21st Century Literature From The Philippines & The World Module 3 PDF

Senior High School 21st CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD Module 3: Exploring World Literature st AIRs - LM LU_21 Century from the Philippines and the World_Module 3 21st CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES A...

Senior High School 21st CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD Module 3: Exploring World Literature st AIRs - LM LU_21 Century from the Philippines and the World_Module 3 21st CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World Module 3: Exploring the World Literature Second Edition, 2021 Copyright © 2021 La Union Schools Division Region I All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the copyright owners. Development Team of the Module Author: Ruth M. Balderas Co-author: Imelda L. Butardo Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr. Design and Layout: Dylan C. Rufinta Management Team: Atty. Donato D. Balderas, Jr. Schools Division Superintendent Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, Ph.D Assistant Schools Division Superintendent German E. Flora, Ph.D, CID Chief Virgilio C. Boado, Ph.D, EPS in Charge of LRMS Belen C. Aquino, Ph.D., EPS in Charge of English Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II Printed in the Philippines by: _______________________ Department of Education – SDO La Union Office Address: Flores St. Catbangen, San Fernando City, La Union Telefax: 072 – 205 – 0046 Email Address: [email protected] LU_21st Century from the Philippines and the World_Module 3  Senior High School 21st Century from the Philippines and the World Module 3: Exploring World Literature LU_21st Century from the Philippines and the World_Module 3 Introductory Message This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson. Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these. In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based learning. Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task. If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Thank you. LU_21st Century from the Philippines and the World_Module 3  Target Literature across the regions of the world is a rich repertoire of stories that unveils the beliefs, culture, and feelings of people at a specific time in a specific location. Because of the vastness of literary traditions of the world, it may be more convenient to understand it in bits by region or continent. In the first half of this course, you have explored Philippine Literature with highlight on the 21st century literary tradition. This module will take you to selected places in Asia, Africa, Europe, North America and Latin America with focus on the authors and timeless literary pieces. After going through this module, you are expected to: identify representative texts and authors from Asia, North America, Europe, Latin America, and Africa (EN12Lit-IIa-22) Note to the Teacher This SLM is strategically designed for independent learning. However, as the teacher or facilitator of learning, you are highly encouraged to engage with your learners as they go along. Some learners may find the activities difficult and would require you to explain instructions and lesson contents for them to be able to understand and successfully finish the module. Your support in the success of teaching-learning is very important. LU_21st Century from the Philippines and the World_Module 3  Module 3 Exploring World Literature Jumpstart Activity 1: 4 Clues, 1 Word Instructions: Guess the continent represented by each set of pictures. Write the letter of your answer on a separate sheet of paper. Choices: A B C D E Africa Asia Europe North America Latin America 1 LU_21st Century from the Philippines and the World_Module 3  Discover Asian Literature Asia is the largest continent in the world and it is further subdivided into East, Central, West, and South East regions. Each region has its prevailing beliefs, traditions, and feelings which make Asian literature rich in thousands of stories and poetry about its heritage. The most influential set of literary traditions in Asia are Chinese, Japanese and Indian literatures. Chinese Literature Rather than dealing with grand themes, this body of Asian literature puts a spotlight on the meander, simple everyday issues of the people in society. Philosophical books explicate the expected “duties, behavior, and actions a person must do in order to belong harmoniously to his society” (Mendoza & Silva, 2016). Moreover, Chinese literary works include fiction, philosophical and religious works, poetry, and scientific writings. The eras of each dynasty shaped the literary traditions of China. A. Four Great Classic Novels: The Novel of the Three Kingdoms Sānguó Yǎnyì. Luo Guanzhong’s novel recounts the real events that occurred during the period when China was composed of three kingdoms: Cao Wei, Shu Han, and Wu. While children read this book like a fairytale or as a bedtime story, politicians consider this as a handguide for strategies. Journey to the West – Xī Yóu Jì. Wu Cheng’en’s novel is also known as “Monkey” since it features, Sun Wukong, a monkey who set out on a journey