Cardiovascular Physiology (First Year) SDL Modular Tool (2024) PDF

GULLAS COLLEGE OF MEDICINE Department of Physiology FIRST YEAR (REV.2024) Study guide and reading assignments for the lecturers, SGD preceptors and students...

GULLAS COLLEGE OF MEDICINE Department of Physiology FIRST YEAR (REV.2024) Study guide and reading assignments for the lecturers, SGD preceptors and students CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY MODULE WEEK 3 UNIT IV CHAPTER 14 – Overview of the Circulation: Pressure, Flow and Resistance Basic knowledge of the concept and understanding Physical characteristics of the circulation o What are the components/ parts of the circulation? State functions of each. ▪ How much blood volume in the different parts? ▪ Cross-sectional areas, velocities and pressures in each part Explain the basic principles of circulatory function o Blood flow to most tissues is controlled according to the tissue needs o Cardiac output is the sum of all the local tissue flows o Arterial pressure regulation is generally independent of either local blood flow control or cardiac output control Interrelationships of pressure, flow and resistance o Cardiac output o Eddy currents o Blood pressure o Conductance o Laminar flow and turbulent flow o Total peripheral vascular resistance o Vascular resistance in series and in parallel o Vascular sheer stress and vascular wall tension o Important laws: Ohm’s law, Poiseuille’s law, law of Laplace Clinical correlation / Synthesis Interrelationships of pressure, flow and resistance o What are the methods used for measuring blood flow? o Give conditions/ factors that can lead to a turbulent flow o How to determine arteriolar resistance? o Importance of hematocrit – Effect of blood hematocrit and blood viscosity on vascular resistance and blood flow o Effects of pressure on vascular resistance and tissue blood flow Tables & figures: Figures 14-1, 14-2, 14-3, 14-6, 14-8, 14-9, 14-10, 14-11, 14-12, 14-13, 14-14 Source: Guyton & Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology 14e Unit IV, pages 171-181 *Paying particular attention to the tables and figure UNIT IV CHAPTER 15 – Vascular Distensibility and Functions of the Arterial and Venous Systems Basic knowledge of the concept and understanding Vascular distensibility o Comparison: Veins and arteries o Discuss the volume-pressure curves of the arterial and venous circulations Arterial pressure pulsations o Explain how pressure pulses are transmitted to the peripheral arteries Veins and their functions o Central and peripheral venous pressure o Venous resistance o Venous valves and venous pump o Blood reservoir function of the veins and other organs that serve as blood reservoirs Definition of the following terms/ concepts/ principles o Delayed compliance o Pressure pulsations o Korotkoff sounds o Systolic and diastolic pressures o Vascular compliance / capacitance o Pulse pressure, mean arterial pressure o Hydrostatic pressure, oncotic pressure Clinical correlation / Synthesis Vascular distensibility o What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation / inhibition on the volume-pressure curve Arterial pressure pulsations o Some conditions that lead to abnormal pressure pulse contours ▪ Aortic valve stenosis ▪ Patent ductus arteriosus ▪ Aortic regurgitation o Clinical methods on how to measure systolic and diastolic pressures ▪ Auscultatory method ▪ Automated Oscillo metric method Veins and their functions o Effects of high right atrial pressure on peripheral venous pressure. ▪ Give examples of factors/ conditions that lead to high right atrial pressure o Effects of intra-abdominal pressure on venous pressures of the leg ▪ Give examples of factors/ conditions that lead to increase intra-abdominal pressure o Effects of gravity on arterial and venous pressures o Effects of venous valves and pump on venous pressure ▪ Varicose veins - pathomechanism Tables & figures: Figures 15-1, 15-4, 15-5, 15-6, 15-7, 15-8, 15-9, 15-10, 15-11, 15-12, 15-13 Source: Guyton & Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology 14e Unit IV, pages 183-192 *Paying particular attention to the tables and figures UNIT IV CHAPTER 16 – The Microcirculation and Lymphatic System: Capillary Fluid Exchange, Interstitial Fluid, Lymph Flow Basic knowledge of the concept and understanding Structure of the microcirculation and capillary system o Describe the structure of the capillary walls o Function of the capillary system o Histology: Pores in the capillary membrane, special types of pores in capillaries of certain organs Flow of blood in the capillaries – Vasomotion o What regulated vasomotion activities? Exchange of water, nutrients and other substances between the blood and interstitial fluid o How exchange/ transfer of substances between plasma and interstitial fluid takes place? ▪ Lipid-soluble substances ▪ Water-soluble substances o What are the substances that can be transported easily between compartments? Interstitium and interstitial fluid o Characteristics of fluid present in the Interstitium – Gel-like, free fluid Fluid filtration across the capillaries o Hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures in the capillaries and Interstitium o Plasma and interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressures o Explain the mechanism: Fluid volume exchange through the capillary membrane o Define: Capillary filtration coefficient, starling equilibrium Lymphatic system o Describe the lymph channels of the body, functions o How lymph formed? Rate of lymph flow? o External intermittent compression of the lymphatics Clinical correlation / Synthesis Exchange of water, nutrients and other substances between the blood and interstitial fluid o What is the effect of the size on the passage through the pores? Fluid filtration across the capillaries o How edema develops – effect of abnormal imbalance of forces at the capillary membrane o How to measure capillary pressure? o Effect of the different plasma proteins on colloid osmotic pressure Lymphatic system o What is the effect of interstitial fluid pressure on lymph flow? o Significances of negative interstitial fluid pressure for holding body tissues together Tables & figures: Figures 16-1, 16-2, 16-3, 16-4, 16-5, 16-6, 16-7, 16-9; Table 16-1 Source: Guyton & Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology 14e Unit IV, pages 193-204 *Paying particular attention to the tables and figures