus 1. Black comparator stand containing 2 fixed standard tubes containing colored solution (acid hematin). 2. Dilution tube 3. Micropipette What does abnormal level of hemoglobin indicate RBCs production RBCs breakdown Normal RBCs production RBCs breakdown Abnormal or leading to either Anemia or Polycythemia vera  Hemoglobin level Lower = Anemia Higher = Polycythemia Erythropoietin deficiency as in Polycythemia vera renal failure (unknown cause) Nutritional deficiencies of iron, Secondary polycythemia folate & vitamin B12 caused by hypoxia (i.e O2 at tissues) RBCs destruction (Hemolysis) Bleeding  2. Determination of Hematocrit value or packed cell volume Hematocrit means to separate blood into cellular part and fluid part (by blood centrifugation). It is the relative volume of RBCs to the whole blood volume or the percentage ratio of the packed RBCs volume to total blood volume. Its average value is 45%. Normal values: Adult male: 42 – 50% (average: 46%) Adult Female: 38 – 46% (average: 42%) 2. Determination of Hematocrit value or packed cell volume Procedure: 1- Wintrobe method (Using Wintrobe’s tube) It estimates Ht. value with ESR  2. Determination of Hematocrit value or packed cell volume Procedure: 2- Microhematocrit method Blood is collected in a heparinized capillary tube, then centrifuged and read on a hematocrit scale (i.e., reader).  PCV (Packed Cell Volume) Since it’s a ratio, it is affected by changes in plasma volume as well as RBCs. Lower Higher Anemia Polycythemia Overhydration Severe dehydration  3. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) test It is the rate at which the erythrocytes sediment if blood is allowed to stand in a vertical column of anticoagulated blood under the influence of gravity measured in mm/hour. Procedure for determination of ESR (Westergren method) 1. Blood + Na citrate (as an anticoagulant) 2. Leave for 1 hr 3. Read the height (mm) of the column of clear plasma 4. ESR (mm/hr) = (Reading of the 1st hr + ½ Reading of the 2nd hr) / 2 5. The normal range: Males: 4 – 6 mm/hr up to 12 mm/hr Females: 6 – 10 mm/hr up to 20 mm/hr Disadvantages  ESR Higher Lower (Hyperviscosity) Physiological Pathological Polycythemia 1. Temperature 1. Infections as tuberculosis 2. Exercise 2. Inflammation as rheumatic fever & tonsillitis 3. After meals 3. Cancer 4. Menstruation & pregnancy 4. Calculation of blood indices Packed cell volume Hb content RBCs count RBC indices Anemia  RBC indices MCV MCH MCHC (Mean Corpuscular (Mean Corpuscular (Mean Corpuscular Volume) Hemoglobin) Hemoglobin Concentration)  1. MCV “It is the average volume of a single RBC” Hematocrit (PCV) MCV = RBCs count MCV Microcytic Normocytic Macrocytic Microcytic Normocytic Macrocytic anemia anemia anemia  2. MCH “It is the average amount of hemoglobin in a single RBC” Hb content MCH = RBCs count MCH Hypochromic Normochromic Hyperchromic Hypochromic Normochromic Hyperchromic anemia anemia anemia  3. MCHC “It is the average concentration of hemoglobin in RBCs” Hb content MCHC = Hematocrit MCHC Hypochromic Normochromic Hyperchromic Hypochromic Normochromic Hyperchromic anemia anemia anemia  Anemia Macrocytic Normocytic Microcytic hypochromic normochromic 1. Folic acid deficiency 1. Acute bleeding Iron deficiency; 2. Pernicious anemia (Vit. 2. Aplastic anemia Decreased iron intake B12-intrinsic factor) 3. Hemolysis Pregnancy, lactation & adolescence Bilharziasis  Core points Sahli Apparatus estimates hemoglobin content in gm/dl. Hemoglobin content is higher in newborns than adults and is higher in adult males than females. Hemoglobin content decreases in anemia and increases in polycythemia. Hematocrit value is estimated by Wintrobe´s tube or heparinized capillary tube. Hematocrit value increases in polycythemia and dehydration and decreases in anemia and overhydration. To diagnose the cause of anemia , you should calculate the blood indices. To calculate the blood indices , you should estimate hemoglobin content. hematocrit and red blood cell count.