with his companions to search for Chinese people’s sacred scroll. Journey to the West has influenced many adventure stories and dramas, as well as the famous Son Goku in Dragon Ball series. Dream of the Red Chamber – Hónglóu Mèng by Cao Xuequin. This novel is a lovestory “celebrated for its realism, psychological depth and the richness of the plot” (Buzelli, 2019). Water Margin – Shuǐhǔ Zhuàn is a novel by Shi Nai’an that narrates plight of 108 brigands from Mount Liang who challenged the emperor. The story was set during the Song dynasty. Other titles of this book are “Outlaws of the Marsh,” and “All Men are Brothers.” B. Chinese poetry has been one of the favorite literary genres for a thousand years. Their poetry may be divided into 5, namely 1) Shi, which are couplets, 2)Ci, which seem like songs due to its syllabic and tonal patterns, 3)Ge, means song, 4)Qu has a freer poetic form and is usually used in theater plays, and 5)Fu which are descriptive poems composed of both prose and couplets. Dufu followed a structured form of poetry and observed realistic poems whose themes include difficulties living in a war, poverty, and rural life. Li Bai is a romantic poet who wrote poetry as he traveled widely across the provinces of China. He used free form poetry. 2 LU_21st Century from the Philippines and the World_Module 3  Su Tungpo, also called Su Shi, was a prolific poet of the northern Song era and he has produced over 2000 poems. When he was banished to live in a farm because of political problems, he wrote a poem about it. The moon rounds the red mansion Stoops to silk-pad doors Shines upon the sleepless Bearing no grudge Why does the moon tend to be full when people are apart? Japanese Literature Japanese literature finds its appeal in the use of great variety of words to convey feelings and emotions. It is rather emotional and subjective than intellectual. A. Murasaki Shikibu’s The Tale of Genji in the 11th century retells of the life of prince Hikaru Genji, his romances and aristocratic society. Lady Murasaki lived during the Heian Period, an era of remarkable growth of poetry, diaries, and fiction produced by court ladies. B. Sei Shonagon’s The Pillow Book is a genre bending miscellany of short, largely unrelated pieces which can be classified as narratives, thoughts and opinions and famous lists. Sei Shonagon is a contemporary and rival or Lady Murasaki. C. Matsuo Basho – He was known as the supreme Japanese haiku poet. Although haiku existed before him, he made this poetic form an accepted artistic expression throughout the world. D. “I” novel – (Watakushi-shôsetu) is a colloquial fiction where the author describes the world from his perspective and also reveals his own mental states. E. Yasunari Kawabata – is Japan’s first recipient of Nobel Prize for Literature and he is also known as the master of psychological fiction. Among his famous works are Snow Country (a novel) and The Izu Dancer (a short story). Indian Literature Majority of Indian literature are written in Sanskrit. Classic Indian literature revolves around its predominant faith – Hinduism, while modern literature focuses on issues of their nation. Three distinct characteristics of Indian literature are a) based on piety, a deep religious spirit, b) written in epic form, and c) designed to advance some unorthodox regional beliefs. 1. Panchatantra – is a compilation of tales in prose and poetry, featuring five books of fables and magical tales. 2. Bhagavad Gita (The Name of the Lord) – an ancient text that became an important work of Hindu tradition in terms of both literature and philosophy. 3. Mahabharata – is the longest epic in the world. It recounts the dynastic struggle and civil wars between the Pandavas and Kauravas in the kingdom of Kuruksheta about the 9th century BC. 4. Ramayana – is the second longest epic in the world and it had a great impact in shaping the nature of Indian civilization. The story tells of how Rama went on a journey to find and save his wife Sita. Along the way, he learns Hindu life lessons. 3 LU_21st Century from the Philippines and the World_Module 3 African Literature Two great colonizing movements have made an impact on the literary traditions of Africa. These movements are that of Islamic Arabs in the 7th century and of Christian Europeans in the 19th century. Oral tradition in African dialects have been the prevailing form until the Swahilis (Kenya and Tanzania) transcribed their stories and folk literature. African literature may simply be categorized into two – ORAL TRADITION and WRITTEN TRADITION Oral Tradition. Included in this category are African myths, stories, poems, folktales and riddles. Myths – each tribe has its own version of how the world and everything in it came to be. What was common among the versions is the story that a “god first agreed to give man eternal life, but his message was perverted through the stupidity or malice of the messenger.” Poetry – purposes of on-the-spot oral poems include “praising a chief, mourning the dead, making fun of an unfriendly town, and get favors from the gods to cure a disease.” Priests are also required to study the Ifa oracle which is a massive poem about pleasing the gods. Folktales, proverbs and riddles – Folktales are usually heard in the evening for family’s entertainment. Dilemma tales are also popular where the ending is up to the listeners to find the best solution to a conflict in the story. African proverbs are known to be amusing because of the surprising way they put ideas into words. For example, instead of saying “Be careful,” they say “The housefly does not play a sticky drum.” Or when they say “The staring frogs do not prevent cattle from drinking,” they mean “Do not worry about other people’s opinions.” African riddles are often “intended to display the questioner’s imagination rather than to test the cleverness of the audience.” (Smith, n.d.) Written Tradition. Since African languages are only spoken, they owe their writing traditions to the influence of Muslim Arabs in Africa. East African writing were first written in the Arabic script and later adopted the Roman Alphabet. Swahili Literature – shairi poems are non-religious poems which have grown out of poetry contests where the first poet comes up with two lines and other poets must continue adding two lines each with the same rhyme and rhythm. Uhuru wa Watumwa (Freedom for the Slaves, 1934) was the first Swahili novella by James Mbotela. Hausa Literature – Islamic scholars living among the locals in northern Africa wrote the first poems in Hausa using Arabic alphabets. They call these religious poems as ajami. Eventually, themes of poems from this region are conflicts between Islamic ways and European culture and beliefs. Yoruba Literature – The fantasy Igbo Olodumare (The Forest of the Lord, 1947) made Chief D.O. Fagunawa one of Nigeria’s most popular writers. Yoruba has also produced social and political satires by Hubert Ogunde as well as tragedies by Duro Lapido. Other African-language Literature – Christian texts became models for most African provinces which did not have an earlier written tradition. Spiritual books such as the Bible, John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, and Christian 4 LU_21st Century from the Philippines and the World_Module 3  hymns were translated to African languages, while natives were taught by converted Africans the English language. In 1906, Thomas Mokopu Mofolo of Lesotho published the first Christian inspired novel Moeti oa Bochabela (Traveller of the East). His book was originally produced in a missionary printing press. However, his third novel which came out in 1925 (Chaka) written in the Sotho language had to be revised upon the advice of the missionaries. Chaka contained war and witchcraft themes which were strongly disapproved by the publishers. From then on, African writers had to adjust their writings to suit not only their local readers but also their religious influences. French-language literature – French colonizers imposed their culture and language on the natives and brought African scholars to their universities in France. However, scholars realized that no culture could ever replace their own. So, they began to write poems about their longings for Africa and their anger toward losing their identity as a nation. This became a movement and it was recognized in 1930s as “negritude” or a celebration of their blackness and the African traditions. In 1960, a poet turned the first president of Senegal used the color black as a symbol of magical life rather than of death. Portuguese-language literature – Among the writers during this period were Caetano da Costa Alegre of Sao Tome who wrote about his loneliness in the midst of a white society while living in Portugal as a medical student; Agostinha Neto and Mario de Andrade of Angola who were both political poets who thrived in the Angolan liberation movement; Valente Malangatana and Jose Craveirinha of Mozambique, who were tortured and imprisoned by Portuguese because of their writings that exposed the problems of racial discrimination and the difficulties of black laborers. English-language literature – Around the 18th century, freed slaves who have settled in England and America wrote in the English language. Since then, writers expressed through poetry their love for their race and country while at the same time commemorated the European and Christian values. In 1911, the first African novel in English, Ethiopia Unbound by Joseph Ephraim Casley-Hayford of Ghana was published. Onitsha novels, which are short popular fiction, became in demand especially in western African night markets.  Amos Tutuola – was the first Nigerian who was recognized internationally by reinventing Yoruban folklore in the English language. Because he lacked formal language education, he often relied on Yoruba’s orality rather than on standard English (goodreads.com)  Chinua Achebe – He was the most widely read African novelist and has one of the biggest contributions in letting the world enter into an understanding of African literature (Brucker, 1992). New York Times described him as Africa’s Literary Giant especially for his first novel, “Things Fall Apart.” This work of art unveils the story of a man named Okonwo from the Igbo tribe who struggled both against his own folks and the European missionaries. 5 LU_21st Century from the Philippines and the World_Module 3  “Things Fall Apart” An Excerpt Chinua Achebe Chapter One Okonkwo was well known throughout the nine villages and even beyond. His fame rested on solid personal achievements. As a young man of eighteen he had brought honor to his village by throwing Amalinze the Cat. Amalinze was the great wrestler who for seven years was unbeaten, from Umuofia to Mbaino. He was called the Cat because his back would never touch the earth. It was this man that Okonkwo threw in a fight which the old men agreed was one of the fiercest since the founder of their town engaged a spirit of the wild for seven days and seven nights. The drums beat and the flutes sang and the spectators held their breath. Amalinze was a wily craftsman, but Okonkwo was as slippery as a fish in water. Every nerve and every muscle stood out on their arms, on their backs and their thighs, and one almost heard them stretching to breaking point. In the end, Okonkwo threw the Cat. That was many years ago, twenty years or more, and during this time Okonkwo's fame had grown like a bush-fire in the harmattan. He was tall and huge, and his bushy eyebrows and wide nose gave him a very severe look. He breathed heavily, and it was said that, when he slept, his wives and children in their houses could hear him breathe. When he walked, his heels hardly touched the ground and he seemed to walk on springs, as if he was going to pounce on somebody. And he did pounce on people quite often. He had a slight stammer and whenever he was angry and could not get his words out quickly enough, he would use his fists. He had no patience with unsuccessful men. He had had no patience with his father. Unoka, for that was his father's name, had died ten years ago. In his day he was lazy and improvident and was quite incapable of thinking about tomorrow. If any money came his way, and it seldom did, he immediately bought gourds of palmwine, called round his neighbors and made merry. He always said that whenever he saw a dead man's mouth he saw the folly of not eating what one had in one's lifetime. Unoka was, of course, a debtor, and he owed every neighbor some money, from a few cowries to quite substantial amounts. He was tall but very thin and had a slight stoop. He wore a haggard and mournful look except when he was drinking or playing on his flute. He was very good on his flute, and his happiest moments were the two or three moons after the harvest when the village musicians brought down their instruments, hung above the fireplace. Unoka would play with them, his face beaming with blessedness and peace. Sometimes another village would ask Unoka's band and their dancing egwugwu to come and stay with them and teach them their tunes. They would go to such hosts for as long as three or four markets, making music and feasting. Unoka loved the good fare and the good fellowship, and he loved this season of the year, when the rains had stopped and the sun rose every morning with dazzling beauty. And it was not too hot either, because the cold and dry harmattan wind was blowing down from the north. Some years the harmattan was very severe and a dense haze hung on the atmosphere. Old men and children would then sit round log fires, warming their bodies. Unoka loved it all, and he loved the first kites that returned with the dry season, and the children who sang songs of welcome to them. He would remember his own childhood, how he had often wandered around looking for a kite sailing leisurely against the blue sky. As soon as he found one he would sing with his whole being, welcoming it back from its long, long journey, and asking it if it had brought home any lengths of cloth. That was years ago, when he was young. Unoka, the grown-up, was a failure. He was poor and his wife and children had barely enough to eat. People laughed at him because he was a loafer, and they swore never to lend him any more money 6 LU_21st Century from the Philippines and the World_Module 3 because he never paid back. But Unoka was such a man that he always succeeded in borrowing more, and piling up his debts. One day a neighbor called Okoye came in to see him. He was reclining on a mud bed in his hut playing on the flute. He immediately rose and shook hands with Okoye, who then unrolled the goatskin which he carried under his arm, and sat down. Unoka went into an inner room and soon returned with a small wooden disc containing a kola nut, some alligator pepper and a lump of white chalk. "I have kola," he announced when he sat down, and passed the disc over to his guest. "Thank you. He who brings kola brings life. But I think you ought to break it," replied Okoye, passing back the disc. "No, it is for you, I think," and they argued like this for a few moments before Unoka accepted the honor of breaking the kola. Okoye, meanwhile, took the lump of chalk, drew some lines on the floor, and then painted his big toe. As he broke the kola, Unoka prayed to their ancestors for life and health, and for protection against their enemies. When they had eaten they talked about many things: about the heavy rains which were drowning the yams, about the next ancestral feast and about the impending war with the village of Mbaino. Unoka was never happy when it came to wars. He was in fact a coward and could not bear the sight of blood. And so he changed the subject and talked about music, and his face beamed. He could hear in his mind's ear the blood-stirring and intricate rhythms of the ekwe and the udu and the ogene, and he could hear his own flute weaving in and out of them, decorating them with a colorful and plaintive tune. The total effect was gay and brisk, but if one picked out the flute as it went up and down and then broke up into short snatches, one saw that there was sorrow and grief there. Okoye was also a musician. He played on the ogene. But he was not a failure like Unoka. He had a large barn full of yams and he had three wives. And now he was going to take the Idemili title, the third highest in the land. It was a very expensive ceremony and he was gathering all his resources together. That was in fact the reason why he had come to see Unoka. He cleared his throat and began: "Thank you for the kola. You may have heard of the title I intend to take shortly." Having spoken plainly so far, Okoye said the next half a dozen sentences in proverbs. Among the Ibo the art of conversation is regarded very highly, and proverbs are the palm-oil with which words are eaten. Okoye was a great talker and he spoke for a long time, skirting round the subject and then hitting it finally. In short, he was asking Unoka to return the two hundred cowries he had borrowed from him more than two years before. As soon as Unoka understood what his friend was driving at, he burst out laughing. He laughed loud and long and his voice rang out clear as the ogene, and tears stood in his eyes. His visitor was amazed, and sat speechless. At the end, Unoka was able to give an answer between fresh outbursts of mirth. "Look at that wall," he said, pointing at the far wall of his hut, which was rubbed with red earth so that it shone. "Look at those lines of chalk;" and Okoye saw groups of short perpendicular lines drawn in chalk. There were five groups, and the smallest group had ten lines. Unoka had a sense of the dramatic and so he allowed a pause, in which he took a pinch of snuff and sneezed noisily, and then he continued: "Each group there represents a debt to someone, and each stroke is one hundred cowries. You see, I owe that man a thousand cowries. But he has not come to wake me up in the morning for it. I shall pay, you, but not today. Our elders say that the sun will shine on those who stand before it shines on those who kneel under them. I shall pay my big debts first." And he took another pinch of snuff, as if that was paying the big debts first. Okoye rolled his goatskin and departed. When Unoka died he had taken no title at all and he was heavily in debt. Any wonder then that his son Okonkwo was ashamed of him? Fortunately, among these 7 LU_21st Century from the Philippines and the World_Module 3  people a man was judged according to his worth and not according to the worth of his father. Okonkwo was clearly cut out for great things. He was still young but he had won fame as the greatest wrestler in the nine villages. He was a wealthy farmer and had two barns full of yams, and had just married his third wife. To crown it all he had taken two titles and had shown incredible prowess in two inter-tribal wars. And so although Okonkwo was still young, he was already one of the greatest men of his time. Age was respected among his people, but achievement was revered. As the elders said, if a child washed his hands he could eat with kings. Okonkwo had clearly washed his hands and so he ate with kings and elders. And that was how he came to look after the doomed lad who was sacrificed to the village of Umuofia by their neighbors to avoid war and bloodshed. The ill-fated lad was called Ikemefuna. Source: Achebe, Chinua (1994). Things Fall Apart. Retrieved July 25, 2020 from https://www.penguinrandomhouse.ca/books/565351/things-fall-apart-by- chinuaachebe/9780385667838/excerpt ▪ Wole Soyinka – is known to be Africa’s most famous and versatile playwright which earned him a Nobel prize for literature in 1986. He “merged Western plot structure with Yoruba characters and themes, symbolism and irony, and traditional European forms with African mime, dance, and music. European Literature European literature, also known as Western Literature, is the largest body of literature in the world. It includes literature in the Indo-European languages such as Latin, Greek, Romance languages and Russian. Latin Literature A. Marcus Tullius Cicero (106 BCE – 43 BCE) was the greatest Roman orator. Using Latin as a literary medium, he was able to express abstract and complicated thoughts clearly in his speeches. One of his well- known speeches is Pro Cluentio. B. Virgil (70BCE – 19 BCE), the greatest Roman poet, known for Aeneid, an epic poem. Aeneas, the protagonist went on a journey to search for the land he was destined to build which will one day become the great Roman Empire. Greek Literature A. Homer is known for the Iliad and the Odyssey. These epics are the heroic achievements of Achilles and Odysseus, respectively. B. Sophocles (496 BC – 406 BC) was a tragic playwright known for Oedipus the King, which marks the highest level of achievement of Greek drama. Italian Literature A. Francesco Petrarch (1304 -1374) perfected the Italian sonnet, a major influence in European poetry. Written in the vernacular, his sonnets were published in the Canzoniere. B. Giovanni Boccaccio (1313 – 1375) is known for Decameron, a classic Italian masterpiece, written in the vernacular. Spanish Literature Two well-known Spanish writers of Siglo de Oro (1500 – 1681) are Miguel de Cervantes and Lope de Vega A. Miguel de Cervantes was known for his novel Don Quixote, one of the most widely read works of Western Literature. Its titular character’s name is the origin of the word quixotic meaning hopeful or romantic in a way that it is not practical. 8 LU_21st Century from the Philippines and the World_Module 3  B. Lope de Vega, an outstanding dramatist, wrote as many as 1800 plays during his lifetime, including cloak and sword drama, which are plays of the upper middle- class manners and intrigue. French Literature A. Gustave Flaubert – a novelist, was a major influence on the realist school. His masterpiece, Madame Bovary (1857), marked the beginning of a new age of realism. B. Guy de Maupassant – is considered as the greatest French short story writer. A naturalist, he wrote objective stories which represent a real “slice of life.” He was known for his short story, “The Necklace.” Russian Literature A. Leo Tolstoy is known for his novels of War and Peace and Anna Karenina, and his short story, God Sees the Truth but Waits. A master of realistic fiction, he is considered as one of the world’s greatest novelist. B. Anton Chekov is a master of the modern short story and a Russian playwright. His works such as The Bet and The Misfortune reveal his clinical approach to ordinary life. English Literature refers to the body of written works produced in the English language by inhabitants of British Isles and Ireland from the 7th century to the present day. A. Beowulf is an epic poetry that tells the story of the hero Beowulf who saved the Danes from the monster and his mother. Later on, he succeeded the kingship back in their kingdom and died protecting his people from the firebreathing dragon. B. The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer is a novel that compiles the stories of pilgrims, which consisted of people from all walks of life – knight, prioress, monk, merchant, man of law, franklin, scholarly clerk, miller, reeve, pardoner, wife of Bath, and many others. The story depicted a common practice in the Medieval era where pilgrimages are done for religious purposes, while at the same time benefitting a vacation. C. William Shakespeare (Bard of Avon) is considered as the English national poet and the greatest dramatists of all time. He published at least 154 sonnets, a poem of fourteen lines using any of a number of formal rhyme schemes, in English typically having ten syllables per line (Oxford dictionary). Among his many famous tragedies are Romeo and Juliet, Julius Caesar, Macbeth, King Lear, and Othello. And his comedies include A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Twelfth Night, The Tempest, and the Taming of the Shrew, and more. D. How Do I Love Thee by Elizabeth Barret Browning is one of the most quoted English love poem. It is usually interpreted to be dedicated to her husband Robert Browning. How Do I Love Thee? (Sonnet 43) Elizabeth Barrett Browning How do I love thee? Let me count the ways. I love thee to the depth and breadth and height My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight For the ends of being and ideal grace. 9 LU_21st Century from the Philippines and the World_Module 3  I love thee to the level of every day's Most quiet need, by sun and candle-light. I love thee freely, as men strive for right. I love thee purely, as they turn from praise. I love thee with the passion put to use In my old griefs, and with my childhood's faith. I love thee with a love I seemed to lose With my lost saints. I love thee with the breath, Smiles, tears, of all my life; and, if God choose, I shall but love thee better after death. Latin American Literature Latin American literature refers to all works of literature in Latin American culture like Chile, Argentina, Mexico, Cuba, Guatemala, Colombia and Peru. THE VANGUARDIA The Vanguardia (avant-garde) took place in Latin America between approximately 1916 and 1935. It collectively referred to different literary movements. Four of those were the following: A. Creacionismo – founded by Vicente Huidebro, a Chilean poet B. Ultraismo- introduced by Jorge Luis Borges, an Argentinian writer C. Estredintismo – founded in Mexico City by Manuel Maples Acre, a Mexican writer D. Surrealism – started in Argentina when the Argentenian poet Aldo Pellegrini launched the first Surrealist magazine SURREALISM, an art form that combines unrelated images or events in a very strange and dreamlike way, became a major influence in Latin American Literature throughout the 20th century A. Pablo Neruda – a Chilean poet wrote Residence on Earth, a collection of poetry inspired by surrealism B. Octavio Paz – a Mexican poet, wrote poems with surrealist imagery. His major works were published in Freedom Under Parole C. Jorge Luis Borges – was known for his fantastic stories, published later as a collection entitled Ficciones D. Alejo Carpentier – a Cuban writer, wrote The Kingdom of This World, a novel of the magic realism genre, in which elements of fantasy or myth are included matter-of-factly in seemingly realistic fiction. E. Miguel Angel Asturias – a Guatemalan writer, wrote the novel The President. This novel along with Carpentier’s novel introduced magic realism BOOM NOVELS These were essentially modernist novels, which appeared in the second half of the 20th century. They had features that were different or absent from the works of the regionalist writers of the past. (Regionalist writers were those that used local color, which refers to interesting information about a particular place or its people). The Death of Artemio Cruz by Carlos Fuentes, a Mexican writer Hopscotch by Julio Cortazar, an Argentine fictionist The Time of the Hero by Mario Vargas Llosa, a Peruvian writer One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez, a Colombian fictionist POST-BOOM These writers included a host of women who published works in the last twenty years of the 20th century. Three of them were Isabel Allende, a Chilean writer who 10 LU_21st Century from the Philippines and the World_Module 3 wrote The House of Spirits; Diamella Eltit, a Chilean writer who wrote E. Luminata; and Luisa Valenzuela, an Argentinian writer who wrote Black Novel with Argentines. North American Literature American literature is a rich body of literature. It refers to all works of literature in English published in the United States, which has produced many great writers through the centuries. 19th Century A. Edgar Allan Poe became famous for his macabre stories like “The Fall of the House of Usher” and “The Cask of Amontillado.” He also wrote poems such as Annabel Lee and Raven which both gained instant fame. B. Nathaniel Hawthorne became known for his symbolical tales “The Hollow of the Three Hills” and Young Goodman Brown. Also, he wrote the gothic romance The Scarlet Letter. C. Emily Dickinson wrote odd poems. She mostly used the imperfect rhyme and avoided regular rhythms. A collection of her poems, Poems by Emily Dickinson came out in 1890. 20th Century A. Robert Frost wrote poems with traditional stanzas and a blank verse, a verse in iambic pentameter with no rhyme. His poems portray ordinary people in everyday situations like Mending Wall, The Road Not Taken, and After ApplePicking. B. Harper Lee published his enormously popular novel To Kill a Mockingbird in 1960. It’s a story of a girl was awakened to the issue of prejudice and racism. The protagonist learned from her father not to kill a mockingbird alluding to the fact that they are innocent and harmless. This novel has already been translated to 40 languages. C. Ezra Pound was a leader of the Imagists, who emphasized the use of direct and sparse language and precise images in writing poetry. His works include Ripostes (1912) and Lustra (1916). D. Anne Sexton became known for her confessional poetry, a kind of poetry that deals with the private experiences of the speaker. Her work, Live or Die (1966) won a Pulitzer prize. Wanting to Die is an example of a confessional poetry. Wanting to Die (An Excerpt) Anne Sexton Since you may ask, most days I cannot remember I walk in my clothing, unmarked by that voyage Then the almost unnameable lust returns Even then I have nothing against life I know well the grass blades you mention, The furniture you have placed under the sun But suicides have a special language Like carpenters they want to know which tools They never ask why build 11 LU_21st Century from the Philippines and the World_Module 3  Explore Activity: TO WHERE THEY BELONG! Instructions: There’s an overload of words. Arrange them according to the region they belong. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers. Basho All Men are JK Rowling James Mbotela Stopping by Woods on Brothers Snowy Evening Iliad Li Bai Amos Tutuola The Necklace Leo Tolstoy The Tale of Pro Cluentio Francesco Chinua Achebe Decameron Genji Petrarch Freedom for Jose Gabriel Aeneid “I” novel the slaves Craveirinha Garcia Marquez The Raven Pablo Romeo and Avant-garde Water Margin Neruda Juliet God Sees the Wole Don Quixote The Kingdom of Sonnet 18 (Shall I Truth but Soyinka This World Compare Waits Thee) House of The Onitsha Panchatantra Oedipus the King Spirits President novels 100 Years of The Izu Beowulf The Taximan’s Things Fall Apart Solitude Dancer Story Surrealism Haruki Negritude Siglo de Oro How Do I Love Thee Murakami AFRICA ASIA EUROPE NORTH LATIN AMERICA AMERICA 12 LU_21st Century from the Philippines and the World_Module 3  Deepen Activity: BRANCH OUT Instructions: Summarize the representative texts and authors from world literature using the graphic organizer below. From each region, identify three (3) representative authors and three (3) representative literary texts. 13 LU_21st Century from the Philippines and the World_Module 3